The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Rubus strigosus Michx., Rubus parviflorus Nutt., and Rubus spectabilis Pursh.

Canadian Journal of Plant Science

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 187-201

  Oleskevich, Carmen ^a   Shamoun, Simon F ^b   Punja, Zamir K ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Competition; Distribution; Forest weed biology; Rubus idaeus; Rubus parviflorus; Rubus spectabilis; Rubus strigosus; Salmonberry; Thimbleberry; Wild red raspberry

Indexed keywords

LIFE HISTORY; WEED CONTROL;

CANADA;

ROSACEAE; RUBUS PARVIFLORUS; RUBUS SPECTABILIS; RUBUS STRIGOSUS;

EID: 0030479846     PISSN: 00084220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4141/cjps96-037     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Adam, J. P. 1989. Mechanical and manual release of young conifer plantations. Study of productivity and effectiveness, 1983-1988. Service de la régénération forestière, Ministère de l'Energie et des Ressources du Québec, PQ. 88 pp.
2. Agriculture Canada. 1985. Seeds Act and Regulations. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, ON, Publs. RE-3153 and YX55-1985-S-8.
3. Allen, H. H. 1969. The inter-relationship of salmonberry and Douglas-fir in cut-over areas. M.Sc. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
4. Angove, K. and Bancroft, B. 1983. A guide to some common plants of the southern interior of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Handb. 7. 225 pp.
5. Anonymous. 1974a. Flore du Canada. Anglais-Latin-Français. Bureau des traductions, Information Canada, Ottawa, ON, Bulletin de terminologie 156. 634 pp.
6. Anonymous. 1974b. Seeds of woody plants of the United States. USDA, Forest Service, Agric. Handb. 450. 883 pp.
7. Anonymous. 1994. USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR.
8. Barber, W. J. 1976. An autecological study of salmonberry in western Washington. Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 153 pp.
9. Bristow, P. R., Daubeny, H. A., Sjulin, T. M., Pepin, H. S., Nestby, R. and Windom, G. E. 1988. Evaluation of Rubus germplasm for reaction to root rot caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 113: 588-591.
10. Bruzzese, E. and Hasan, S. 1986. Host specificity of the rust Phragmidium violaceum, a potential biological control agent of European blackberry. Ann. Appl. Biol. 108: 585-596.
11. Bulger, M. A., Stace-Smith, R. and Martin, R. R. 1990. Transmission and field spread of raspberry bushy dwarf virus. Plant Dis. 74: 514-517.
12. Clark, J. R. and Moore, J. N. 1993. Longevity of Rubus seeds after long-term cold storage. Hortic. Sci. 28: 929-930.
13. Coates, K. D., Douglas, M. J., Schwab, J. W. and Bergerud, W. A. 1993. Grass and legume seeding on a scarified coastal alluvial site in northwestern British Columbia: response of native non-crop vegetation and planted Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings. New For. 7: 193-211.
14. Cole, E. C., Newton, M. and White, D. E. 1988. Efficacy of imazapyr and metsulfuron methyl for site preparation and conifer release in the Oregon Coast Range. For. Res. Lab., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Res. Note 81.
15. Comeau, P. 1988. Light attenuation by thimbleberry-fireweed communities in the ICH zone and its potential effects on conifer growth. In E. Hamilton and S. Watts, eds. Vegetation competition and responses: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Vegetation Management Workshop, 15-17 Feb. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests. Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. 026.
16. Corns, I. G. W. 1983. Forest community types of west-central Alberta in relation to selected environmental factors. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 995-1010.
17. Costanzo, B. 1980. Light and temperature requirements for germination of R. parviflorus Nutt. and Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. M.Sc. thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC.
18. Côté, J. F. and Thibault, J. R. 1988. Allelopathic potential of raspberry foliar leachates on growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with black spruce. Am. J. Bot. 75: 966-970.
19. Credi, R., Shier, J. L. and Stace-Smith, R. 1986. Occurrence of raspberry bushy dwarf virus in native thimbleberry in British Columbia. Acta Hortic. 186: 17-22.
20. Cromwell, M. and Freedman, B. 1994. Vegetation development in a hardwood-forest chronosequence in Nova Scotia. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 260-271.
21. D'Anjou, B. 1990. Growth response of several vegetation species to herbicides and manual cutting in the Vancouver Forest Region. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. 135. 8 pp.
22. Daubeny, H. A. and Anderson, A. K. 1993. Achievements and prospects - the British Columbia red raspberry breeding program. Acta Hortic. 352: 285-292.
23. Davidson, C. G. 1995. Canadian wild plant germplasm of economic significance. Can. J. Plant Sci. 75: 23-32.
24. Delaney, B. B. and Cahill, M. J. 1978. A pattern of forest types on ribbed moraines in eastern Newfoundland. Can. J. For. Res. 8: 116-120.
25. del Moral, R. and Cates, R. G. 1971. Allelopathic potential of the dominant vegetation of western Washington. Ecology 52: 1030-1037.
26. Dereshkevich, B. and Formaniuk Rustad Bros. 1994. Sheep grazing project 1994. North. Forest Veg. Manage. (Oct.) 24 pp.
27. Dix, R. L. and Swan, J. M. A. 1971. The roles of disturbance and succession on upland forests at Candle Lake, Sask. Can. J. Bot. 49: 657-676.
28. Donnelly, D. J. and Vidaver, W. E. 1984. Pigment content and gas exchange of red raspberry in vitro and ex vitro. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 109: 177-181.
29. Douglas, G. W. 1972. Subalpine plant communities of the western North Cascades, Wash. Arct. Alp. Res. 4: 147-166.
30. Eis, S. 1981. Effect of vegetative competition on regeneration of white spruce. Can. J. For. Res. 11: 1-8.
31. Ellis, M. A., Converse, R. H., Williams, R. N. and Williamson, B. 1991. Compendium of raspberry and blackberry diseases and insects. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 100 pp.
32. Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P. and Rossman, A. Y. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
33. Fernald, M. L. 1970. Gray's manual of botany. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY 1632 pp.
34. Fassett, N. C. 1941. Mass collections: Rubus. II. Variations in Rubus parviflorus. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28(3): 314-367.
35. Fox, T. R. 1986. Raspberry (Rubus idaeuts L.) competition effects on balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) seedlings in northern Maine. Tree Planter's Notes 37: 20-23.
36. Frank, R. Sirons, G. J., Campbell, R. A. and Mewett, D. 1983. Residues of 2,4 D-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dichlorprop and picloram in wild berries from treated right-of-ways and conifer release sites in Ontario, 1979-1981 Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63: 195-209.
37. Frazer, B. D. and Forbes, A. R. 1968. Masonaphis maxima (Mason) (Homoptera: Aphididae), an aphid on thimbleberry with an unusual life history. J. Entomol. Soc. BC 65: 36-39.
38. Gardner, D. E. 1983. Leaf rust caused by Kuehneola uredinis on native and non-native Rubus species in Hawaii. Plant Dis. 67: 962-963.
39. Gerdemann, J. W. and Trappe, J. M. 1974. The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia, Mem. 5.
40. Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Morandi, D., Dexheimer, J. and Gianinazzi, S. 1981. Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical features of Glomus tenuis mycorrhiza. New Phytol. 88: 633-639.
41. Gilbert, N. 1980. Comparative dynamics of a single-host aphid. I. The evidence. J. Am. Ecol. 49: 351-369.
42. Ginns, J. H. 1986. Compendium of plant disease and decay fungi in Canada, 1960-1980. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON, Publ. 1813. 416 pp.
43. Haeussler, S. (comp.) 1991. Prescribed fire for forest vegetation management. Synopsis. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Memo 198. 19 pp.
44. Haeussler, S., Coates, D. and Mather, H. 1990. Autecology of common plants in British Columbia: a literature review. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC FRDA Rep. 158, 272 pp.
45. Hamilton, E. H. and Yearsley, H. K. 1988. Vegetation development after clearcutting and site preparation in the SBS Zone. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. 018, 66 pp.
46. Hart, D. and Comeau, P. G. 1992. Manual brushing for forest vegetation management in British Columbia: a review of current knowledge and information needs. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Rep. No. 77. 36 pp.
47. Hills, S. C. and Morris, D. M. 1992. The function of seed banks in northern forest ecosystems: a literature review. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, ON, For. Res. Inf. Pap. 107. 25 pp.
48. Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M. and Thompson, J. W. 1961. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
49. Hoyles, S. and Wilson, D. 1994. Residues of glyphosate on berries and vegetation in the Prince George Forest Region. North. For. Veg. Manage. (Oct.): 10-13.
50. Hudson, J. P. 1959. Effects of environment on Rubus idaeus L. 1. Morphology and development of the raspberry plant. J. Hortic. Sci. 34: 163-169.
51. Hulten, E. 1974. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories: a manual of the vascular plants. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1008 pp.
52. Hungerford, R. D. 1984. Native shrubs: suitability for revegetating road cuts in NW Montana. USDA, Forest Service, Res. Pap. INT-331. 13 pp.
53. Irving, B. D. and Bailey, A. W. 1985. Control of sucker regrowth in clear and break vs spray and burn. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Agric. For. Bull. (June).
54. Jenkins, K. J. and Starkey, E. E. 1991. Food habits of Roosevelt elk. Rangelands 13: 261-265.
55. Jennings, D. L. 1964. Some evidence of population differentiation in Rubus idaeus L. New Phytol. 63: 153-157.
56. Jennings, D. L. 1988. Raspberries and blackberries: their breeding, diseases and growth. Academic Press, London, UK. 230 pp.
57. Jennings, D. L. and Ingram, R. 1983. Hybrids of Rubus parviflorus (Nutt.) with raspberry and blackberry, and the inheritance of spinelessness derived from this species. Crop Res. 23: 95-101.
58. Jensen, K. I. N. and Hall, I. V. 1979. The biology of Canadian weeds. 36. Rubus hispidus L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59: 769-776.
59. Jobidon, R. 1991. Potential use of bialaphos, a microbially produced phytotoxin, to control red raspberry in forest plantations and its effect on black spruce. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 489-497.
60. Jobidon, R. 1993. Nitrate fertilization stimulates emergence of red raspberry (R. idaeus L.) under the forest canopy. Fert. Res. 36: 91-94.
61. Jobidon, R., Thibault, J. R. and Fortin, J. A. 1989. Phytotoxic effect of barley, oat, and wheat-straw mulches in eastern Quebec forest plantations. 1. Effects on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). For. Ecol. Manage. 29: 277-294.
62. Johnson, M. and Woodard, P. 1985. The effect of fire severity level on postfire recovery of hazel and raspberry in east-central Alberta. Can. J. Bot. 63: 672-677.
63. Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 662 pp.
64. Kastner, W. and Monthey, R. 1992. Effect of using grass-Legume seeding mixtures for vegetation management in two Oregon Coast Range clearcuts. In Forest Vegetation Management without Herbicides Workshop, 18-19 Feb. 1992, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
65. Ke, S., Skirvin, R. M., McPheeters, K. D., Otterbacher, A. G. and Galletta, G. 1985. In vitro germination and growth of Rubus seeds and embryos. Hortic. Sci. 20: 1047-1049.
66. Keep, E. 1968. Incompatibility in Rubus with special reference to R. idaeus L. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 10: 253-262.
67. Klinka, K., Krajina, V. J., Ceska, A. and Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. The University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 288 pp.
68. Knight, V. H. 1991. Use of the salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis Pursh, in red raspberry breeding. J. Hortic. Sci. 66: 575-581.
69. Kowalenko, C. G. 1994. Growing season changes in the concentration and distribution of macroelements in Willamette red raspberry plant parts. Can. J. Plant Sci. 74: 833-839.
70. Kraft, K. L. and Erbisch, F. H. 1990. The thimbleberry gallmaker Diastrophus kincaidii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the Great Lakes region. Great Lakes Entomol. 23: 195-200.
71. Lafferty, R. R. 1972. Regeneration and plant succession as related to fire intensity on clear-cut logged areas in the coastal cedar-hemlock type: an interim report. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Intern. Rep. BC-33.
72. Langenheim, J. H. and Durham J. W. 1962. Pleistocene and closed-cone pine flora from travertine Little Sur, Calif. Am. J. Bot. 49: 670. (Abstr.)
73. Lawson, H. M. and Waister P. D. 1972. The response to nitrogen of a raspberry plantation under contrasting systems of management. Hortic. Res. 12: 43-55.
74. LePage, P. and Coates, K. D. 1994. Growth of planted lodgepole pine and hybrid spruce following chemical and manual vegetation control on a frost-prone site. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 208-216.
75. LePage, P., Pollack, J. C. and Coates, K. D. 1991. Chemical and manual control of thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in northwestern British Columbia: a rate and timing trial. West. J. Appl. For. 6: 99-102.
76. Lloyd, K. A. 1979. Aspects of the ecology of black and grizzly bears in coastal British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
77. Looman, J. and Best, K. F. (eds.) 1979. Budd's flora of the Canadian Prairie provinces. Supply and Services, Ottawa, ON, Agric. Can. Publ. 1662. 863 pp.
78. Malloch, D. and Malloch, B. 1982. The mycorrhizal status of boreal plants: additional species from northeastern Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 60: 1035-1040.
79. Marchant, C. and Sherlock, J. 1984. A guide to selection and propagation of some native woody species for land rehabilitation in British Columbia. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Res. Rep. RR84007-HQ.
80. Mason, H. L. 1934. Pleistocene flora of the Tomales Formation. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, DC, Publ. 415, pp. 81-179.
81. Maxwell, B. D. 1990. The population dynamics and growth of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus). Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 153 pp.
82. Maxwell, B. D. Zasada, J. C. and Radosevich, S. R. 1993. Simulation of salmonberry and thimbleberry population establishment and growth. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2194-2203.
83. McGee, A. and Feller, M. C. 1993. Seed banks of forested and disturbed soils in southwestern British Columbia. Can. J. Bot. 71: 1574-1583.
84. Minore, D. and Weatherly, H. G. 1994. Riparian trees, shrubs, and forest regeneration in the coastal mountains of Oregon. New For. 8: 249-263.
85. Moore, J. M. and Wein, R. W. 1977. Viable seed populations by soil depth and potential site recolonization after disturbance. Can. J. Bot. 55: 2408-2412.
86. Morgan, P. and Neuenschwander, L. F. 1988. Seed-bank contributions to regeneration of shrub species after clearcutting and burning. Can. J. Bot. 66: 169-172.
87. Moss, E. H. 1983. Flora of Alberta. Revised by Packer, J. G. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON. 687 pp.
88. Mulligan, G. A. 1992. Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada. Rev. ed. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Ottawa, ON, Publ. 1397/B. 131 pp.
89. Nesme, X. 1985. Respective effects of endocarp, testa and endosperm, and embryo on the germination of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 65: 125-130.
90. Newton, M. and White D. E. 1983. Effect of salmonbeny on growth of planted conifers. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 36: 59-64.
91. Newton, M., Cole, E. C. and White, D. E. 1986. What influences control of coastal deciduous brush with glyphosate. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci. 39: 86-92.
92. Newton, M., Cole, E. C. and White, D. E. 1993. Tall planting stock for enhanced growth and domination of brush in the Douglas fir region. New For. 7: 107-121.
93. Nybom, H. 1988. Apomixis versus sexuality in blackberries (Rubus subgen. Rubus, Rosaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 160: 207-218.
94. Nybom, H. and Schaal, B. 1990. DNA 'fingerprinting' reveals genotypic distribution in natural populations of blackberry and raspberry (Rubus, Rosaceae). Am. J. Bot. 77: 883-888.
95. Oleskevich, C., Shamoun, S. F. and Punja, Z. K. 1995. Assessment of three fungi as potential mycoherbicides for suppressing Rubus spp. in reforestation sites. Can. J. Plant Pathol. (Abstr.) (In press).
96. Oswald, E. T. and Brown, B. N. 1992. Vegetation and seedling development following site preparation in the ESSFwm subzone of Glenogle Creek, Nelson Forest Region, British Columbia: a case study. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. 188. 34 pp.
97. Pickering, S. and Richards, B. 1993. Sheep as a vegetation management tool in northern Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ottawa, ON, Tech. Note TN-003.
98. Pitt, D. G., Fleming, R. A., Thompson, D. G. and Kettela, E. G. 1992. Glyphosate efficacy on eastern Canadian forest weeds. II. Deposit-response relationships and crop tolerance. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 1160-1171.
99. Pojar, J. and MacKinnon, A. (eds.) 1994. Plants of coastal British Columbia including Washington, Oregon and Alaska. BC Ministry of Forests and Lone Tree Publ., Vancouver, BC. 528 pp.
100. Pojar, J., Trowbridge, R. and Coates, D. 1984. Ecosystem classification and interpretation of the sub-boreal spruce zone, Prince Rupert Forest Region, British Columbia. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Rep. 17. 319 pp.
101. Pool, R. A., Ingram, R., Abbot, R. J., Jennings, D. L. and Topham, P. B. 1981. Karyotype variation in Rubus with special reference to R. idaeus L. and R. coreanus Miquel. Cytologia 46: 125-132.
102. Porsild, A. E. and Cody, W. J. 1980. Vascular plants of continental Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Bull. 667.
103. Reed, B. M. 1993. Improved survival of in vitro-stored Rubus germplasm. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 118: 890-895.
104. Reynolds, P. E., and Roden, M. J. 1995a. Short-term performance of two hexazinone formulations: efficacy, seedling survival and growth. For. Chron. 71: 228-232.
105. Reynolds, P. E., and Roden, M. J. 1995b. Short-term performance of two sulfonylurea herbicides: efficacy, seedling survival, and growth. North J. Appl. For. 12: 80-85.
106. Roberts, M. R., Dong, H. and Dong, H. Y. 1993. Effects of soil organic layer removal on regeneration after clearcutting a northern hardwood stand in New Brunswick. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2093-2100.
107. Roland, A. E. and Smith, E. C. 1983. The flora of Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, NS. 746 pp.
108. Rouleau, E. (ed.) 1964. Flore laurentien par Marie Victorin. University of Montreal Press, Montreal, PQ. 925 pp.
109. Rousi, A. 1965. Variation among populations of Rubus idaeus in Finland. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 41: 49-58.
110. ®) in fruit of wild blueberry and red raspberry. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 842-847.
111. Ruel, J. C. 1992. Effect of competition from raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and light demanding broadleaved trees on the growth of fir (Abies balsamea) regeneration. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 1408-1416.
112. Ruth, R. 1970. Effect of shade on germination and growth of salmonberry. USDA, Forest Service, Res. Pap. PNW-96.
113. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. The flora of Canada. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, ON. 1711 pp.
114. Shamoun, S. F. and Callan, B. E. 1992. Hainesia lythri, a possible biocontrol agent for thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in British Columbia forests. Phytopathology 80: 1080 (Abstr.)
115. Sharrow, S. H., Leininger, W. C. and Rhodes, B. 1989. Sheep grazing as a silvicultural tool to suppress brush. J. Range Manage. 42: 2-4.
116. Soper, J. H. and Heimburger, M. L. 1985. Shrubs of Ontario. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON. 495 pp.
117. Spittlehouse, D. L. and Stathers, R. J. 1990. Seedling microclimate. BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Rep. 65. 28 pp.
118. Stace-Smith, R. 1987. Thimbleberry ringspot. Pages 192-194 in R. H. Converse, ed. Virus diseases of small fruits. USDA, Washington, DC. Agric. Handb. 631.
119. Stace-Smith, R. and Martin, R. R. 1989. Occurrence of seed-transmissible double-stranded RNA in native red and black raspberry. Acta Hortic. 236: 13-20.
120. Stace-Smith, R. and Shier, J. L. 1989. Some properties of apple mosaic virus isolated from thimbleberry in British Columbia. Acta Hortic. 236: 73-80.
121. Staniforth, R. J. and Sidhu, S. S. 1984. Effects of atmospheric fluorides on foliage, flower, fruit, and seed production in wild raspberry and blueberry. Can. J. Bot. 62: 2827-2834.
122. Sutherland, C., Newsome, T. and Daintith, N. 1991. Sheep grazing - a biological tool for controlling competing vegetation in spruce plantations. Pages 21-29 in C. Dorworth, and S. G. Glover, eds. Biocontrol of forest weeds: Proc. Workshop W. Int. Forest Disease Work Conf., Vernon, BC, 9 Aug. Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC.
123. Tappeiner, J. C. and Zasada, J. C. 1993. Establishment of salmonberry, salal, vine maple, and bigleaf maple seedlings in the coastal forests of Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1775-1780.
124. Tappeiner, J., Zasada, J., Ryan, P. and Newton, M. 1991. Salmonberry clonal and population structure in Oregon forests: the basis for a persistent cover. Ecology 72: 609-618.
125. Taylor, R. L. 1973. The rose family of British Columbia. BC Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC, Handb. 30. 223 pp.
126. Taylor, R. L. and MacBryde, B. 1977. Vascular plants of British Columbia: a descriptive resource inventory. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. Bot. Garden, Tech. Bull. 4. 754 pp.
127. Taylor, S. W., Hawkes, B. C., Silversides, R. H. and Weber, M. G. 1991. Initial effects of prescribed fire and mechanical site preparation on seedling environment and establishment on a backlog NSR site in central interior British Columbia. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. 177, 39 pp.
128. Thibault, J. R. 1989. Contôle biologique du framboisier dans les aires de reforestation par une technologie faisant appel à l'interférence allélopathique d'agents pathogènes ou de plantes compétitrices [Biological control of raspberry plants in reforestation areas using a technology involving allelopathic interference by pathogenic agents or competing plants]. Centre de recherche en biologie forestière. University of Laval, Québec, PQ.
129. Truax, B., Gagnon, D., Lambert, F. and Chevrier, N. 1994. Nitrate assimilation by raspberry and pin cherry in a recent clearcut. Can. J. Bot. 72: 1343-1348.
130. Turner, N. J. 1975. Food plants of British Columbia Indians. Part 1: Coastal peoples. BC Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC, Handb. 37, 164 pp.
131. van Adrichem, M. C. J. 1972. Variation among British Columbia and northern Alberta populations of raspberry (Rubus idaeus subsp. strigosus Michx.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 52: 1067-1072.
132. Viereck, L. A. and Little, E. L. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. USDA, Forest Service, Washington, DC, Handb. 410, 265 pp.
133. Virdi, B. V. and Eaton, G. W. 1969a. Embryo sac and early embryo development in the salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis). Can. J. Bot. 47: 1891-1893.
134. Virdi, B. V. and Eaton, G. W. 1969b. Interspecific hybridization of the red raspberry and salmonberry. Can. J. Bot. 47: 1820.
135. Wall, R. E. 1983. Fireblight of wild raspberry on clear-cut forest areas. Can. For. Serv. Res. Notes 3: 2-3.
136. Wall, R. E. 1989. Biological control for Rubus species. In Vegetation management activities of Forestry Canada: a compendium of summaries 1988/89. Forestry Canada, Vegetation Management Working Group, Ottawa, ON.
137. Wall, R. E. and Shamoun, S. F. 1990a. Diseases of Rubys parviflorus in British Columbia. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 70: 133-135.
138. Wall, R. E. and Shamoun, S. F. 1990b. Experiments on vegetation control with native pathogenic fungi in the southern interior of British Columbia. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Rep. 134. 18 pp.
139. Wangberg, J. K. 1975. Biology of the thimbleberry gallmaker Diastrophus kincaidii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Panpac. Entomol. 51: 39-48.
140. Whitney, G. G. 1982. The productivity and carbohydrate economy of a developing stand of Rubus idaeus. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2697-2703.
141. Whitney, G. G. 1984. The reproductive biology of raspberry and plant-pollinator community structure. Am. J. Bot. 71: 887-894.
142. Whitney, G. G. 1986. A demographic analysis of Rubus idaeus and Rubus pubescens. Can. J. Bot. 64: 2916-2921.
143. William, R. D. (comp). 1994. Pacific Northwest weed control handbook. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 344 pp.
144. Williamson, B., Lawson, H. M., Woodfern, J. A. T., Hargreaves, A. J., Wiseman, J. S. and Gordon, S. C. 1979. Vigour control, and integrated approach to cane, pest and disease management in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). Ann. Appl. Biol. 92: 359-368.
145. Wright, H. A. 1972. Shrub response to fire. Pages 204-217 in C. M. McKell, J. P. Blaisdell and J. R. Goodin, eds. Wildland shrubs: their biology and utilization. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-1.
146. Zasada, J. C., Tappeiner, J. C., Maxwell, B. D. and Temple, D. 1990. Salmonberry clone and stand structure, and response to disturbance in the Oregon Coast Range. Pages 51-52 in E. Hamilton, ed. Vegetation management: an integrated approach - Proc. 4th Annu. Veg. Workshop. Canadian Forest Service and BC Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC, FRDA Report 109.
147. Zasada, J. C., Tappeiner, J. C. and O'Dea, M. 1992. Clone structure of salmonberry and vine maple in the Oregon Coast range. USDA, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289, pp. 56-60.
148. Zasada, J. C., Tappeiner, J. C., Maxwell, B. D. and Radwan, M. A. 1994. Seasonal changes in shoot and root production and in carbohydrate content of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) rhizome segments from the central Oregon Coast Range. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 272-277.