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1
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The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. a clinical and experimental study
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Penfield W, Welch K: The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. A clinical and experimental study. Arch Neural Psychiatr 1951, 66:289-317.
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Penfield, W.1
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0026048710
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Architecture of superior and mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey
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Matelli M, Luppino G, Rizzolatti G: Architecture of superior and mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1991, 311:445-462.
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Matelli, M.1
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A motor area rostral to the supplementary motor area (presupplementary motor area) in the monkey: Neuronal activity during a learned motor task
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Matsuzaka Y, Aizawa H, Tanji J: A motor area rostral to the supplementary motor area (presupplementary motor area) in the monkey: neuronal activity during a learned motor task. J Neurophysio/1992, 68:653-662.
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Matsuzaka, Y.1
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4
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Mapping of human and macaque sensorimotor areas by integrating architectonic, transmitter receptor, MRI and PET data
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The distribution of transmitter receptors combined with cytoarchitectonic analysis provides a morphological basis for defining the pre-SMA and SMA. The anatomically defined areas correspond to activity foci detected by PET studies in both human subjects and nonhuman primates.
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Zilles K, Schlaug G, Matelli M, Luppino G, Schleicher A, Qu M, Dabringhaus A, Seitz R, Roland PE: Mapping of human and macaque sensorimotor areas by integrating architectonic, transmitter receptor, MRI and PET data. J Anat 1995, 187:515-537. The distribution of transmitter receptors combined with cytoarchitectonic analysis provides a morphological basis for defining the pre-SMA and SMA. The anatomically defined areas correspond to activity foci detected by PET studies in both human subjects and nonhuman primates.
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J Anat
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Zilles, K.1
Schlaug, G.2
Matelli, M.3
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Schleicher, A.5
Qu, M.6
Dabringhaus, A.7
Seitz, R.8
Roland, P.E.9
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5
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0028830614
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Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movement in healthy subjects
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During motor imagery of a joy-stick movement, rCBF, as measured by PET, increases in both pre-SMA and SMA (along with other motor areas); however, the authors did not detect an increase in the primary motor cortex.
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Stephan KM, Fink GR, Passingham RE, Silbersweig D, CeballosBaumann AO, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ: Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movement in healthy subjects. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:373-386. During motor imagery of a joy-stick movement, rCBF, as measured by PET, increases in both pre-SMA and SMA (along with other motor areas); however, the authors did not detect an increase in the primary motor cortex.
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(1995)
J Neurophysiol
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Stephan, K.M.1
Fink, G.R.2
Passingham, R.E.3
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Ceballosbaumann, A.O.5
Frith, C.D.6
Frackowiak, R.S.J.7
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6
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0029566970
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Microstimulation of the supplementary eye field during saccade preparation
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ICMS has different effects on the SEF (but not the FEF) depending on the behavioral contingency. During fixation, the evoked saccades are either converging or fixed vector, depending on stimulus sites. When preparation for a saccade develops after a cue signal, the stimulus evokes the prepared saccade, irrespective of stimulus sites. These findings suggest, at the very least, a dual role of the SEF
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Fujii N, Mushiake M, Tanji J: Microstimulation of the supplementary eye field during saccade preparation. Neuroreport 1995, 6:2565-2568. ICMS has different effects on the SEF (but not the FEF) depending on the behavioral contingency. During fixation, the evoked saccades are either converging or fixed vector, depending on stimulus sites. When preparation for a saccade develops after a cue signal, the stimulus evokes the prepared saccade, irrespective of stimulus sites. These findings suggest, at the very least, a dual role of the SEF.
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Neuroreport
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Fujii, N.1
Mushiake, M.2
Tanji, J.3
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7
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0027369927
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Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA-proper) and area F6 (pre-SMA) in the macaque monkey
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Luppino G, Matelli M, Camarda R, Rizzolatti G: Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA-proper) and area F6 (pre-SMA) in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1993, 338:114-140.
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J Comp Neurol
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Luppino, G.1
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Rizzolatti, G.4
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8
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0029858453
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Changing directions of forthcoming arm movements: Neuronal activity in the presupplementary and supplementary motor area of monkey cerebral cortex
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The authors describe an aspect of cellular activity that is preponderant in the pre-SMA, namely pre-SMA cells are significantly more active than SMA cells when monkeys are required to change directions of forthcoming, intended arm movements.
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Matsuzaka Y, Tanji J: Changing directions of forthcoming arm movements: neuronal activity in the presupplementary and supplementary motor area of monkey cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 1996, 76:2327-2342. The authors describe an aspect of cellular activity that is preponderant in the pre-SMA, namely pre-SMA cells are significantly more active than SMA cells when monkeys are required to change directions of forthcoming, intended arm movements.
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J Neurophysiol
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Matsuzaka, Y.1
Tanji, J.2
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9
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0029758838
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Role for cells in the presupplementary motor area in updating motor plans
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Monkeys were required to perform three different movements, each separated by waiting periods, arranged in variable temporal orders. A group of pre-SM^ cells were found to be selectively active when the animals were required to abandon a currently correct order of motor events and to acquire information about the next temporal order to be performed. Such cellular activity, which seems useful for updating motor plans for future execution of orderly arranged multiple movements, is not common in the SMA and is nonexistent in the M1
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Shima K, Mushiake H, Saito N, Tanji J: Role for cells in the presupplementary motor area in updating motor plans. Proc Nat/ Acad Sei USA 1996, 93:8694-8698. Monkeys were required to perform three different movements, each separated by waiting periods, arranged in variable temporal orders. A group of pre-SM^ cells were found to be selectively active when the animals were required to abandon a currently correct order of motor events and to acquire information about the next temporal order to be performed. Such cellular activity, which seems useful for updating motor plans for future execution of orderly arranged multiple movements, is not common in the SMA and is nonexistent in the M1.
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(1996)
Proc Nat/ Acad Sei USA
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Shima, K.1
Mushiake, H.2
Saito, N.3
Tanji, J.4
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10
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Functional imaging of the motor system
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Ashe J, Ugurbil K: Functional imaging of the motor system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994, 4:832-839.
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Curr Opin Neurobiol
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Ashe, J.1
Ugurbil, K.2
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11
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0345009491
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Philadelphia: Lippincot; This book is a remarkable accumulation of comprehensive review articles on the supplementary motor area, covering recent basic and clinical research work.
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Lüders HO: Supplementary Sensorimotor Area. Philadelphia: Lippincot; 1996. This book is a remarkable accumulation of comprehensive review articles on the supplementary motor area, covering recent basic and clinical research work.
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Supplementary Sensorimotor Area.
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Lüders, H.O.1
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12
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0027989831
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Functional localization of motor processes in the primary and supplementary motor areas
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Lang W, Hollinger P, Eghker A, Lindinger G: Functional localization of motor processes in the primary and supplementary motor areas. J Clin Neurophysiol 1994, 11:397-419.
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J Clin Neurophysiol
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Lang, W.1
Hollinger, P.2
Eghker, A.3
Lindinger, G.4
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13
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0029954370
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Motor areas of the medial wall: A review of their location and functional activation
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This review provides an anatomical framework for analyzing the functions of the medial-wall motor areas in both humans and non-human primates. The morphological basis for delineating the pre-SMA, SMA, and cingulate motor areas are discussed extensively. The authors also present their views on the functional differences of the pre-SMA and SMA on the basis of recent brainimaging studies in humans and experimental studies in non-human primates
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Picard N, Strick PL: Motor areas of the medial wall: a review of their location and functional activation. Cereb Cortex 1996, 6:342-353. This review provides an anatomical framework for analyzing the functions of the medial-wall motor areas in both humans and non-human primates. The morphological basis for delineating the pre-SMA, SMA, and cingulate motor areas are discussed extensively. The authors also present their views on the functional differences of the pre-SMA and SMA on the basis of recent brainimaging studies in humans and experimental studies in non-human primates.
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Cereb Cortex
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Picard, N.1
Strick, P.L.2
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14
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The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex
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Tanji J: The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 1994, 19:251-268.
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Neurosci Res
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Tanji, J.1
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15
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0022594241
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Recent developments in studies of the supplementary motor area of primates
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Wiesendanger M: Recent developments in studies of the supplementary motor area of primates. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1986, 103:1-59.
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Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol
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Wiesendanger, M.1
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0018668960
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Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movements in man suggests it works as a supramotor area
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Orgogozo JM, Larsen B: Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movements in man suggests it works as a supramotor area. Science 1979, 206:847-850.
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Science
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Orgogozo, J.M.1
Larsen, B.2
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17
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0018889028
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Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man
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Roland PE, Larsen B, Lassen NA, Skinhej E: Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. J Neurophysiol 1980, 43:118-136.
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Roland, P.E.1
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18
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0029915163
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Cortical representation of selfpaced finger movement
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Larsson J, Gulyas B, Roland PE: Cortical representation of selfpaced finger movement Neuroreport 1996, 7:463-468.
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Neuroreport
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Larsson, J.1
Gulyas, B.2
Roland, P.E.3
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19
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0029997501
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Functional anatomy of pointing and grasping in humans
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Grafton ST, Fagg AH, Woods RP, Arbib MA: Functional anatomy of pointing and grasping in humans. Cereb Cortex 1996, 6:226-237.
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Cereb Cortex
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Grafton, S.T.1
Fagg, A.H.2
Woods, R.P.3
Arbib, M.A.4
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20
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0029035318
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging at 1 T: Motor cortex, supplementary motor area and visual cortex activation
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Santosh CG, Rimmington JE, Best JJ: Functional magnetic resonance imaging at 1 T: motor cortex, supplementary motor area and visual cortex activation. Br J Radio/1995, 68:369-374.
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Br J Radio
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Santosh, C.G.1
Rimmington, J.E.2
Best, J.J.3
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21
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0028852005
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Movement-related potentials associated with bilateral simultaneous and unilateral movements recorded from human supplementary motor area
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Using subdural electrodes, the authors show that the SMA generates movement-related potentials prior to simple finger or foot movements, either with contralateral or bilateral movements.
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Ikeda A, Lüders HO, Shibasaki H, Collura TF, Burgess RC, Morris HH, Hamano T: Movement-related potentials associated with bilateral simultaneous and unilateral movements recorded from human supplementary motor area. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995, 95:323-334. Using subdural electrodes, the authors show that the SMA generates movement-related potentials prior to simple finger or foot movements, either with contralateral or bilateral movements.
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Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol
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, pp. 323-334
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Ikeda, A.1
Lüders, H.O.2
Shibasaki, H.3
Collura, T.F.4
Burgess, R.C.5
Morris, H.H.6
Hamano, T.7
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22
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The neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area of primates
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Tanji J: The neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area of primates. Trends Neurosci 1984, 27:282-285.
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Trends Neurosci
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Tanji, J.1
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0029091354
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Relation between cerebral activity and force in the motor areas of the human brain
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The authors demonstrate an increase in rCBF in the SMA in relation to repetitive key presses with the right index finger. The rCBF is enhanced with forceful key presses that involve proximal muscle activity.
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Dettmers C, Fink GR, Lemon RN, Stephan KM, Passingham RE, Silbersweig D, Holmes A, Ridding MC, Brooks DJ, Frackowiak RS: Relation between cerebral activity and force in the motor areas of the human brain. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:802-815. The authors demonstrate an increase in rCBF in the SMA in relation to repetitive key presses with the right index finger. The rCBF is enhanced with forceful key presses that involve proximal muscle activity.
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J Neurophysiol
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Dettmers, C.1
Fink, G.R.2
Lemon, R.N.3
Stephan, K.M.4
Passingham, R.E.5
Silbersweig, D.6
Holmes, A.7
Ridding, M.C.8
Brooks, D.J.9
Frackowiak, R.S.10
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24
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0017719091
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Clinical consequences of corticectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man
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Laplane D, Talairach J, Meininger V, Bancaud J, Orgogozo JM: Clinical consequences of corticectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man. J Neurol Sei 1977, 34:301-314.
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J Neurol Sei
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Laplane, D.1
Talairach, J.2
Meininger, V.3
Bancaud, J.4
Orgogozo, J.M.5
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25
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84971184182
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Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses
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Goldberg G: Supplementary motor area structure and function: review and hypotheses. Behav Brain Sei 1985, 8:567-616.
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Behav Brain Sei
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Goldberg, G.1
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26
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0028985114
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The functions of the medial premotor cortex (SMA) I. Simple learned movements
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Bilateral removal of the SMA impairs performance of learned movements when there is no external stimulus to prompt performance.
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Thaler D, Chen Y-C, Nixon PD, Stern C, Passingham RE: The functions of the medial premotor cortex (SMA) I. Simple learned movements. Erp Brain Res 1995, 102:445-460. Bilateral removal of the SMA impairs performance of learned movements when there is no external stimulus to prompt performance.
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Erp Brain Res
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Thaler, D.1
Chen, Y.-C.2
Nixon, P.D.3
Stern, C.4
Passingham, R.E.5
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27
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0019964793
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Comparison of movement-related activity in two cortical areas of primates
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Tanji J, Kurata K: Comparison of movement-related activity in two cortical areas of primates. J Neurophysiol 1982, 48:633-653.
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J Neurophysiol
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Tanji, J.1
Kurata, K.2
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28
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0030061493
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Impaired procedural learning after damage to the left supplementary motor area (SMA)
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Ackermann H, Daum I, Schugens MM, Grodd W: Impaired procedural learning after damage to the left supplementary motor area (SMA). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:94-97.
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J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
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Ackermann, H.1
Daum, I.2
Schugens, M.M.3
Grodd, W.4
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29
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85030283099
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Reports on a patient with a lesion including the SMA who failed on two paradigms of procedural learning, serial reaction time and mirror-reversed tracking tasks.
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Reports on a patient with a lesion including the SMA who failed on two paradigms of procedural learning, serial reaction time and mirror-reversed tracking tasks.
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0029017062
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Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: Motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere
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He SQ, Dum RP, Strick PL: Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere. J Neurose/ 1995, 15:3284-3306.
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J Neurose
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He, S.Q.1
Dum, R.P.2
Strick, P.L.3
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85030289046
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Demonstrates topographically organized corticospinal projections from the SMA and cingulate motor areas, but not from the pre-SMA.
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Demonstrates topographically organized corticospinal projections from the SMA and cingulate motor areas, but not from the pre-SMA.
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0028924886
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Thalamic distribution of projection neurons to the primary motor cortex relative to afferent terminal fields from the globus pallidus in the macaque monkey
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Inase M, Tanji J: Thalamic distribution of projection neurons to the primary motor cortex relative to afferent terminal fields from the globus pallidus in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neural 1995, 353:415-426.
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J Comp Neural
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Inase, M.1
Tanji, J.2
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0029019980
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Spatial distribution of thalamic projections to the supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex: A retrograde multiple labeling study in the macaque monkey
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Shindo K, Shima K, Tanji J: Spatial distribution of thalamic projections to the supplementary motor area and primary motor cortex: a retrograde multiple labeling study in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1995, 357:1-19.
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J Comp Neurol
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Shindo, K.1
Shima, K.2
Tanji, J.3
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0028875875
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Somatotopical projections from the supplementary motor area to the red nucleus in the macaque monkey
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Tokuno H, Takeda M, Nambu A, Inase M: Somatotopical projections from the supplementary motor area to the red nucleus in the macaque monkey. Exp Brain Res 1995, 106:351-355.
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(1995)
Exp Brain Res
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Tokuno, H.1
Takeda, M.2
Nambu, A.3
Inase, M.4
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35
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0029916375
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Dual Somatotopical representations in the primate subthalamic nucleus: Evidence for ordered but reversed body-map transformations from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area
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The authors identified a direct projection from the SMA to the subthalamic nucleus. The Somatotopical projection pattern from the SMA to the medial subthalamus makes a mirror image of the projection from the M1 to the lateral subthalamus.
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Nambu A, Takeda M, Inase M, Tokuno H: Dual Somatotopical representations in the primate subthalamic nucleus: evidence for ordered but reversed body-map transformations from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area. J Neurosci 1996, 16:2671-2683. The authors identified a direct projection from the SMA to the subthalamic nucleus. The Somatotopical projection pattern from the SMA to the medial subthalamus makes a mirror image of the projection from the M1 to the lateral subthalamus.
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J Neurosci
, vol.16
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Nambu, A.1
Takeda, M.2
Inase, M.3
Tokuno, H.4
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36
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0029985356
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Comparison of cerebellothalamic and pallidothalamic projections in the monkey (macaca fu sea ta): A double anterograde labeling study
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Through use of double-labeling of afferent terminals, the authors demonstrate that the cerebellar and pallidal projections primarily occupy separate thalamic territories. On the other hand, each thalamic nucleus receives differentially weighted inputs from the two sources. The SMA seems to receive transthalamic inputs from both the basal ganglia and cerebellum, although inputs from the former appear more massive.
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Sakai ST, Inase M, Tanji J: Comparison of cerebellothalamic and pallidothalamic projections in the monkey (macaca fu sea ta): a double anterograde labeling study. J Comp Neurol 1996, 368:215-228. Through use of double-labeling of afferent terminals, the authors demonstrate that the cerebellar and pallidal projections primarily occupy separate thalamic territories. On the other hand, each thalamic nucleus receives differentially weighted inputs from the two sources. The SMA seems to receive transthalamic inputs from both the basal ganglia and cerebellum, although inputs from the former appear more massive.
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(1996)
J Comp Neurol
, vol.368
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Sakai, S.T.1
Inase, M.2
Tanji, J.3
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37
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0029774075
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Thalamic input to mesial and superior area 6 in the macaque monkey
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Through use of retrograde labeling, the authors identified different combinations of thalamic nuclei that project into the SMA (F3) and pre-SMA (F6). Major inputs from the motor thalamus to the SMA come from VLo (nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis) and VLc (nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis), whereas VApc (nucleus ventralis anterior, pars parvocelluiaris) and area X are the main inputs to the pre-SMA. Rostral and caudal parts of superior area 6 also receive differential thalamic inputs
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Matelli M, Luppino G: Thalamic input to mesial and superior area 6 in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1996, 372:59-87. Through use of retrograde labeling, the authors identified different combinations of thalamic nuclei that project into the SMA (F3) and pre-SMA (F6). Major inputs from the motor thalamus to the SMA come from VLo (nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis) and VLc (nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis), whereas VApc (nucleus ventralis anterior, pars parvocelluiaris) and area X are the main inputs to the pre-SMA. Rostral and caudal parts of superior area 6 also receive differential thalamic inputs.
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(1996)
J Comp Neurol
, vol.372
, pp. 59-87
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Matelli, M.1
Luppino, G.2
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38
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0027930714
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Role for supplementary motor area cells in planning several movements ahead
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Tanji J, Shima K: Role for supplementary motor area cells in planning several movements ahead. Nature 1994, 371:413-416.
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Nature
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Tanji, J.1
Shima, K.2
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0020034678
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The premotor and parietal cortex in the direction of action
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Halsband U, Passingham RE: The premotor and parietal cortex in the direction of action. Brain Res 1982, 240:368-372.
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Brain Res
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Halsband, U.1
Passingham, R.E.2
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40
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0028897131
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The functions of the medial premotor cortex (SMA) II. the timing and selection of learned movements
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Reports on the finding that lesioning the SMA (including the pre-SMA and newly defined SMA) disables monkeys for selecting between movements or changing between movements appropriately, without external instructions. However, execution of a simple movement with a self-determined wait period of 5-8 s is not impaired.
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Chen Y-C, Thaler D, Nixon PD, Stern C, Passingham RE: The functions of the medial premotor cortex (SMA) II. The timing and selection of learned movements. Exp Brain Res 1995, 102:461-473. Reports on the finding that lesioning the SMA (including the pre-SMA and newly defined SMA) disables monkeys for selecting between movements or changing between movements appropriately, without external instructions. However, execution of a simple movement with a self-determined wait period of 5-8 s is not impaired.
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Exp Brain Res
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Chen, Y.-C.1
Thaler, D.2
Nixon, P.D.3
Stern, C.4
Passingham, R.E.5
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41
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0028986764
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Movement-related potentials preceding voluntary movement are modulated by the mode of movement selection
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In human subjects, the amplitude of moment-related potentials in the medial frontal areas are higher preceding freely selected than fixed-direction movements.
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Praamstra P, Stegeman DF, Horstink MW, Brunia CH, Cools AR: Movement-related potentials preceding voluntary movement are modulated by the mode of movement selection. Exp Brain Res 1995, 103:429-439. In human subjects, the amplitude of moment-related potentials in the medial frontal areas are higher preceding freely selected than fixed-direction movements.
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Exp Brain Res
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Praamstra, P.1
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Cools, A.R.5
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The complexity of auditory cued sequential finger movements increases rCBF in the SMA and other motor areas.
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Sadato N, Campbell G, Ibanez V, Deiber MP, Hallett M: Complexity affects regional cerebral blood flow change during sequential finger movements. J Neurose! 1996, 16:2693-2700. The complexity of auditory cued sequential finger movements increases rCBF in the SMA and other motor areas.
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translation: Brain potential changes in voluntary movements and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potential.
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Deiber MP, Ibanez V, Sadato N, Hallett M: Cerebral structures participating in motor preparation in humans: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurophysiol 1996, 75:233-247. In this study, the authors used a motor reaction-time paradigm in which a preparatory stimulus provided either full, partial or no information regarding two variables of an upcoming finger movement: finger type and movement direction. The different levels of motor preparedness appear to be associated with increased rCBF in the pre-SMA and SMA, as well as in other motor centers. Differences in the amount of visual information affect rCBF changes in the parietal cortex, but not in the SMA.
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Roth M, Decety J, Raybaudi M, Massarelli R, Delon-Martin C, Morand S, Gemignami A, Decorps M, Jeannerod M: Possible involvement of primary motor cortex in mentally simulated movement: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroreport 1996, 7:12280-12284.
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[Title translation: General conclusions of our brain research.]
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Supplementary eye field contrasted with the frontal eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations
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Cells in the SEF and FEF exhibit an 'evolution of activity' as monkeys learn new and arbitrary associations between visual cues and the direction of saccades. SEF neurons are active during learning more frequently and selectively than FEF neurons.
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Chen LL, Wise SP: Supplementary eye field contrasted with the frontal eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:1121 -1133. Cells in the SEF and FEF exhibit an 'evolution of activity' as monkeys learn new and arbitrary associations between visual cues and the direction of saccades. SEF neurons are active during learning more frequently and selectively than FEF neurons.
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More than half of the SEF cells exhibit differential activity depending on whether a subject captures a target using only saccades or using combined saccades in combination with arm-reach. Such differential activity is rare in the FEF. This finding suggests that a group of SEF cells signals whether the motor task is oculomotor or combined eye-arm movements.
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Mushiake H, Fujii N, Tanji J: Visually guided saccade versus eye-hand reach: contrasting neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary and frontal eye fields. J Neurophysiol 1996, 75:2187-2191. More than half of the SEF cells exhibit differential activity depending on whether a subject captures a target using only saccades or using combined saccades in combination with arm-reach. Such differential activity is rare in the FEF. This finding suggests that a group of SEF cells signals whether the motor task is oculomotor or combined eye-arm movements.
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J Neurophysiol
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67
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Object-centered direction selectivity in the macaque supplementary eye field
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In experiments where monkeys make eye movements to the right or left end of a horizontal bar, it appears that some SEF cells are active differentially as a function of the end of the bar to which saccades are made. This suggests the possibility that some SEF neurons are sensitive to the object-centered direction of saccades. This attractive hypothesis invites a number of future experiments.
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Olson CR, Gettner SN: Object-centered direction selectivity in the macaque supplementary eye field. Science 1995, 269:985-988. In experiments where monkeys make eye movements to the right or left end of a horizontal bar, it appears that some SEF cells are active differentially as a function of the end of the bar to which saccades are made. This suggests the possibility that some SEF neurons are sensitive to the object-centered direction of saccades. This attractive hypothesis invites a number of future experiments.
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Science
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Olson, C.R.1
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The functional anatomy of remembered saccades: A PET study
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This PET study in human subjects reports increased rCBF in the SMA, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, FEF and in some other areas during a rememberedsaccade task. It seems appropriate to conclude that the SEF, rather than the SMA, is a focus of the increased rCBF.
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O'Sullivan EP, Jenkins IH, Henderson L, Kennard C, Brooks DJ: The functional anatomy of remembered saccades: a PET study. Neuroreport 1995, 6:2141-2144. This PET study in human subjects reports increased rCBF in the SMA, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, FEF and in some other areas during a rememberedsaccade task. It seems appropriate to conclude that the SEF, rather than the SMA, is a focus of the increased rCBF.
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Neuroreport
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O'Sullivan, E.P.1
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Cortical control of saccades
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In this review article on cortical structures involved in controlling saccadic eye movements, the concept of the SEF is properly introduced, and its functional significance is discussed. The authors propose that the SEF is important for triggering sequences of saccades and in controlling saccades made during head or body movement (saccades with complex motor programming).
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Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Rivaud S, Gaymard B, Muri R, Vermersch A: Cortical control of saccades. Ann Neural 1995, 37:557-567. In this review article on cortical structures involved in controlling saccadic eye movements, the concept of the SEF is properly introduced, and its functional significance is discussed. The authors propose that the SEF is important for triggering sequences of saccades and in controlling saccades made during head or body movement (saccades with complex motor programming).
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Ann Neural
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Pierrot-Deseilligny, C.1
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Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the region of the supplementary motor area during sequences of memory-guided saccades
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It seems that the effective stimulus site in this study includes the SEF, rather than the SMA. Stimulation during the target presentation phase results in increased errors. This may suggest that the SEF participates in the learning phase of sequential memory-guided saccades.
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Mûri RM, Rivaud S, Vermersch AI, Leger JM, Pierrot-Deseilligny C: Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the region of the supplementary motor area during sequences of memory-guided saccades. Exp Brain Res 1995, 104:163-166. It seems that the effective stimulus site in this study includes the SEF, rather than the SMA. Stimulation during the target presentation phase results in increased errors. This may suggest that the SEF participates in the learning phase of sequential memory-guided saccades.
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Exp Brain Res
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Mûri, R.M.1
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71
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Activation of human presupplementary motor area in learning of sequential procedures: A functional MRI study
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In a functional MRI study, human subjects learned to press buttons (with the index and middle fingers of their right and left hands) in a new sequence. A localized area corresponding to the pre-SMA appears to be particularly active during learning of new sequential procedures, but not during nonlearning control movements. This finding suggests the participation of the pre-SMA in procedural learning, when confronted with a new requirement.
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Hikosaka O, Sakai K, Miyauchi S, Takino R, Sasaki Y, Pütz B: Activation of human presupplementary motor area in learning of sequential procedures: a functional MRI study. J Neurophysiol 1996, 76:617-621. In a functional MRI study, human subjects learned to press buttons (with the index and middle fingers of their right and left hands) in a new sequence. A localized area corresponding to the pre-SMA appears to be particularly active during learning of new sequential procedures, but not during nonlearning control movements. This finding suggests the participation of the pre-SMA in procedural learning, when confronted with a new requirement.
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J Neurophysiol
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Hikosaka, O.1
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