Social welfare and competitiveness

New Political Economy

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 209-232

  Gough, Ian ^a  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPETITIVENESS; POLITICAL ECONOMY; SOCIAL POLICY; THEORETICAL STUDY; WELFARE STATE;

EID: 0030478602     PISSN: 13563467     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13563469608406253     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Kenneth Clarke, Mais lecture, May 1994.
2. Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice: Strategies for National Renewal (Vintage, 1994), pp. 97, 103.
3. Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on European Social Policy, Com (94) 333 (EC, 1994), p. 12.
4. OECD, The OECD Jobs Study: Facts, Analysis, Strategies (OECD, 1994), p. 48.
5. Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness, Employment (EC, 1994), p. 154.
6. Charting the development of views on the relationship between education and economic growth. R. Rubinson & I. Browne, 'Education and the economy', in: N.J. Smelser & R. Swedberg (Eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology, (Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 581-99, find three similar stages: first, an optimistic belief that education enhances economic performance; next, a cynical period beginning in the early 1970s denying any such relationship; now, a more prosaic stage emphasising the conditionality of the relationship.
7. On this, see A. Pfaller, I. Gough & G. Therborn (Eds), Can the Welfare State Compete? A Comparative Study of Five Advanced Capitalist Countries (Macmillan, 1991), especially ch. 8.
8. I owe these terms to G. Hodgson, The Democratic Economy (Penguin, 1984), ch. 8.
9. On this relationship in Britain, see J. Harris, 'Enterprise and Welfare States: A Comparative Perspective', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 40 (1990), and in Germany, see G. Vobruba, 'Social policy in the modernization and transformation of societies', paper presented at the conference on The Welfare State: Transition from Central Planning to Market Approaches, Budapest, June 1991.
10. On this relationship in Britain, see J. Harris, 'Enterprise and Welfare States: A Comparative Perspective', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 40 (1990), and in Germany, see G. Vobruba, 'Social policy in the modernization and transformation of societies', paper presented at the conference on The Welfare State: Transition from Central Planning to Market Approaches, Budapest, June 1991.
11. A.B. Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance, Welfare State Programme Discussion Paper 109, STICERD, LSE, May 1995; G. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare state and the economy', in: Smelser & Swedberg (Eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology, pp. 711-32; and Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
12. A.B. Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance, Welfare State Programme Discussion Paper 109, STICERD, LSE, May 1995; G. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare state and the economy', in: Smelser & Swedberg (Eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology, pp. 711-32; and Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
13. A.B. Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance, Welfare State Programme Discussion Paper 109, STICERD, LSE, May 1995; G. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare state and the economy', in: Smelser & Swedberg (Eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology, pp. 711-32; and Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
14. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy', p. 721.
15. R. Burrows & B. Loader (Eds), Towards a Post-Fordist Welfare State? (Routledge, 1994), p. 1.
16. Bob Jessop, 'The transition to post-Fordism and the Schumpeterian workfare state', in: ibid.
17. Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness, Employment (EC, 1994).
18. G. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Polity, 1990).
19. D. Piachaud, 'Social policy and the economy: introduction', in: Piachaud, The Goals of Social Policy (Unwin Hyman, 1989).
20. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, ch. 2.
21. A. Sen, Inequality Reexamined (Clarendon Press, 1992); and L. Doyal & I. Gough, A Theory of Human Need (Macmillan, 1991).
22. A. Sen, Inequality Reexamined (Clarendon Press, 1992); and L. Doyal & I. Gough, A Theory of Human Need (Macmillan, 1991).
23. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy', p. 712.
24. A. Pfaller & I. Gough, 'The competitivenes of industrialised welfare states: a cross-country survey', in: Pfaller, Gough & Therborn (Eds), Can the Welfare State Compete?.
25. M.E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations (Macmillan, 1990), p. 40.
26. Pfaller, Gough & Therborn (Eds), Can the Welfare State Compete?, ch. 1.
27. Porter, Competitive Advantage of Nations, p. 283.
28. Pfaller, Gough & Therborn (Eds), Can the Welfare State Compete?, p. 6.
29. P. Krugman, 'Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 2 (1994), pp. 28-44.
30. A.M. Okun, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Trade-Off (The Brookings Institution, 1975). See also, for example, A. Fisher, The Clash of Progress and Security (Macmillan, 1935); and G. Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (Basic Books, 1981). Strictly speaking, Okun's trade-off applies only to allocative efficiency, not to technical efficiency.
31. A.M. Okun, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Trade-Off (The Brookings Institution, 1975). See also, for example, A. Fisher, The Clash of Progress and Security (Macmillan, 1935); and G. Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (Basic Books, 1981). Strictly speaking, Okun's trade-off applies only to allocative efficiency, not to technical efficiency.
32. A.M. Okun, Equality and Efficiency: The Big Trade-Off (The Brookings Institution, 1975). See also, for example, A. Fisher, The Clash of Progress and Security (Macmillan, 1935); and G. Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (Basic Books, 1981). Strictly speaking, Okun's trade-off applies only to allocative efficiency, not to technical efficiency.
33. K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Beacon Press, 1944); G. Myrdal, Beyond the Welfare State (Yale University Press, 1969); and N. Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987).
34. K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Beacon Press, 1944); G. Myrdal, Beyond the Welfare State (Yale University Press, 1969); and N. Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987).
35. K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Beacon Press, 1944); G. Myrdal, Beyond the Welfare State (Yale University Press, 1969); and N. Barr, The Economics of the Welfare State (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987).
36. Different writers within Marxist political economy have expounded both compatibility and incompatibility positions. For a model which tries to integrate the two, see I. Gough, The Political Economy of the Welfare State (Macmillan 1979), especially ch. 6 and appendix B.
37. R. Bacon & W. Eltis, Britain's Economic Problem: Too Few Producers (Macmillan, 1976).
38. P. Saunders & F. Klau, The Role of the Public Sector: Causes and Consequences of the Growth of Government, OECD Economic Studies No. 4 (OECD, 1985).
39. The Economist, 5 November 1994.
40. Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness, Employment.
41. Pfaller, Gough & Therborn (Eds), Can the Welfare State Compete?, p. 7.
42. Again, we need to recognise that modern levels of taxation stem from all activities of government, not just its welfare activities. However, given that welfare spending is the largest and most dynamic part of state activity, and that social security contributions are linked to part of social expenditure, there is a case for including the effect here.
43. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector.
44. A.B. Atkinson & G.V. Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives: A North European Perspective (Clarendon Press, 1993), ch. 8.
45. D. Corry & A. Glyn, 'The macroeconomics of equality, stability and growth', in: A. Glyn & D. Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality: The Economic Cost of Social Injustice (Rivers Oram Press, 1994).
46. Pfaller & Gough, 'The competitiveness of industrialised welfare states: a cross-country survey'.
47. European Management Forum, Report on International Industrial Competitiveness (EMF, 1996).
48. P. Saunders 'What can We Learn from International Comparisons of Public Sector Size and Economic Performance?', European Sociological Review, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1986), pp. 52-60.
49. Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance. He points out the necessity to distinguish Levels equations, in which country levels of GDP are the dependent variables, from Growth Rate equations, in which it is the rate of growth of GDP that is to be explained.
50. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'.
51. Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance.
52. G. Saint-Paul, 'Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model', Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 107 (1992), pp. 1243-59.
53. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, pp. 143-6. See also Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance.
54. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, pp. 143-6. See also Atkinson, The Welfare State and Economic Performance.
55. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'.
56. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, ch. 4C; and Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives.
57. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, ch. 4C; and Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives.
58. E. McLaughlin, 'Employment, unemployment and social security', in: Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality; and A.B. Atkinson, 'Work incentives', in: Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives, p. 37.
59. E. McLaughlin, 'Employment, unemployment and social security', in: Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality; and A.B. Atkinson, 'Work incentives', in: Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives, p. 37.
60. OECD, The OECD Jobs Study; and Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'.
61. OECD, The OECD Jobs Study; and Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'.
62. P. Gregg, S. Machin & A. Manning, 'High pay, low pay and labour market efficiency', in: Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality.
63. S. Ringen, The Possibility of Politics: A Study in the Political Economy of the Welfare State (Clarendon Press, 1987), ch. 5; and D. Brailer & R. Van Horn, 'Health and the Welfare of US Business', Harvard Business Review, March-April (1993), pp. 125-32.
64. S. Ringen, The Possibility of Politics: A Study in the Political Economy of the Welfare State (Clarendon Press, 1987), ch. 5; and D. Brailer & R. Van Horn, 'Health and the Welfare of US Business', Harvard Business Review, March-April (1993), pp. 125-32.
65. N. Barr, 'Economic Theory and the Welfare State: A Survey and Interpretation', Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 30 (1992), pp. 741-803.
66. J. Muellbauer, The Great British Housing Disaster and Economic Policy (London, 1990).
67. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy', p. 722. See also Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives; and Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice.
68. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy', p. 722. See also Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives; and Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice.
69. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy', p. 722. See also Atkinson & Mogensen (Eds), Welfare and Work Incentives; and Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice.
70. Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
71. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, pp. 124-28. An alternative method is to enter educational and other human capital qualities into an aggregate production function to identify their contribution to average annual rates of growth of the economy. Using this method for the 1950s, E.F. Denison, Accounting for Slower Economic Growth (Brookings Institution, 1979) and M.J. Bowman, 'Education and economic growth: an overview', Education and Income, World Bank Staff Working Paper 402, 1980, pp. 1-71, show that education contributed between 0.25 per cent and 0.75 per cent to economic growth, and health and nutrition up to 0.3 per cent. However, this methodology has been subject to several criticisms. See Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
72. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, pp. 124-28. An alternative method is to enter educational and other human capital qualities into an aggregate production function to identify their contribution to average annual rates of growth of the economy. Using this method for the 1950s, E.F. Denison, Accounting for Slower Economic Growth (Brookings Institution, 1979) and M.J. Bowman, 'Education and economic growth: an overview', Education and Income, World Bank Staff Working Paper 402, 1980, pp. 1-71, show that education contributed between 0.25 per cent and 0.75 per cent to economic growth, and health and nutrition up to 0.3 per cent. However, this methodology has been subject to several criticisms. See Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
73. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, pp. 124-28. An alternative method is to enter educational and other human capital qualities into an aggregate production function to identify their contribution to average annual rates of growth of the economy. Using this method for the 1950s, E.F. Denison, Accounting for Slower Economic Growth (Brookings Institution, 1979) and M.J. Bowman, 'Education and economic growth: an overview', Education and Income, World Bank Staff Working Paper 402, 1980, pp. 1-71, show that education contributed between 0.25 per cent and 0.75 per cent to economic growth, and health and nutrition up to 0.3 per cent. However, this methodology has been subject to several criticisms. See Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
74. Saunders & Klau, The Role of the Public Sector, pp. 124-28. An alternative method is to enter educational and other human capital qualities into an aggregate production function to identify their contribution to average annual rates of growth of the economy. Using this method for the 1950s, E.F. Denison, Accounting for Slower Economic Growth (Brookings Institution, 1979) and M.J. Bowman, 'Education and economic growth: an overview', Education and Income, World Bank Staff Working Paper 402, 1980, pp. 1-71, show that education contributed between 0.25 per cent and 0.75 per cent to economic growth, and health and nutrition up to 0.3 per cent. However, this methodology has been subject to several criticisms. See Rubinson & Browne, 'Education and the economy'.
75. S. Prais & K. Wagner, 'Educating for Productivity', National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 119 (1987), pp. 40-56; G.D. Worswick, Education and Economic Performance (Gower, 1985); and D. Finegold & D. Soskice, 'The Failure of British Training: Analysis and Prescription', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988), p. 22. To my knowledge, there is little comparative analysis in this area. For the beginnings of one, see J. Allmendinger, 'Educational Systems and Labour Market Outcomes', European Sociological Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1989), pp. 231-50. The OECD, in Literacy, Economy and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey (OECD, 1995), has just published an interesting comparative study on the effects of levels of literacy on competitiveness.
76. S. Prais & K. Wagner, 'Educating for Productivity', National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 119 (1987), pp. 40-56; G.D. Worswick, Education and Economic Performance (Gower, 1985); and D. Finegold & D. Soskice, 'The Failure of British Training: Analysis and Prescription', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988), p. 22. To my knowledge, there is little comparative analysis in this area. For the beginnings of one, see J. Allmendinger, 'Educational Systems and Labour Market Outcomes', European Sociological Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1989), pp. 231-50. The OECD, in Literacy, Economy and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey (OECD, 1995), has just published an interesting comparative study on the effects of levels of literacy on competitiveness.
77. S. Prais & K. Wagner, 'Educating for Productivity', National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 119 (1987), pp. 40-56; G.D. Worswick, Education and Economic Performance (Gower, 1985); and D. Finegold & D. Soskice, 'The Failure of British Training: Analysis and Prescription', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988), p. 22. To my knowledge, there is little comparative analysis in this area. For the beginnings of one, see J. Allmendinger, 'Educational Systems and Labour Market Outcomes', European Sociological Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1989), pp. 231-50. The OECD, in Literacy, Economy and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey (OECD, 1995), has just published an interesting comparative study on the effects of levels of literacy on competitiveness.
78. S. Prais & K. Wagner, 'Educating for Productivity', National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 119 (1987), pp. 40-56; G.D. Worswick, Education and Economic Performance (Gower, 1985); and D. Finegold & D. Soskice, 'The Failure of British Training: Analysis and Prescription', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988), p. 22. To my knowledge, there is little comparative analysis in this area. For the beginnings of one, see J. Allmendinger, 'Educational Systems and Labour Market Outcomes', European Sociological Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1989), pp. 231-50. The OECD, in Literacy, Economy and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey (OECD, 1995), has just published an interesting comparative study on the effects of levels of literacy on competitiveness.
79. S. Prais & K. Wagner, 'Educating for Productivity', National Institute Economic Review, Vol. 119 (1987), pp. 40-56; G.D. Worswick, Education and Economic Performance (Gower, 1985); and D. Finegold & D. Soskice, 'The Failure of British Training: Analysis and Prescription', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988), p. 22. To my knowledge, there is little comparative analysis in this area. For the beginnings of one, see J. Allmendinger, 'Educational Systems and Labour Market Outcomes', European Sociological Review, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1989), pp. 231-50. The OECD, in Literacy, Economy and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey (OECD, 1995), has just published an interesting comparative study on the effects of levels of literacy on competitiveness.
80. Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice, p. 97.
81. Barr, 'Economic Theory and the Welfare State'.
82. S. Bowles & H. Gintis, 'Efficient redistribution in a globally competitive economy', paper prepared for Colloquium on Social Justice and Economic Constraints at the Université Catholique de Louvain, 3 June 1994.
83. I. Gough, 'Economic Institutions and the Satisfaction of Human Needs', Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1944), pp. 25-65.
84. J. Rogers & W. Streeck, 'Productive solidarities: economic strategy and left politics', in: D. Miliband (Ed.), Reinventing the Left (Polity 1944).
85. P. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets (Cornell University Press, 1985).
86. S. Leibfried & E. Rieger, 'The welfare state and globalisation', 2ES Working Paper, Centre for Social Policy Research, University of Bremen.
87. J. Stephens, 'The Scandinavian welfare state: achievements, crisis and prospects', in: G. Esping-Andersen (Ed.), Welfare State in Transition (Sage, 1996).
88. Commission of the European Communities, White Paper on European Social Policy, p. 31.
89. R. Wilkinson, 'Health, redistribution and growth', in: Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality.
90. Council of Europe, Crime and Economy, reports presented to the 11th Criminological Colloquium.
91. J. Hagan, 'Crime, inequality and efficiency', in: Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality.
92. US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Insurance Crisis in Urban America (HUD-FIA-315, 1978).
93. Bowles & Gintis, 'Efficient redistribution'.
94. T. Persson & G. Tabellini, 'Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?' American Economic Review, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 600-21; Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality; Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'; L. Kenworthy, 'Equality and Efficiency: The Illusory Tradeoff', European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 27 (1995).
95. T. Persson & G. Tabellini, 'Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?' American Economic Review, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 600-21; Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality; Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'; L. Kenworthy, 'Equality and Efficiency: The Illusory Tradeoff', European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 27 (1995).
96. T. Persson & G. Tabellini, 'Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?' American Economic Review, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 600-21; Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality; Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'; L. Kenworthy, 'Equality and Efficiency: The Illusory Tradeoff', European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 27 (1995).
97. T. Persson & G. Tabellini, 'Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?' American Economic Review, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 600-21; Glyn & Miliband (Eds), Paying for Inequality; Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy'; L. Kenworthy, 'Equality and Efficiency: The Illusory Tradeoff', European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 27 (1995).
98. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare states and the economy', p. 725.
99. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, p. 2.
100. J. Kolberg & H. Uusitalo, 'The interface between the economy and the welfare state: a sociological account', in: Z. Ferge & J. Kolberg (Eds), Social Policy in a Changing Europe (Campus/Westview, 1992).
101. Critical commentary on his schema is extensive. These focus on: 1. the applicability of his schema to specific countries, e.g. F.G. Castles & D. Mitchell, 'Worlds of welfare and families of nations', in: F.G. Castles (Ed.), Families of Nations (Dartmouth, 1993); and S. Leibfried, 'Towards a European welfare state?', in: C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (Routledge, 1993); 2. the applicability of his schema to forms of social policy provision other than income maintenance and employment, e.g. G. Room and P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe and the third sector', in: P.6 & I. Vidal (Eds), Delivering Welfare (CIES, 1994); 3. his neglect of gender and its implications for stratification and decommodification, e.g. J. Lewis (Ed.), Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State (Edward Elgar, 1993); J. Lewis & J. Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies (Zentrum fur Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen, 1994); and 4. his neglect of religion, status and ethnicity in shaping the welfare mix, e.g. Room & P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe'. All of these criticisms make valid points, yet, as will be seen, I regard the basic concept of welfare regimes and Esping-Andersen's initial operationalisation of the concept as of first-rank importance.
102. Critical commentary on his schema is extensive. These focus on: 1. the applicability of his schema to specific countries, e.g. F.G. Castles & D. Mitchell, 'Worlds of welfare and families of nations', in: F.G. Castles (Ed.), Families of Nations (Dartmouth, 1993); and S. Leibfried, 'Towards a European welfare state?', in: C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (Routledge, 1993); 2. the applicability of his schema to forms of social policy provision other than income maintenance and employment, e.g. G. Room and P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe and the third sector', in: P.6 & I. Vidal (Eds), Delivering Welfare (CIES, 1994); 3. his neglect of gender and its implications for stratification and decommodification, e.g. J. Lewis (Ed.), Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State (Edward Elgar, 1993); J. Lewis & J. Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies (Zentrum fur Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen, 1994); and 4. his neglect of religion, status and ethnicity in shaping the welfare mix, e.g. Room & P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe'. All of these criticisms make valid points, yet, as will be seen, I regard the basic concept of welfare regimes and Esping-Andersen's initial operationalisation of the concept as of first-rank importance.
103. Critical commentary on his schema is extensive. These focus on: 1. the applicability of his schema to specific countries, e.g. F.G. Castles & D. Mitchell, 'Worlds of welfare and families of nations', in: F.G. Castles (Ed.), Families of Nations (Dartmouth, 1993); and S. Leibfried, 'Towards a European welfare state?', in: C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (Routledge, 1993); 2. the applicability of his schema to forms of social policy provision other than income maintenance and employment, e.g. G. Room and P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe and the third sector', in: P.6 & I. Vidal (Eds), Delivering Welfare (CIES, 1994); 3. his neglect of gender and its implications for stratification and decommodification, e.g. J. Lewis (Ed.), Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State (Edward Elgar, 1993); J. Lewis & J. Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies (Zentrum fur Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen, 1994); and 4. his neglect of religion, status and ethnicity in shaping the welfare mix, e.g. Room & P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe'. All of these criticisms make valid points, yet, as will be seen, I regard the basic concept of welfare regimes and Esping-Andersen's initial operationalisation of the concept as of first-rank importance.
104. Critical commentary on his schema is extensive. These focus on: 1. the applicability of his schema to specific countries, e.g. F.G. Castles & D. Mitchell, 'Worlds of welfare and families of nations', in: F.G. Castles (Ed.), Families of Nations (Dartmouth, 1993); and S. Leibfried, 'Towards a European welfare state?', in: C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (Routledge, 1993); 2. the applicability of his schema to forms of social policy provision other than income maintenance and employment, e.g. G. Room and P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe and the third sector', in: P.6 & I. Vidal (Eds), Delivering Welfare (CIES, 1994); 3. his neglect of gender and its implications for stratification and decommodification, e.g. J. Lewis (Ed.), Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State (Edward Elgar, 1993); J. Lewis & J. Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies (Zentrum fur Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen, 1994); and 4. his neglect of religion, status and ethnicity in shaping the welfare mix, e.g. Room & P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe'. All of these criticisms make valid points, yet, as will be seen, I regard the basic concept of welfare regimes and Esping-Andersen's initial operationalisation of the concept as of first-rank importance.
105. Critical commentary on his schema is extensive. These focus on: 1. the applicability of his schema to specific countries, e.g. F.G. Castles & D. Mitchell, 'Worlds of welfare and families of nations', in: F.G. Castles (Ed.), Families of Nations (Dartmouth, 1993); and S. Leibfried, 'Towards a European welfare state?', in: C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (Routledge, 1993); 2. the applicability of his schema to forms of social policy provision other than income maintenance and employment, e.g. G. Room and P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe and the third sector', in: P.6 & I. Vidal (Eds), Delivering Welfare (CIES, 1994); 3. his neglect of gender and its implications for stratification and decommodification, e.g. J. Lewis (Ed.), Women and Social Policies in Europe: Work, Family and the State (Edward Elgar, 1993); J. Lewis & J. Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies (Zentrum fur Sozialpolitik, University of Bremen, 1994); and 4. his neglect of religion, status and ethnicity in shaping the welfare mix, e.g. Room & P.6, 'Welfare states in Europe'. All of these criticisms make valid points, yet, as will be seen, I regard the basic concept of welfare regimes and Esping-Andersen's initial operationalisation of the concept as of first-rank importance.
106. Lewis, Women and Social Policies in Europe; and Lewis & Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies. For a recent survey, see S. Duncan, 'Theorizing European Gender Systems', Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1995), pp. 263-84.
107. Lewis, Women and Social Policies in Europe; and Lewis & Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies. For a recent survey, see S. Duncan, 'Theorizing European Gender Systems', Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1995), pp. 263-84.
108. Lewis, Women and Social Policies in Europe; and Lewis & Ostner, Gender and the Evolution of European Social Policies. For a recent survey, see S. Duncan, 'Theorizing European Gender Systems', Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1995), pp. 263-84.
109. F. Green, A. Henley & E. Tsakalotos, 'Income Inequality in Corporatist and Liberal Economies', International Review of Applied Economics, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1994), pp. 303-31.
110. L. Calmfors & J. Driffill, 'Bargaining Structure, Corporatism and Macroeconomic Performance', Economic Policy, No. 6 (1988).
111. R. Rowthorn, 'Centralisation, Employment and Wage Dispersion', Economic Journal, Vol. 102 (1996), pp. 506-23.
112. T. Weisskopf, 'Class conflict or class harmony? A study of the effect of worker security on productivity growth in eight advanced capitalist countries', unpublished paper. See also T. Weisskopf, 'The Effect of Unemployment on Labour Productivity: An International Comparative Analysis', International Review of Applied Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1989), pp. 127-51.
113. T. Weisskopf, 'Class conflict or class harmony? A study of the effect of worker security on productivity growth in eight advanced capitalist countries', unpublished paper. See also T. Weisskopf, 'The Effect of Unemployment on Labour Productivity: An International Comparative Analysis', International Review of Applied Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1989), pp. 127-51.
114. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare state without work', paper presented at Research Committee 19 of the International Sociological Association, Pavia, Italy, September 1995; and Esping-Andersen, 'After the Golden Age: welfare state dilemmas in a global economy', in: G. Esping-Andersen (Ed.), Welfare States in Transition (Sage, 1996).
115. Esping-Andersen, 'Welfare state without work', paper presented at Research Committee 19 of the International Sociological Association, Pavia, Italy, September 1995; and Esping-Andersen, 'After the Golden Age: welfare state dilemmas in a global economy', in: G. Esping-Andersen (Ed.), Welfare States in Transition (Sage, 1996).
116. This scenario applies least well to Germany - Esping-Andersen's archetypical conservative welfare state. It is probable that the maintenance of corporatist structures of interest representation and intermediation account for Germany's continuing good economic performance despite the costs and strains of unification.
117. Esping-Andersen, 'After the Golden Age'.