Standard management of acute respiratory infections in a children's hospital in Pakistan: Impact on antibiotic use and case fatality

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 501-507

  Qazi, S A ^a   Rehman, G N ^a   Khan, M A ^a,b  

^a Children Hospital Islamabad   (Pakistan)

^b National ARI Control Programme   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG USE; FATALITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PAKISTAN; PATIENT CARE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

AGE FACTORS; ANTIBIOTICS--THERAPEUTIC USE; ASIA; CHILD; CHILD MORTALITY; CHILD SURVIVAL; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASES; DRUGS; HEALTH; HEALTH FACILITIES; HOSPITALS; INFANT; INFECTIONS; LENGTH OF LIFE; MORTALITY; PAKISTAN; POPULATION; POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH REPORT; RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SOUTHERN ASIA; STUDIES; SURVIVORSHIP; TREATMENT; YOUTH;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DRUG COSTS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PAKISTAN; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0030475746     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Khan AJ et al. Acute respiratory infections in children: a case management intervention in Abbottabad District, Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1990, 68: 577-585.
2. Townsend EH, Radebaugh JF. Prevention of complications of respiratory illness in pediatric practice: a double-blind study. New England journal of medicine, 1962, 226: 683-689.
3. Ackerman BD. Treatment of undifferentiated respiratory infections in infants. Clinical pediatrics. 1968, 7: 391-395
4. Hardy LM, Traisman HS. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of uncomplicated respiratory infections in children. Journal of pediatrics, 1956, 48: 146-156.
5. Lexomboon U et al. Evaluation of orally administered antibiotics for treatment of upper respiratory infections in Thai children. Journal of pediatrics, 1971, 78: 772-778
6. Taylor B et al. Amoxycillin and cotrimoxazole in presumed viral respiratory infections of childhood: placebo-controlled trial. British medical journal, 1977, 2: 552-554.
7. Acute respiratory infections in children: case management in small hospitals in developing countries. A manual for doctors and other senior health workers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1990.
8. Reddy V. Protein-energy malnutrition. In: Stanfield P, ed. Diseases of children in the subtropics and tropics. London, Edward Arnold, 1991: 335-337.
9. Khan MA et al. A community study of the application of WHO ARI management guidelines in Pakistan. Annals of tropical paediatrics, 1993, 13: 73-78.
10. Abbott GD, Fergusson OM, Horwood LJ. General practitioner prescribing practices for childhood respiratory infection. New Zealand medical journal, 1982, 95: 185-188.
11. Hossain MM, Glass RI, Khan MR. Antibiotic use in rural community in Bangladesh. International journal of epidemiology, 1982, 11: 402-405.
12. Maitai CK, Watkins WM. A survey of out-patient prescriptions dispensed in Kenyatta National Hospital. East African medical journal, 1980, 58: 641-645.
13. Mastro TD et al. Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Pakistan. Lancet, 1991, 337, 156-159.
14. Weinberg GA et al. and the BOSTID Haemophilus Susceptibility Study Group. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus isolates from children in eleven developing nations. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1990, 68, 179-184.
15. Nizami SQ, Khan IA, Bhutta ZA. Pediatric prescribing practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association (in press).
16. Applied Diarrhoea) Disease Project. Research highlights. In: Annual report 1994. Cambridge, MA, Harvard institute of International Development, 1994: 1-16.
17. Mannan J. Significance and evaluation of gastric lavage diagnosis of pathogens in pneumonia. Pakistan paediatric journal, 1985, 9: 36-40.
18. Shann F, Barker J, Poor P. Clinical signs that predict death in children with severe pneumonia. Pediatric infectious diseases journal, 1989, 8: 852-855.
19. Onyango FE et al. Hypoxemia in young Kenyan children with acute respiratory infections. British medical journal, 1993, 306: 612-615
20. Sazawal S, Black R. Meta-anatysis of intervention trials of case management of pneumonia in community settings. Lancet 1992, 340: 528-533.
21. Kanji N. Charging for drugs in Africa. UNICEF's "Bamako Initiative". Health policy and planning. 1989, 4: 110-120.
22. Creese AL. User charges for health care: a review of recent experience. Health policy and planning, 1991, 6: 309-319.