The influence of hard water (calcium) and surfactants on irritant contact dermatitis

Contact Dermatitis

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 337-343

  Warren, Raphael ^a   Ertel, Keith D ^a   Bartolo, Robert G ^a   Levine, Mark J ^a   Bryant, Paula B ^a   Wong, Louis F ^a  

^a PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium; Dermatitis; Epidermis; Irritation; Skin; Skin barrier; Soap; Surfactant

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; DETERGENT; SOAP; SODIUM; SURFACTANT; TRIETHANOLAMINE; WATER;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRY SKIN; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ERYTHEMA; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYDRATION; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; IRRITANT DERMATITIS; NORMAL HUMAN; WATER HARDNESS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CALCIUM; DERMATITIS, IRRITANT; DERMATITIS, OCCUPATIONAL; FEMALE; FOREARM; HAND DERMATOSES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; SOAPS; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS; WATER POLLUTANTS;

EID: 0030473698     PISSN: 01051873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02414.x     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Jackson E M, Goldner R (eds): Irritant contact dermatitis. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1990.
2. Imokawa G, Mishima Y. Cumulative effect of surfactants on cutaneous horny layers: Adsorption onto human keratin layers in vivo. Contact Dermatitis 1979: 5: 357-366.
3. Fulmer A W, Kramer G J. Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in surfactant-induced dry scaly skin. J Invest Dermatol 1986: 86: 598-602.
4. Downing D T, Abraham W, Wegner B K, Willman K W, Marshall J L. Partition of sodium dodecyl sulfate into stratum corneum lipid liposomes. Arch Dermatol Res 1993: 285: 151-157.
5. Fisher L B, Maibach H I. Effect of some irritants on human epidermal mitosis. Contact Derm 1975: 1: 273-276.
6. Wilhelm K P, Saunders J C, Maibach H I. Increased stratum corneum turnover induced by subclinical irritant dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1990: 122: 793-798.
7. Hunziker T, Brand C, Kapp A, Waelti E R, Braathen L R. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in human skin lymph derived from sodium lauryl sulfate-induced contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1992: 127: 254-259.
8. White M I, Jenkinson D M, Lloyd D H. The effect of washing on the thickness of the stratum corneum in normal and atopic individuals. Br J Dermatol 1987: 116: 525-530.
9. Denda M, Hori J, Yoshida S, Nanba R, Takahashi M, Horii I, Yamamoto A. Stratum corneum sphingolipids and free amino acids in experimentally-induced scaly skin. Arch Dermatol 1992: 284: 363-367.
10. Rawlings A V, Watkinson A, Rogers J, Mayo A M, Hope J, Scott IR. Abnormalities in stratum corneum structure, lipid composition, and desmosome degradation in soap-induced winter xerosis. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1994: 45: 203-220.
11. Denda M, Koyama J, Namba R, Horii I. Stratum corneum lipid morphology and transepidermal water loss in normal skin and surfactant-induced scaly skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1994: 286: 41-46.
12. Ghadially R, Halkier-Sorensen L, Elias P M. Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992: 26: 387-396.
13. Frosch P J, Kligman A M. The soap chamber test: A new method for assessing the irritancy of soaps. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979: 1: 35-41.
14. Fujiwara N, Toyooka I, Ohnishi K, Onohara E. Absorbed residue of fatty acid on human skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem Jpn 1992: 26: 107-112.
15. Todd D K. In Water encyclopedia. Port Washington, N Y: Water Information Center, 1970.
16. Ertel, K D, Keswick B H, Bryant P B. A forearm controlled technique for estimating the relative mildness of personal cleansing products. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1995: 46: 67-76.
17. Strube D D, Koontz S W, Murahata R I, Theiler R F. The flex wash test: A method for evaluating the mildness of personal washing products. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1989: 40: 297-306.
18. Tagami H, Ohi, M, Iwatsuki, K, Kanamaru, Y, Yamada, M, and Ichijo, B. Evaluation of the skin surface hydration in vivo by electrical measurement. J Invest Dermatol 1980: 75:500-507.
19. Lee S H, Elias P M, Menon G K, Mao-Quiang M, Feingold KR. Calcium and potassium are important regulators of barrier homeostasis in murine epidermis. J Clin Invest 1992: 89: 530-538.
20. Lee S H, Elias P M, Feingold K R, Mauro T. A role for ions in barrier recovery after acute perturbation. J Invest Dermatol 1994: 102: 976-979.
21. Menon G K, Price L F, Bommannan B, Elias P M, Feingold K R. Selective obliteration of the epidermal calcium gradient leads to enhanced lamellar body secretion. J Invest Dermatol 1994: 102: 789-795.
22. Myers D. In: Surfactant Science and Technology. New York: VCH Publ., 1992.
23. Abraham W, Wertz P W, Landmann L, Downing D. Stratum corneum lipid liposomes: Calcium induced transformation into lamellar sheets. J Invest Dermatol 1987: 88: 212-214.
24. Grubauer G, Feingold K R, Elias P M. Relationship of epidermal lipogenesis to cutaneous barrier function. J Lipid Res 1987: 28: 746-752.
25. Friberg S E, Goldsmith L, Rong G. The influence of calcium ions and 2-(alkoxy)-1-((alkoyloxy)methyl)-ethyl-7-(4-heptyl-5,6)-(dicarboxy-2- cyclohexene-1-yl) heptanoate on a simplified model of stratum corneum lipids. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1988: 65: 1834-1837.
26. Diezel W, Gruner S, Diaz L A, Anhalt G J. Inhibition of cutaneous hypersensitivity by calcium transport inhibitors lanthanum and diltiazem. J Invest Dermatol 1989: 93: 322-326.
27. Stern R, Khalsa J H. Cutaneous adverse reactions associated with calcium channel blockers. Arch Intern Med 1989: 149: 829-832.
28. Devlin J, David T J. Intolerance to oral and intravenous calcium supplements in atopic eczema. J R Soc Med 1990: 83:491-498.
29. Cushman J R, Duffy V A, Buteau G H, Aust L B, Caldwell N, Lazer W. Evaluation of calcium magnesium acetate and road salt for contact hypersensitivity potential and dermal irritancy in humans. Contact Dermatitis 1991: 24: 289-292.
30. Keswick B H, Ertel K D, Visscher M O. Comparison of exaggerated and normal use techniques for assessing the mildness of personal cleansers. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1992: 43: 187-193.