Sedimentology, C-S-Fe relationships and stable isotopic compositions in Devonian black mudrocks, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada

Sedimentary Geology

Volumn 106, Issue 3-4, 1996, Pages 279-298

  Al Aasm, I S ^a   Morad, S ^b   Durocher, S ^c   Muir, I ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c Phillips Petroleum Resources Ltd   (Canada)

^d Wascana Energy   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLACK SHALE; DEVONIAN; GEOCHEMISTRY; PALAEOENVIRONMENT; SEDIMENTOLOGY;

CANADA, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS;

EID: 0030467644     PISSN: 00370738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00018-8     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aitken, J.D., Cook, D.G. and Yorath, C.J., 1982. Upper Ramparts River (106G) and Sans Sault Rapids (106H) map areas, District of Mackenzie. Geol. Surv. Can., Mem. 388, 48 pp.
2. Al-Aasm, I.S., Muir, I. and Morad, S., 1993. Diagenetic conditions of fibrous calcite vein formation in black shales: petrographic, chemical and isotopic evidence. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol., 41: 46-56.
3. Andersin, A.-B., Lassig, Parkkonen, L. and Sandler, H., 1978. The decline of macrofauna in the deeper parts of the Baltic proper and the Gulf of Finland. Kieler Meeresforsch. Sonderh., 4: 23-52.
4. Anderson, T.F., Kruger, J. and Raiswell, R., 1987. C-S-Fe relationships and the isotopic composition of pyrite in the New Albany Shale of the Illinois Basin, U.S.A. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 51: 2795-2805.
5. Arntz, W.E., Tarazona, J., Gallardo, V.A., Flores, L.A. and Salzwedel, H., 1991. Benthos communities in oxygen deficient shelf and upper slope areas of the Peruvian and Chilean Pacific coast, and changes caused by El Nino. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 131-154.
6. Arthur, M.A., 1994. Marine shales: depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 22: 499-551.
7. Arthur, M.A. and Schlanger, S.O., 1979. Cretaceous 'Oceanic Anoxic Events' as causal factors in development of reef-reservoired oil fields. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 63: 870-885.
8. Bailey, G.W., 1991. Organic carbon flux and development of oxygen deficiency on the modern Beguela continental shelf south of 22°: spatial and temporal variability. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 171-183.
9. Beier, J.A. and Hayes, J.M., 1989. Geochemical and isotopic evidence for paleoredox conditions during deposition of the Devonian-Mississippian New Albany Shale, southern Indiana. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 101: 774-782.
10. Bergman, C.F., 1983. Paleocurrents in the Silurian Slite Marl of Faro Sweden. Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh., 105, Part 2: 169-179.
11. Berner, R.A., 1970. Sedimentary pyrite formation. Am. J. Sci., 268: 1-23.
12. Berner, R.A., 1984. Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48: 605-615.
13. Berner, R.A. and Raiswell, R., 1983. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: A new theory. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47: 855-862.
14. Berry, W.B.N. and Wilde, P., 1978. Progressive ventilation of the oceans - an explanation of the distribution of the Lower paleozoic black shales. Am. J. Sci., 278: 257-275.
15. 2 cycles. Nature, 331: 55-56.
16. Brower, J.C., Nye, O.B., Belak, R., Carey, E.F., Leetaru, H.E., Macadam, M., Millendork, S.A., Salisbury, A., Thomson, J.A., Willette, P.D. and Yamamota, S., 1978. Faunal assemblages in the Lower Hamilton Group in Onondaga County, New York. New York State Geological Association, 50th Meeting Guidebook, pp. 104-123.
17. Calvert, S.E., Karlin, R.E., Toolin, L.J., Donahue, D.J., Southern, J.R. and Vogel, J.S., 1991. Low organic carbon accumulation rates in Black Sea sediments. Nature, 350: 692-695.
18. Calvert, S.E., Nielsen, B. and Fontugne, M.R., 1992. Evidence from Nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Nature, 359: 223-225.
19. Calvert, S.E., Pederson, T.F. and Thunell, R.C., 1993. Geochemistry of the surface sediments of the Sulu and South China Seas. Mar. Geol., 114: 207-231.
20. Canfield, D.E., 1994. Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chem. Geol., 114: 315-329.
21. Chapman, P. and Shannon, L.V., 1985. The Benguela ecosystem. Part II. Chemistry and related processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 23: 183-251.
22. Chapman, P. and Shannon, L.V., 1987. Seasonality in the oxygen minimum layers at the extremities of the Benguela system. South Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 5: 85-94.
23. Demaison, G.J. and Moore, G.T., 1980. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull., 64: 1179-1209.
24. Dixon, O.A., 1984. Sedimentology and stratigraphy of a Middle-Upper Devonian sequence in the Powell Creek area, N.W.T. In: J. Brophy (Editor), Contributions to the Geology of the Northwest Territories. Indian Northern Affairs Can., 1: 29-38.
25. Dodd, J.R. and Stanton, R.J., Jr., 1981. Paleoecology Concepts and Applications. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 559 pp.
26. Durocher, S.E., 1992. C-S-Fe relationships and diagenesis of Devonian black shales of the Mackenzie Mountains area, Northwest Territories. Unpublished B.Sc. thesis, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ont., 69 pp.
27. Emeis, K.-C., Whehan, J.K. and Tarafa, M., 1991. Sedimentary and geochemical expressions of oxic and anoxic conditions on the Peru Shelf. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 155-170.
28. Falkowski, P.G., Hopkins, T.S. and Walsh, J.J., 1980. An analysis of factors affecting oxygen depletion in the New York Bight. J. Mar. Res., 38: 479-506.
29. Feinstein, S., Brook, P.W., Fowler, M.G., Snowdon, L.R. and Williams, G.K., 1988. Families of oils and source rocks in the central Mackenzie Corridor: A geochemical oil-oil and oil-source rock correlation. In: D.P. James and D.A. Leckie (Editors), Sequences, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology: Surface and Subsurface. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol., Mem., 15: 543-552.
30. Gauthier, D.L., 1986. Cretaceous shales from the western interior of North America: Sulfur/carbon ratios and sulfur-isotope composition. Geology, 14: 225-228.
31. Geldsetzer, H.H.J., 1990. Late Devonian transgressive cycles punctuated by anoxia, cratonic margin, western Canada. 13th ISC Abstracts, Nottingham, p. 185.
32. Habicht, J.K.A., 1979. Paleoclimate, paleomagnetism and continental drift. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Stud. Geol., 9: 1-23.
33. Healy, T. and Harada, K., 1991. Definition and physical characteristics of the world's enclosed coastal seas. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 23: 639-644.
34. Hudson, J.D. and Martill, D.M., 1991. The Lower Oxford Clay: production and preservation of organic matter in the Callovian (Jurassic) of central England. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 363-379.
35. Jewell, P.W., 1995. Geologic consequences of globe-encircling equatorial currents. Geology, 23: 117-120.
36. Jørgensen, B.B., 1979. A theoretical model of the stable sulfur isotope distribution in marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 43: 363-374.
37. Justic, D., 1991. Hypoxic conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea: historical development and ecological significance. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 95-105.
38. Justic, D., Legovic, T. and Rottini-Sandrini, L., 1987. Trends in oxygen content 1991-1984 and occurrence of benthic mortality in the northern Adriatic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci., 25: 435-445.
39. Küspert, W., 1982. Environmental changes during oil shale deposition as deduced from stable isotope ratios. In: G. Einsele and A. Seilacher (Editors), Cyclic and Event Stratification. Springer, Berlin, pp. 482-501.
40. Leppäkoski, E., 1980. Man's impact on the Baltic ecosystem. Ambio, 9: 174-181.
41. Leventhal, J.S., 1979. The relationships between organic carbon and sulfide sulfur in recent and ancient marine and euxinic sediments. EOS, 60: 282.
42. Leventhal, J.S., 1983. An interpretation of carbon and sulfur relationships in Black Sea sediments as indicators of environments of deposition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47: 133-138.
43. Link, C.M. and Bustin, R.M., 1989. Organic maturation of Phanerozoic strata in northern Yukon and northwestern District of Mackenzie. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol., 37: 266-292.
44. Link, C.M., Bustin, R.M. and Snowdon, L.R., 1989. Petroleum source potential and depositional setting of Phanerozoic strata in northern Yukon and northwestern District of Mackenzie. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol., 37: 293-315.
45. Lord, C.J. III, 1982. A selective and precise method for pyrite determination in sedimentary materials. J. Sediment. Petrol., 50: 664-666.
46. Mahoney, J.B., 1979. Plankton dynamics and nutrient cycling. Part 2. Bloom decomposition. In: R.L. Swanson and C.J. Sindermann (Editors), Oxygen Depletion and Associated Benthic Mortalities in New York Bight, 1976. Natl. Oceanogr. Aeronaut. Admin., Prof. Pap., 11: 219-229.
47. Morse, J.W. and Emeis, K.C., 1992. Carbon/sulphur/iron relationships in upwelling sediments. In: C.P. Summerhayes, W.L. Prell and K.C. Emeis (Editors), Upwelling Systems: Evolution, since the Early Miocene. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 64: 247-255.
48. Muir, I.D., 1988. Devonian Hare Indian and Ramparts Formations, Mackenzie Mountains, N.W.T.: Basin-fill, Platform and Reef Development. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., 567 pp.
49. Muir, I. and Dixon, O.A., 1984. Facies analysis of a Middle Devonian sequence in the Mountain River-Gayna River area. In: J. Brophy (Editor), Contributions to the Geology of the Northwest Territories. Indian Northern Affairs Can., 1: 55-62.
50. Muir, I.D., Wong, P.K. and Wendte, J.C., 1984. Devonian Hare Indian-Ramparts (Kee Scarp) evolution, Mackenzie Mountains and subsurface Norman Wells, N.W.T.: Basin-fill and platform-reef development. In: L. Eliuk (Editor), Carbonates in Subsurface and Outcrop. 1984 Can. Soc. of Pet. Geol., Core Conf., pp. 82-102.
51. Muir, I.D., Wong, P.K. and Wendte, J.C., 1985. Devonian Hare Indian-Ramparts (Kee Scarp) evolution, Mackenzie Mountains and subsurface Norman Wells, N.W.T.: Basin-fill and platform-reef development. In: M.W. Longman, K.W. Shanley, R.F. Lindsay and D.E. Eby (Editors), Rocky Mountain Carbonate Reservoir: A Core Workshop. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral., Core Workshop, 7: 311-342.
52. Norris, A.W., 1985. Stratigraphy of Devonian outcrop belts in northern Yukon Territory and northwestern District of Mackenzie (Operation Porcupine area). Geol. Surv. Can., Mem. 410, 81 pp.
53. Norris, D.K. and Yorath, C.J., 1981. The North American plate from Arctic Archipelago to the Romanzof Mountains. In: E.M. Nairn, M. Churkin Jr. and F.G. Stehli (Editors), The Ocean Basins and Margins, Vol. 5. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 37-103.
54. Officer, C.B., Biggs, R.B., Taft, J.L., Cronin, L.E., Tyler, M.A. and Boynton, W.R., 1984. Chesapeake Bay anoxia: origin, development and significance. Science, 223: 22-27.
55. Otsubo, K., Harashima, A., Miyazaki, T., Yasouka, Y. and Muroaka, K.A., 1991. Field survey and hydraulic study of 'Aoshio' in Tokyo Bay. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 23: 51-55.
56. Pedersen, T.F. and Calvert, S.E., 1990. Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks? Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 74: 454-466.
57. Prauss, M., Ligouis, B. and Luterbacher, H., 1991. Organic matter and palynomorphs in the 'Posidonienschifer' (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of southern Germany. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 335-351.
58. Pugh, D.C., 1983. Pre-Mesozoic geology in the subsurface of the Peel River map area, Yukon Territory and District of Mackenzie. Geol. Surv. Can., Mem. 401, 61 pp.
59. Raiswell, R., 1982. Pyrite texture, isotopic composition and the availability of iron. Am. J. Sci., 282: 1244-1263.
60. Raiswell, R. and Berner, R.A., 1985. Pyrite formation in euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments. Am. J. Sci., 285: 710-724.
61. Raiswell, R., Buckley, F., Berner, R.A. and Anderson, T.F., 1988. Degree of pyritization of iron as a paleoenvironmental indicator of bottom water oxygenation. J. Sediment. Petrol., 58: 812-819.
62. Rhoads, D.C. and Morse, J.W., 1971. Evolutionary and ecologic significance of oxygen-deficient marine basins. Lethaia, 4: 413-428.
63. 2 reservoirs of deep ocean and atmosphere during the last 21000 years. Paleoceanography, 3: 361-399.
64. Sasaki, A., Arikawa, Y. and Folinsbee, R.E., 1979. Kiba reagent method of sulfur extraction applied to isotope work. Bull. Geol. Surv. Jpn., 30: 241.
65. Savarda, C.E. and Bottjer, D.J., 1991. Oxygen-related biofacies in marine strata: an overview and update. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 201-219.
66. Savoy, L.E., 1992. Environmental record of Devonian-Mississippian carbonate and low-oxygen facies transitions, southernmost Canadian Rocky Mountains and northwestern-most Montana. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104: 1412-1432.
67. Snowdon, L.R., Brooks, P.W., Williams, G.K. and Goodarzi, F., 1986. Correlation of the Canol Formation source rock with oil from Norman Wells. Org. Geochem., 11: 529-548.
68. Stachowitsch, M., 1991. Anoxia in the North Adriatic Sea: rapid death, slow recovery. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 119-129.
69. Stimle, F.W. and Sindermann, C.J., 1978. Review of oxygen depletion and associated mass mortalities of shellfish in the Middle Atlantic Bight in 1976. Mar. Fish. Rev., 40: 17-26.
70. Stow, D.A.V., 1985. Fine-grained sediments in deep water: An overview of processes and facies models. Geo-Mar. Lett., 5: 17-23.
71. Strøm, K.M., 1936. Land-locked waters: hydrography and bottom deposits in badly-ventilated Norwegian fjords with remarks upon sedimentation under anaerobic conditions. Skr. Nor. Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo, 1: Mat. Nature Klasse 1936, 7: 1-85.
72. Tassonyi, E.J., 1969. Subsurface geology, lower Mackenzie River and Anderson River area, District of Mackenzie. Geol. Surv. Can., Pap. 68-25, 207 pp.
73. Turner, R.E., Schroeder, W.W. and Wisema, W.J., 1987. The role of stratification in the deoxygenation of Mobile Bay and adjacent shelf bottom waters. Estuaries, 10: 13-19.
74. Tyson, R.V. and Pearson, T.H., 1991. Modern and ancient continental shelf anoxia: an overview. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 1-24.
75. Van der Zwaan, G.J. and Jorissen, F.J., 1991. Biofacial patterns in river-induced shelf anoxia. In: R.V. Tyson and T.H. Pearson (Editors), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 58: 65-82.
76. Westernhagen, H.V. and Dethlefsen, V., 1983. North Sea oxygen deficiency 1982 and its effects on the bottom fauna. Ambio, 12: 264-266.
77. Wetzel, A., 1981. Cyclic and dyscyclic black shale formation. In: G. Einsele and A. Seilacher (Editors), Cyclic and Event Stratification. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 431-455.