Postoperative endophthalmitis: Risk factors and prophylaxis

International Ophthalmology Clinics

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 109-130

  Ng, Eugene W M ^a   Baker, Ann Sullivan ^a   D'Amico, Donald J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACITRACIN; CEFAZOLIN; CEFTAZIDIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; GENTAMICIN; NEOMYCIN; OFLOXACIN; POLYMYXIN B; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; RIFAMPICIN; RISTOCETIN; SPARFLOXACIN; SULFAMETHIZOLE; TRIMETHOPRIM; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTICLE; ASEPSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE SURGERY; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INTRAOCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVITREAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BIOLOGICAL DRESSINGS; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE INFECTIONS, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; OPHTHALMOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0030467468     PISSN: 00208167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004397-199603630-00011     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Albert D, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and practice of ophthalmology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1994:1159-1169
2. Hemady R, Zaltas M, Paton B, et al. Bacillus induced endophthalmitis: new series of 10 cases and review of literature. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:26-29
3. Kattan HM, Flynn HW, Pflugfelder SC, et al. Nosocomial endophthalmitis survey: current incidence of infection after intraocular surgery. Ophthalmology 1991;98: 227-238
4. Cohen SM, Flynn HW, Murray TG, et al. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 1995;102:705-712
5. Ho PC, Tolentino FI. Bacterial endophthalmitis after closed vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:207-210
6. May DR, Peyman GA. Endophthalmitis after vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1976; 81:520-521
7. Blankenship GW. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1977;84:815-817
8. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Results of the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1479-1496
9. Speaker MG, Milch FA, Shah MK, et al. Role of external bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1991;98: 639-650
10. Weber DJ, Hoffman KL, Thoft RA, Baker AS. Endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation: report of 30 cases and review of literature. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:12-20
11. Flynn HW, Pflugfelder SC, Culbertson WW, Davis JL. Recognition, treatment, and prevention of endophthalmitis. Semin Ophthalmol 1989;4(2):69-83
12. Pflugfelder SC, Flynn HW, Kattan H. Recent developments in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of endophthalmitis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 1990;3(3): 475-485
13. Pflugfelder SC, Flynn HW. Infectious endophthalmitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1992;6(4):859-873
14. Morris R, Camesasca FI, Byrne J, John G. Postoperative endophthalmitis resulting from prosthesis contamination in a monocular patient. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 116(3):346-349
15. Verbraeken H, Rysselaere M. Bacteriological study of 92 cases of proven infectious endophthalmitis treated with pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmologica 1991;203: 17-23
16. Fisch A, Salvanet A, Prazuck T, et al. Epidemiology of infective endophthalmitis in France. Lancet 1991;338:1373-1376
17. Phillips WB, Tasman WS. Postoperative endophthalmitis in association with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1994;101:508-518
18. Wilson FM. Causes and prevention of endophthalmitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987; 27:67-73
19. Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Postoperative endophthalmitis: pathogenesis, prophylaxis and management. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1993;33(1):51-70
20. Manners TD, Chitkara DK, Marsh PJ, Stoddart MG. Anterior chamber aspirate cultures in small incision cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:878-880
21. Samad A, Solomon LD, Miller MA, Mendelson J. Anterior chamber contamination after uncomplicated phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:143-150
22. Sherwood DR, Rich WJ, Jacob SJ, et al. Bacterial contamination of intraocular and extraocular fluids during cataract extraction. Eye 1989;3:308-312
23. Dickey JB, Thompson KD, Jay WM. Anterior chamber aspirate cultures after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;112:278-282
24. Egger SF, Huber-Spitz V, Scholda C, et al. Bacterial contamination during extracapsular surgery. Prospective study on 200 consecutive patients. Ophthalmologica 1984;208:77-81
25. Egger SF, Huber-Spitz V, Skorpik C, et al. Different techniques of extracapsular cataract extraction: bacterial contamination during surgery. Prospective study on 230 consecutive patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994;232:308-311
26. Chitkara DK, Manners T, Chapman F, et al. Lack of effect of preoperative norfloxacin on bacterial contamination of anterior chamber aspirates after cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1994;78:772-774
27. Vafidis GC, March RJ, Stacey AR. Bacterial contamination of intraocular lens surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 1984;68:520-523
28. Griffiths PG, Elliot TSJ, McTaggart L. Adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to intraocular lenses. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:402-406
29. Doyle A, Beigi B, Early A, et al. Adherence of bacteria to intraocular lenses: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:347-349
30. Hussain M, Wilcox MH, White PJ. The slime of coagulase-negative staphylococci: Biochemistry and relation to adherence. PEMS Microbiol Rev 1993;104:109-208
31. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younder JJ, et al. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:996-1006
32. Peters GP, Locci R, Pulverer G. Adherence and growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci on surfaces of intravenous catheters. J Infect Dis 1982;146:479-482
33. Menikoff JA, Speaker MG, Marmor M, Raskin EM. A case-control study of risk factors for postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1761-1768
34. Raskin EM, Speaker MG, McCormick SA, et al. Influence of haptic materials on the adherence of staphylococci to intraocular lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1993; 111(2):250-253
35. Ng EWM, Barrett GD, Bowman R. In vitro bacterial adherence to hydrogel and PMMA intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg (in press)
36. Portoles M, Refojo MF, Leong FL. Reduced bacterial adhesion to heparin-surface-modified intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 1993;19:755-759
37. Arciola CR, Caramazza R, Pizzoferrato A. In vitro adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis on heparin-surface-modified intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994; 20:158-161
38. Barrett GD. A new hydrogel intraocular lens design. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994; 20:18-25
39. Driebe WT, Mandelbaum S, Forster RK, et al. Pseudophakic endophthalmitis: diagnosis and management. Ophthalmology 1986;93:442-448
40. Javitt JC, Vitale S, Canner JK, et al. National outcomes of cataract extraction: endophthalmitis following inpatient surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:1085-1089
41. Beyer TL, O'Donnell FE, Goncalves V, Singh R. Role of the posterior capsule in the prevention of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis: experimental primate studies and clinical implications. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69(11):841-846
42. Mylath FR, Leopold IH. Study of experimental intraocular infection. I. The recoverability of organisms inoculated into the ocular tissues and fluids. II. The influence of antibiotics and cortisone, alone and combined, in intraocular growth of these organisms. Am J Ophthalmol 1955;40:86
43. Forster RK, Abbott RL, Gelender H. Management of infectious endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1980;87:313-319
44. Forster RK. Etiology and diagnosis of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1978;85:320-326
45. Christy NE, Lall P. Postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: effects of subconjunctival antibiotics and other factors. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;90: 361-366
46. Carlson AN, Koch DD. Endophthalmitis following Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Ophthalmic Surg 1988;19:168-170
47. Neuteboom GHG, De Vries-Knoppert WAEJ. Endophthalmitis after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Doc Ophthalmol 1988;70:175-178
48. Gelender H. Bacterial endophthalmitis following cutting of sutures after cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:323-326
49. Heilskov T, Joondeph BC, Olsen KR, et al. Late endophthalmitis after transscleral fixation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;107:1427
50. Confino J, Brown SI. Bacterial endophthalmitis associated with exposed monofilament sutures following corneal transplantation. Am J Ophthalmol 1985;99:111
51. Salamon SM, Friberg TR, Luxenberg MN. Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:39-41
52. Miller KM, Glasgow BJ. Bacterial endophthalmitis following sutureless cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:377-379
53. Stonecipher KG, Parmley VC, Jensen H, Rowsey JJ. Infectious endophthalmitis following sutureless cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:1562-1563
54. Stern WH, Tamura E, Jacobs RA, et al. Epidemic postsurgical Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis; clinical findings and management of 15 consecutive cases. Ophthalmology 1985;92:1701-1709
55. Gerding DN, Poley BJ, Hall WH, et al. Treatment of Pseudomonas endophthalmitis associated with prosthetic intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol 1979; 88:902-908
56. Cameron JA, Antonios SR, Cotter JB, et al. Endophthalmitis from contaminated donor corneas following penetrating keratoplasty. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109: 54-59
57. Walker CB, Claoue CMP. Incidence of conjunctival colonization by bacteria capable of causing postoperative endophthalmitis. J R Soc Med 1986;79:520-521
58. Fahmy JA, Moller S, Bentzon MW. Bacterial flora in relation to cataract extraction. II. Preoperative flora. Acta Ophthalmol 1975;53:476-494
59. Speaker MG, Menikoff J A. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1769-1775
60. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Yoshimori R, Khwarg S. Chemical preparation of the eye in ophthalmic surgery. IV. Comparison of povidone-iodine on the conjunctiva with a prophylactic antibiotic. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1340-1342
61. Apt L, Isenberg SJ, Yoshimori R, Spierer A. Outpatient topical use of povidone-iodine in preparing the eye for surgery. Ophthalmology 1989;96:289-292
62. Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, et al. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:281-286
63. Allen HF, Mangiaracine AB. Bacterial endophthalmitis after cataract extraction. II. Incidence in 36,000 consecutive operations with special reference to preoperative topical antibiotics. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1973;77:581-588
64. Burns RP. Effectiveness study of antibiotics. Symp Ocular Ther 1972;5:105-112
65. Burns RP, Hansen T, Faunfelder FT, et al. An experimental model for evaluation of human conjunctivitis and topical antibiotic therapy: comparison of gentamicin and neomycin. Can J Ophthalmol 1968;3:132-137
66. Burns RP, Oden M. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cataract surgery. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1972;70:43-57
67. Fahmy JA. Bacterial flora in relation to cataract extraction. V. Effects of topical antibiotics on the preoperative conjunctival flora. Arch Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1980;58:567-575
68. Starr MB, Lally JM. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for ophthalmic surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 1995;39:485-501
69. Ormerod LD, Ho DD, Becker LE, et al. Endophthalmitis caused by the coagulase-negative staphylococci. 1. Disease spectrum and outcome. Ophthalmology 1993; 100:715-723
70. Bouchard CS, King KM. Anterior chamber penetration of topical ofloxacin in patients undergoing routine cataract surgery (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:1491
71. Ellerhorst B, Golden B, Jarudi N. Ocular penetration of topically applied gentamicin. Arch Ophthalmol 1975;93:371-378
72. Lesar TS, Fiscella RG. Antimicrobial drug delivery to the eye. Drug Intelligence Clin Pharm 1985;19:642-654
73. Lehr CM, Lee YH, Lee VHL. Improved ocular penetration of gentamicin by mucoadhesive polymer polycarbophil in the pigmented rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:2809-2814
74. Whitney CR, Anderson RP, Allansmith MR. Preoperatively administered antibiotics: their effect on bacterial counts on the eyelids. Arch Ophthalmol 1972;87: 155-160
75. Davis JL, Kaidou-Tsiligianni A, Pflugfelder SC, et al. Coagulase negative staphylococcal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1404-1410
76. Amdahl LD, Osher RH, Cheetham JK. The antibacterial activity and intraocular availability of trimethoprim-polymyxin B versus tobramycin in cataract patients (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:884
77. Schlicht JR, Markind JR, Vanscoy GJ, Coccodrilli KR. Quinolone antibiotics. Pharm Therap 1993;18:280-289
78. Osato MS, Jensen HG, Trousdale MD, Bosso JA, et al. The comparative in vitro activity of ofloxacin and selected ophthalmic antimicrobial agents against ocular bacterial isolates. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;108:380-386
79. Jensen HG. Disk diffusion susceptibility of ocular isolates using 3 quinolones and tobramyin (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;340:860
80. Van Gunten S, Lew D, Paccolat F, Vandaux P, et al. Aqueous humor penetration of ofloxacin given by various routes. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:87-89
81. Huber-Spitzy VN, Czejka M, Georgiew L, Arocker-Mettinger E, et al. Penetration of norfloxacin into the aqueous humor of the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:1723-1726
82. Donnenfeld ED, Schrier A, Perry HD, et al. Penetration of topically applied ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin into the aqueous humor. Ophthalmology 1994;101:902-905
83. Jackson WB, Kirsch LS, Goldstein DA, Discepola M. A clinical trial of perioperative ofloxacin compared with tobramycin to evaluate external ocular adnexal sterilization and anterior chamber penetration (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34:858
84. King KM, Thompson KD, Bouchard CS. Anterior chamber aspirate culture following uncomplicated cataract surgery in patients pretreated with topical ofloxacin (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol 1993;34:884
85. Bialasiewicz AA, Welt AA. Preoperative microbiologic diagnosis before elective intraocular interventions and prevention of infection with tobramycin eyedrops. Results of a multicenter study. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1991;198(2):87-93
86. Alaranta S, Oksala O, Mahlberg K, et al. Drug delivery into the rabbit eye: collagen shields soaked with gentamicin compared with subconjunctival injections (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:1488
87. Milani JK, Verbukh I, Pleyer V, Sumner H, et al. Collagen shields impregnated with gentamicin-dexamethasone as a potential drug delivery device. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;166:622-627
88. Phinney RB, Schwartz SD, Lee DA, Mondino BJ. Collagen shield delivery of gentamicin and vancomycin. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:1599-1604
89. Schwartz SD, Harrison SA, Engstrom RE, et al. Collagen shield delivery of amphotericin B. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;109:701-704
90. Renard G, Bennami N, Lutaj P, et al. Comparative study of a collagen corneal shield and subconjunctival injection at the end of cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1993;19:48-51
91. Kanter ED, Bruckner AJ. Aminoglycoside macular infarction in association with gentamicin-soaked collagen corneal shield. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1359-1360
92. Barza M. Use of quinolones for treatment of ear and eye infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;10:296-303
93. Rubenstein E, Triester G, Auni I, Schwartzkopf R. The intravitreal penetration of cefotaxime in man following systemic and subconjunctival administration. Ophthalmology 1987;94:30-34
94. Behrens-Baumann W, Martell J. Ciprofloxacin concentration in the rabbit aqueous humor and vitreous following intravenous and subconjunctival administration. Infection 1988;16:55-57
95. Starr MB. Prophylactic antibiotics for ophthalmic surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 1983; 27:353-373
96. Shockley RK, Fishman P, Aziz M, et al. Subconjunctival administration of ceftazidime in pigmented rabbit eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:266-268
97. Elliot RD, Katz HR. Inhibition of pseudophakic endophthalmitis in a rabbit model. Ophthalmic Surg 1987;18:538-541
98. Parks DJ, Cyryin AS, Sarfarazi FA, Katz HR. Subconjunctival ciprofloxacin inhibits pseudophakic endophthalmitis in a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991; 34(suppl 4):706
99. Christy NE, Lall P. Postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: effects of subconjunctival antibiotics and other factors. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;90: 361-366
100. Meredith TA. Prevention of postoperative infection. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109: 944-945
101. Campochiaro PA, Conway BP. Aminoglycoside toxicity: a survey of retinal specialists: implications for ocular use. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:946-950
102. Peyman G, Paque J, Meisels HI, Bennett TO. Postoperative endophthalmitis: a comparison of methods for treatment and prophylaxis with gentamicin. Ophthalmic Surg 1975;6:45-55
103. Stainer G, Peyman G, Meisels H, Fishman G. Toxicity of selected antibiotics in vitreous replacement fluid. Ann Ophthalmol 1977;9:615-618
104. Cazeau T, Mason G, Peyman G. Effects of vitrectomy infusion solutions containing oxacillin, methicillin, or lincomycin. Ann Ophthalmol 1979;11:1247-1251
105. Morgan B, Larson B, Peyman G, West C. Toxicity of antibiotic combinations for vitrectomy infusion fluid. Ophthalmic Surg 1979;10:74-77
106. Henry JC, Rozas D. Bacterial growth from anterior chamber fluid aspirates using different irrigating solutions in phacoemulsification (abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:884
107. Gritz DC, Cevallos AV, Smolin G, Whitcher JP. Antibiotic supplementation of intraoperative infusions: an in vitro model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36: S154 ARVO Abstracts
108. Alfonso EC, Flynn HW. Controversies in endophthalmitis prevention: the risk for emerging resistance to vancomycin. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1369-1370
109. Bron AM, Pechinot AP, Garcher CP, et al. The ocular penetration of oral sparfloxacin in humans. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:322-327
110. El Baba FZ, Trousdale MD, Gauderman WJ, et al. Intravitreal penetration of oral ciprofloxacin in humans. Ophthalmology 1992;99:483-486
111. Lesk MR, Amman H, Marcil G, Vinet B, et al. The penetration of oral ciprofloxacin into the aqueous humor, vitreous, and subretinal fluid of humans. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:623-628
112. Wong KW, D'Amico DJ, Oum BS, et al. Intraocular penetration of rifampin after oral administration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1990;228(1):40-43
113. Meridith TA, Aguilar HE, Shaarawy A, et al. Vancomycin levels in the vitreous cavity after intravenous administration. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:774-778
114. Ng EWM, Samiy N, Ruoff K, et al. Ocular pharmacokinetics of oral CP-99,219 in a rabbit model of Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;3566:B352 ARVO Abstracts