Neurotic disorders

Reviews in Clinical Gerontology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 349-363

  Lindesay, James ^a   Winston, Tony ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUSPIRONE; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OXAZEPAM; PROPRANOLOL; ZUCLOPENTHIXOL;

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONFUSION; DYSTHYMIA; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FEMALE; GERONTOPSYCHIATRY; HUMAN; HYPOCHONDRIASIS; HYSTERIA; MALE; NEUROSIS; OBSESSION; PANIC; PHOBIA; PHYSICAL DISEASE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOMATIZATION;

EID: 0030466742     PISSN: 09592598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0959259800002379     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Lindesay J. Neurotic disorders. Rev Clin Gerontol 1992; 2: 311-21.
2. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, 10th revision. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
4. Tyrer P. Classification of neurosis. Chichester: John Wiley, 1989.
5. Tyrer P. The division of neurosis: a failed classification. J R Soc Med 1990; 83: 614-16.
6. Goldberg DP, Bridges K, Duncan-Jones P et al. Dimensions of neurosis seen in primary care settings. Psychol Med 1987; 17: 461-70.
7. Mackinnon A, Christiansen H, Jorm AF et al. A latent trait analysis of an inventory designed to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression using an elderly community sample. Psychol Med 1994; 24: 977-86.
8. Goldberg D, Huxley P. Common mental disorders: a bio-social model. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1992.
9. Lindesay J. Introduction: the concept of neurosis. In: Lindesay J ed. Neurotic disorders in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
10. Lindesay J, Banerjee S. Phobic disorders in the elderly: a comparison of three diagnostic systems. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 387-93.
11. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Mental health statistics for England. London: HMSO, 1983.
12. Thyer BA, Parrish RT, Curtis GC et al. Ages of onset of DSM-III anxiety disorders. Comp Psychiatry 1985; 26: 113-22.
13. Schwanz GM, Braverman BG, Roth B. Anxiety disorders and psychiatric referral in the general medical emergency room. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1987; 9: 87-93.
14. Shepherd M, Cooper B, Brown AC et al. Psychiatric illness in general practice. London: Oxford University Press, 1981.
15. Cooper B. Mental illness, disability and social conditions among old people in Mannheim. In: Hafner HG, Moschel N, Sartorius N eds. Mental health and the elderly. Berlin: Springer, 1986.
16. Macdonald AJD. Do general practitioners 'miss' depression in elderly patients? BMJ 1986; 292: 1365-67.
17. Morgan K, Dallosso H, Ebrahim S et al. Mental health and contact with primary care services in old age. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987; 2: 223-26.
18. Thompson JW, Burns BJ, Bartko J et al. The use of ambulatory services by persons with and without phobia. Med Care 1988; 26: 183-98.
19. Lindesay J. Phobic disorder in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159: 531-41.
20. Robins L, Regier D eds. Psychiatric disorders in America. New York: Free Press, 1991.
21. Eaton WW, Kramer M, Anthony JC et al. The incidence of specific DIS/DSM-III mental disorders: data from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79: 163-78.
22. Regier DA, Boyd JH, Burke JD et al. One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 977-86.
23. Klerman G. The current age of youthful melancholia: evidence for increase in depression among adolescents and young adults. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 4-14.
24. Copeland JRM, Dewey ME, Wood N et al. Range of mental illness among the elderly in the community: prevalence in Liverpool using the GMS/AGECAT package. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 815-23.
25. Copeland JRM, Gurland BJ, Dewey ME et al. The distribution of dementia, depression and neurosis in elderly men and women in an urban community: assessed using the GMS-AGECAT package. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1987; 2: 177-84.
26. Larkin AB, Copeland JRM, Dewey ME et al. The natural history of neurotic disorder in an elderly urban population. Findings from the Liverpool Longitudinal Study of Continuing Health in the Community. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 681-86.
27. Lindesay J, Briggs K, Murphy E. The Guy's/Age Concern Survey: prevalence rates of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety in an urban elderly community. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 317-29.
28. Marks I, Lader M. Anxiety states (anxiety neurosis): a review. J Nerv Ment Dis 1973; 156: 3-18.
29. Noyes R, Clancy J. Anxiety neurosis: a 5-year follow-up. J Nerv Ment Dis 1976; 162: 200-205.
30. Coryell W. Mortality after thirty to forty years. Panic disorder compared with other psychiatric illnesses. In: Grinspoon L, ed. Psychiatry update. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1984.
31. Roberts AH. Housebound housewives - a follow-up study of a phobic anxiety state. Br J Psychiatry 1964; 110: 191-97.
32. Agras WS, Chapin N, Oliveau DC. The natural history of phobia: course and prognosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 26: 315-17.
33. Philpot M. Biological factors. In: Lindesay J ed. Neurotic disorders in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
34. Andrews G, Stewart G, Allen R et al. The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study. J Affect Disord 1990; 19: 23-29.
35. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Heath AC et al. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 716-22.
36. Marks I. Genetics of fear and anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 406-18.
37. Torgersen S. Comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders in twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1199-202.
38. Goldsmith HH, Gottesman II. Origins of variation in behavioural style: a longitudinal study of temperament in young twins. Child Dev 1981; 52: 91-103.
39. Bouchard TJ, Lykken DT, McGue M et al. The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science 1990; 250: 223-28.
40. Britton PG, Bergmann K, Kay DWK et al. Mental state, cognitive functioning, physical health and social class in the community aged. J Gerontol 1967; 22: 517-21.
41. Nunn C, Bergmann K, Britton PG et al. Intelligence and neurosis in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 124: 446-52.
42. Jacoby R, Levy R. Computed tomography in the elderly. 3. Affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 270-75.
43. Alexopoulos GS, Young RC, Shindeldecker RD. Brain computed tomography findings in geriatric depression and primary degenerative dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31: 591-99.
44. Sharpe M, Hawton K, House A et al. Mood disorders in long-term survivors of stroke: associations with brain lesion location and volume. Psychol Med 1990; 20: 815-28.
45. Castillo CS, Starkstein SE, Federoff JP et al. Generalized anxiety disorder after stroke. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181: 102-108.
46. 99mTc-exametazime in simple phobia as shown by single photon emission tomography (SPET). J Affect Disord 1993; 28: 203-10.
47. McGuire PK Bench CJ, Frith CD et al. Functional anatomy of obsessive-compulsive phenomena. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 459-68.
48. Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM et al. Regional cerebral blood flow measured using symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labelled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 62-70.
49. Machlin SR, Harris GJ, Pearlson GD et al. Elevated medial-frontal cerebral blood flow in obsessive-compulsive patients: a SPECT study. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1240-42.
50. 99m HMPAO uptake in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and matched control subjects: determination by high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 695-702.
51. Baxter L, Schwartz J, Bergman KS et al. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 681-89.
52. Wands K, Merskey H, Hachinski V et al. A questionnaire investigation of anxiety and depression in early dementia. JAGS 1990; 36: 535-38.
53. Ballard CG, Mohan RNC, Patel A et al. Anxiety disorder in dementia. Ir J Psychol Med 1994; 11: 108-109.
54. Himmelfarb S, Murrell SA. The prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adults. J Psychol 1984; 116: 159-67.
55. Kennedy GJ, Kelman HR, Thomas C. Hierarchy of characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in and urban elderly sample. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 220-22.
56. Walton VA, Romans-Clarkson SE, Mullen PE et al. The mental health of elderly women in the community. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1990; 5: 257-63.
57. Blazer DG, George LK, Hughes D. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: an age comparison. In: Salzman C, Lebowitz BD eds. Anxiety in the elderly. New York: Springer, 1991.
58. Brown GW, Harris TO. Social origins of depression. London: Tavistock, 1978.
59. Brown GW, Harris TO eds. Life events and illness. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
60. Murphy E. Social origins of depression in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 141: 135-42.
61. Brown GW, Bifulco A, Harris TO. Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression: some refinements. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 30-42.
62. Brown GW. Life events and psychiatric disorder: replications and limitations. Psychosom Med 1993; 55: 248-59.
63. Blazer DG. Late life bereavement and depressive neurosis. In: Blazer DG ed. Depression in late life. New York: CV Mosby, 1982.
64. Zisook S, Shuchter SR, Lyons LE. Predictors of psychological reactions during the early stages of widowhood. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1987; 10: 355-68.
65. Davis A. Life events in the normal elderly. In: Copeland JRM, Abou-Saleh MT, Blazer DG eds. Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley, 1994.
66. Byrne G, Raphael B. A longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in recently widowed elderly men. Psychol Med 1994; 24: 411-21.
67. Faravelli C, Webb T, Ambonetti A et al. Prevalence of traumatic early life events in 31 agoraphobic patients with panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1493-94.
68. Tweed JL, Schoenbach VJ, George LK et al. The effects of childhood parental death and divorce on six-month history of anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 154: 823-28.
69. Zahner GEP, Murphy JM. Loss in childhood: anxiety in adulthood. Comp Psychiatry 1989; 30: 553-63.
70. Tennant C, Bebbington P, Hurry J. Social experiences in childhood and adult psychiatric morbidity: a multiple regression analysis. Psychol Med 1982; 12: 321-27.
71. Pollock C, Andrews G. The defense style associated with specific anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 455-60.
72. Sheikh JI, Swales PJ, Kravitz J et al. Childhood abuse history in older women with panic disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 2: 75-77.
73. Kay DWK, Bergmann K. Physical disability and mental health in old age. J Psychosom Res 1966; 10: 3-12.
74. Lindesay J. The Guy's/Age Concern Survey: physical health and psychiatric disorder in an urban elderly community. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1990; 5: 171-78.
75. Bergmann K. The neuroses of old age. In: Kay DWK, Walk A eds. Recent developments in psychogeriatrics. Ashford: Headley Bros, 1971.
76. Burn WK, Davies KN, McKenzie FR et al. The prevalence of psychiatric illness in acute geriatric admissions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1993; 8: 175-80.
77. Goldberg DP. Discussion of Prof. Ottoman's paper. In: Ohmann R, Freeman HL, Frank Holmkvist A, Neilzen S eds. Interaction between mental and physical illness. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
78. Pitt B. Neurotic disorders and physical illness. In: Lindesay J ed. Neurotic disorders in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
79. Peach H, Pathy J. Disability of the elderly after myocardial infarction. J R Coll Physicians 1979; 13: 154-57.
80. De Alarcon RD. Hypochondriasis and depression in the aged. Gerontology 1964; 6: 266-77.
81. Blazer D, George L, Landerman R. The phenomenology of late life depression. In: Bebbington P, Jacoby R eds. Psychiatric disorders in the elderly. London: Mental Health Foundation, 1986.
82. Haines AP, Imeson JD, Meade TW. Phobic anxiety and ischaemic heart disease. BMJ 1987; 295: 297-99.
83. Shamoian CA. What is anxiety in the elderly? In: Salzman C, Lebowitz BD eds. Anxiety in the elderly. New York: Springer, 1991.
84. Hindelang MJ, Gottfredson MR, Garofolo J. Victims of personal crime: an empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, MA: Balinger, 1978.
85. Yin P. Fear of crime as a problem for the elderly. Soc Prob 1982; 30: 240-45.
86. Fattah EA, Sacco VF. Crime and victimization in the elderly. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
87. Vetter NJ, Ford D. Anxiety and depression in elderly fallers. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1989; 4: 159-64.
88. Downton JH, Andrews K. Postural disturbance and psychological symptoms amongst elderly people living at home. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1990; 5: 93-98.
89. Arfken CL, Lach HW, Birge SJ et al. The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community. Am J Publ Health 1994; 84: 565-70.
90. Marks I. Space phobia: syndrome or agoraphobic variant. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44: 387-91.
91. Ashton H. Benzodiazepine withdrawal: an unfinished story. BMJ 1984; 288: 1135-40.
92. Cohen SI. Phobic disorders and benzodiazepines in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 135.
93. Von Korff MR, Eaton WW. Epidemiological findings on panic. In: Baker R ed. Panic disorder: theory, research and therapy. London: Wiley, 1989.
94. Luchins DJ, Rose RP. Late-life onset of panic disorder with agoraphobia in three patients. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 920-21.
95. Frances A, Flaherty JA. Elderly widow develops panic attacks, followed by depression. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 19-23.
96. Sheikh JI, King RJ, Barr Taylor C. Comparative phenomenology of early-onset versus late-onset panic attacks: a pilot survey. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1231-33.
97. Katon WJ. Chest pain, cardiac disease and panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 51: 27-30.
98. Beitman BD, Kushner M, Grossberg GT. Late onset panic disorder: evidence from a study of patients with chest pain and normal cardiac evaluations. Int J Psychiatr Med 1991; 21: 29-35.
99. Kenardy J, Oei TPS, Evans L. Neuroticism and age of onset for agoraphobia with panic attacks. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1990; 21: 193-97.
100. Boyd JH, Burke JD, Gruenberg E et al. Exclusion criteria of DSMTII: a study of hierarchy-free syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 983-99.
101. Schiffer RB, Kurlan R, Rubin A et al. Evidence for atypical depression in Parkinson's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1020-22.
102. Weissmann MM, Klerman GL, Markowitz JS et al. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorders and attacks. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1209-14.
103. Scaturo DJ, Hyman PM. The impact of combat trauma across the family life cycle: clinical considerations. J Trauma Stress 1992; 5: 273-88.
104. Kaup BA, Ruskin PE, Nyman G. Significant life events and PTSD in elderly World War II veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 239-43.
105. Kluznik JC, Speed N, Van Valkenberger C et al. Forty-year follow-up of United States prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 1443-45.
106. Guerrero J, Crocq M. Sleep disorder in the elderly: depression and PTSD. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38 (suppl 1): 141-50.
107. Rosen J, Fields RB, Hand AM et al. Concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder in psychogeriatric patients. J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol 1989; 2: 65-69.
108. Hermann N, Eryavec G. Posttraumatic stress disorder in institutionalized World War II veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 324-31.
109. McFarlane A. Life events and psychiatric disorder: the role of natural disaster. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151: 362-67.
110. Phifer JE, Norris FH. Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster: nature, timing, duration and course. J Gerontol 1989; 44: S207-S217.
111. Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT. Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 317-22.
112. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA et al. Efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind comparison with placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 36-44.
113. Montgomery SA. Clomipramine in obsessional neurosis: a placebo-controlled trial. Pharm Med 1980; 1: 189-92.
114. de Veaugh Geiss J, Landau P, Katz R. Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder with clomipramine. Psychiatr Ann 1989; 19: 97-101.
115. Insel TR. Neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 7 (suppl 1): 31-33.
116. Gray J. The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
117. Bajulaiye R, Addonizio C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder arising in a 75-year-old woman. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1992; 7: 139-42.
118. Jenike MA. Geriatric psychiatry and psychopharmacology: a clinical approach. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby, 1989.
119. Austin LS, Zealberg JJ, Lydiard RB. Three cases of pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the elderly. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 179: 634-35.
120. Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Clayton PJ. Sex, age and the diagnosis of hysteria (Briquet's syndrome). Am J Psychiatry 1972; 129: 745-48.
121. Pribor EF, Smith DS, Yutzy SH. Somatization disorder in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 2: 109-17.
122. Bergmann K. Neurosis and personality disorder in old age. In: Isaacs AD, Post F eds. Studies in geriatric psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley, 1978.
123. Higgitt A. Indications for benzodiazepine prescriptions in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1992; 3: 239-49.
124. Gilbert A, Quintrell LN, Owen N. Use of benzodiazepines among residents of aged-care accommodation. Community Health Stud 1988; 12: 394-99.
125. Thyer BA. Prolonged in-vivo exposure therapy with a 70-year old woman. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1981; 12: 69-71.
126. Woods RT, Britton PG. Clinical psychology with the elderly. London: Croom Helm/Chapman & Hall, 1985.
127. Downs AFD, Rosenthal TL, Lichstein KL. Modelling therapies reduce avoidance of bath-time by the institutionalized elderly. Behav Ther 1988; 19: 359-68.
128. Thompson LW, Gallagher DE, Breckenridge JS. Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies for depressed elderly. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987; 55: 385-90.
129. Kavanagh DJ. Towards a cognitive-behavioural intervention for adult grief reactions. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 373-83.
130. King P, Barrowclough C. A clinical pilot study of cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in the elderly. Behav Psychother 1991; 19: 337-45.
131. Woods RT. Psychological treatments I: behavioural and cognitive approaches. In: Lindesay J ed. Neurotic disorders in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
132. Zerhusen JD, Boyle K, Wilson W. Out of the darkness: group cognitive therapy for the elderly. J Psychosoc Nursing 1991; 29: 16-20.
133. Martindale B. Psychological treatments II: psychodynamic approaches. In: Lindesay J. ed. Neurotic disorders in the elderly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
134. Salzman C. Pharmacologic treatment of the anxious elderly patient. In: Salzman C, Lebowitz BD eds. Anxiety in the elderly. New York: Springer, 1991.
135. Tyrer P. Dependence on benzodiazepines. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 576-77.
136. Curran HV. Tranquillizing memories: a review of the effects of benzodiazepines on human memory. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 23: 179-213.
137. Fancourt G, Castleden M. The use of benzodiazepines with particular reference to the elderly. Br J Hosp Med 1986; 5: 321-25.
138. Foy A, O'Connell D, Henry D et al. Benzodiazepine use as a cause of cognitive impairment in elderly hospital inpatients. J Gerontol 1995; 50: M99-M106.
139. Stewart R, Marits RG, Padgett PD et al. Benzodiazepine use in an ambulatory elderly population. Clin Ther 1994; 16: 118-24.
140. Evans ME, Eye M. Depression in the physically ill; an open study of treatment with the 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. J Clin Exp Gerontol 1992; 14: 297-307.
141. Jenike MA. Handbook of geriatric psychopharmacology. Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing, 1985.
142. Blazer DG, Hughes DC, Fowler N. Anxiety as an outcome symptom of depression in elderly and middle-aged adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1989; 4: 273-78.
143. Robinson D, Napoliello MJ, Shenck E. The safety and usefulness of buspirone as an anxiolytic drug in elderly versus young patients. Clin Ther 1988; 10: 740-46.
144. Lader M. Can buspirone induce rebound, dependence or abuse? Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159 (suppl 12): 45-51.