Toxoplasma gondii and ocular toxoplasmosis: Pathogenesis

British Journal of Ophthalmology

Volumn 80, Issue 12, 1996, Pages 1099-1107

  Pavesio, C E ^a   Lightman, S ^b  

^a MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CELL VACUOLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EYE INFECTION; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; OOCYST; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; OPTIC NERVE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPOROGENESIS; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS; UVEITIS; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 0030466167     PISSN: 00071161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.80.12.1099     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Dubey JP, Beattie CP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and man. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1988.
2. Stone WB, Manwell RD. Toxoplasmosis in coldblooded hosts. J Protozool 1969;16:99-102.
3. Levine ND, Nye RR. Toxoplasma ranae sp from the leopard frog Rana pipiens Linnaeus. J Protozool 1976;23:488-90.
4. Remington JS, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JD, eds. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1990:90-195.
5. Kean BH. Clinical toxoplasmosis: 50 years. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972; 66:549-71.
6. Tabbara KF. Ocular toxoplasmosis. In: Tabbara KF, Hyndiuk RA, eds. Infections of the eye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986:635-52.
7. Woods AC, Jacobs L, Wood RM. A study of the role of toxoplasmosis in adult chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1954;37:163.
8. O'Connor GR, Hogan MJ. Recent developments in infectious diseases of the retina and choroid. In: Sorsby A, ed. Modern trends in ophthalmology. London: Butterworths, 1967:75-90.
9. Newman PE, Ghosheh R, Tabbara KF, O'Connor GR. The role of hypersensitivity reactions to Toxoplasma antigens in experimental toxoplasmosis in non-human primates. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94:159-64.
10. Nicolle C, Manceaux L. Sur une infection à corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondi. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1908;147:763-6.
11. Splendore A. Un nuovo protozoa parassita de'conigli incontrato nelle lesioni anatomiche d'une malatti ehe ricorda in molti punti il Kala-azar dell'umo. Nota preliminaire pel. Rev Soc Sci Sao Paulo 1908;3:109-12.
12. Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK. Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 1970;56:447-56.
13. Miller NL, Frenkel JK, Dubey JP. Oral infections with Toxoplasma cysts and oocysts in felines, other mammals, and in birds. J Parasitol 1972;58:928-37.
14. Tessler HH. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Im Ophthalmol Clin 1981;21:185-99.
15. Dubey JP. Effect of freezing on the infectivity of Toxoplasma cysts to cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974;165:534-6.
16. Frenkel JK, Ruiz A, Chinchilla M. Soil survival of Toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24:439-43.
17. Coutinho SG, Lobo R, Dutra G. Isolation of Toxoplasma from the soil during an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a rural area of Brazil. J Parasitol 1982; 68:866-8.
18. Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK. The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces. J Exp Med 1970;132:636-62.
19. Sheffield HG, Melton ML. The fine structure and reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 1968;54:209-26.
20. Bommer W, Hofling KH, Heunert HH. Multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in cell cultures. Ger Med Mon 1969;14:1-12.
21. Lund E, Lycke E, Sourander P. A cinematographic study of Toxoplasma gondii in cell cultures. Br J Exp Pathol 1961;42:357-62.
22. Zaman V, Colley FC. Ultrastructural study of penetration of macrophages by Toxoplasma gondii. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972;66:781-92.
23. Jones TC, Yeh S, Hirsch JG. The interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cells: I. Mechanism of entry and intracellular fate of the parasite. J Exp Med 1972;136:1157-72.
24. Olliaro P, Marchetti A, Regazzerti A, Fabbi M, Gorini G. Toxoplasma gondii virulence: changing pattern under different maintenance conditions. Parassitologica 1993;35:17-9.
25. Lecomte V, Chumpitazi BF, Pasquier B, Ambroise-Thomas P, Santoro F. Brain-tissue cysts in rats infected with RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 1992;78:267-9.
26. Guo ZG, Johnson AM. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol 1995;111:127-32.
27. Rinder H, Thomschke A, Darde ML, Loscher T. Specific DNA polymorphisms discriminate between virulence and non-virulence to mice in nine Toxoplasma gondii strains. Molec Biochem Parasitol 1995;69:123-6.
28. Deckert-Schluter M, Schluter D, Schmidt D, Schwendemann G, Wiestler OD, Hof H. Toxoplasma encephalitis in congenic B10 and Balb mice: impact of genetic factors on the immune response. Infect Immun 1994;62: 221-8.
29. Chiappino ML, Nichols BA, O'Connor GR. Scanning electron microscopy of Toxoplasma gondii: parasite torsion and host-cell responses during invasion. J Protozool 1984;31: 288-92.
30. Nichols BA, Chiappino ML. Cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii. J Protozool 1987;34:217-26.
31. Bommer W, Heunert HH, Milthaler B. Kinematographische studien uber die eigenbewegung von Toxoplasma gondii. Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1969;20: 450-8.
32. Nichols BA, O'Connor GR. Penetration of mouse peritoneal macrophages by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Lab Invest 1981;44:324-35.
33. Nichols BA, Chiappino ML, O'Connor GR. Secretion from the rhoptries of Toxoplasma gondii during host-cell invasion. J Ultrastruct Res 1983;83:85-98.
34. Norrby R. Immunologic study on the host cell penetration factor of Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 1971;3:278-86.
35. Lycke E, Carlberg K, Norrby R. Interactions between Toxoplasma gondii and its host cells: function of the penetration-enhancing factor of Toxoplasma. Infect Immun 1975;11:853-61.
36. Kimata I, Tanabe K. Secretion by Toxoplasma gondii of an antigen that appears to become associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane upon invasion of the host cell. J Cell Sci 1987;88:231-9.
37. Sadak A, Taghy Z, Fortier B, Dubremetz JF. Characterization of a family of rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1988;29: 203-11.
38. Schwartzman JD. Inhibition of a penetration-enhancing factor of Toxoplasma gondii by monoclonal antibodies specific for rhoptries. Infect Immun 1986;21:760-4.
39. Sibley LD, Krahenbuhl JL, Adams GM, Weidmer E. Toxoplasma modifies macrophage phagosomes by secretion of a vesicular network rich in surface proteins. J Cell Biol 1986;103:867-74.
40. Ferguson DJP. An immuno-electron microscopic study of the tissue cyst of Toxoplasma gondii in mouse brain. Inst Phys Conf Ser 1988;3:207-8.
41. Wilson CB, Tsai V, Remington JS. Failure to trigger the oxidative metabolic burst by normal macrophages: possible mechanisms for survival of intracellular pathogens. J Exp Med 1980;151:328-16.
42. de Duve C, Wattiaux R. Functions of lysosomes. Annu Rev Physiol 1966;28: 435-92.
43. Schlaegel Jr TF. Ocular toxoplasmosis and pars planitis. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1978.
44. Jacobs L, Remington JS, Melton ML. A survey of meat samples from swine, cattle, and sheep for the presence of encysted Toxoplasma. J Parasitol 1960; 46:23-8.
45. Remington JS. Toxoplasmosis and congenital infection. Birth Defects 1968; 4:47-56.
46. Catar G, Bergendi L, Holkova R. Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from swine and cattle. J Parasitol 1969;55:952-5.
47. Martins MC, Silveira CM, Jamra LS, Barros PM, Belfort Jr R, Rigueiro MP. Isolamento de Toxoplasma gondii de carnes e derivados provenientes de regiao endemica de toxoplasmose ocular - Erechim - RS. Arq Bras Oftalmol 1990;53:60-6.
48. Jacobs L, Remington JS, Melton ML. The resistance of the encysted form of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 1960;46:11-21.
49. Remington JS. Toxoplasmosis in the adult. Bull NY Acad Med 1974;50:211-27.
50. Pfefferkorn ER. Toxoplasma gondii and the biochemistry of intracellular parasitism. Trends Biochem Sci 1981;6:311.
51. Grahan DI. Encephalitis in mice with congenital ocular toxoplasmosis. J Pathol 1984;42:265-77.
52. Krug EC, Marr JJ, Berens RL. Purine metabolism in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 1989;264:10601-7.
53. Remington JS, Gentry LD. Acquired toxoplasmosis: infection versus disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970;174:1006-17.
54. Siegel SE, Lunde MN, Gelderman AH. Transmission of toxoplasmosis by leukocyte transfusion. Blood 1971;37:388-94.
55. Pauleikhoff D, Messmer E, Beelen DW, Foester M, Wessing A. Bone-marrow transplantation and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Graefes Arch Clin Ophthalmol 1987;225:239-43.
56. Saari M, Raisanem S. Transmission of acute Toxoplasma infection: the survival of trophozoites in human tears, saliva, and urine and in cow's milk. Acta Ophthalmol (Kbh) 1974;52:847-52.
57. Skorich DN, Chiappino ML, Nichols BA. Invasion of the guinea pig conjunctiva by Toxoplasma gondii. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;29: 1871-80.
58. Sabin AB, Feldman HA. Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoan parasite (Toxoplasma). Science 1948;108:660-3.
59. Desmonts G, Couvrer J. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy and its transmission to the fetus. Bull NY Acad Med 1974;50:146-59.
60. Alford CA, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical, laboratory considerations, with special reference to subclinical disease. Bull NY Acad Med 1974;50: 160-81.
61. Desmonts G, Couvrer J. Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Engl J Med 1974;290:1110-6.
62. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 1980;66:767-74.
63. Kraubig H. Praventive behandlung der konnatalen toxoplasmose. In: Kirchhof H, Kraubig H, eds. Toxoplasmose - praktische fragen und ergebnisse. Stuttgart: Verlag, 1966:104-22.
64. Beverley JKA. Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis through successive generations of mice. Nature (London) 1959;183:1348-9.
65. Perkins ES. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1973;57:1-17.
66. Feldman HA. Congenital toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 1963;269:1212.
67. Benjamin B, Brickman HF, Neaga A. Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins. Can Med Assoc J 1958;80:639-43.
68. Beverley JKA. Congenital Toxoplasma infections. Proc Roy Soc Med 1960;53:111.
69. Sunness JS. The pregnant woman's eye. Surv Ophthalmol 1988;32:219-38.
70. Langer H. Repeated congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Obstet Gynecol 1963;21:318-23.
71. Remington JS, Jacobs L, Melton ML, Kaufman HE. Chronic Toxoplasma infection in a human uterus. J Parasitol 1958;44:587.
72. Yukins RE, Winter FC. Ocular disease in congenital toxoplasmosis in non-identical twins. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;62:44-6.
73. Awan KJ. Congenital toxoplasmosis: chances of occurrence in subsequent siblings. Ann Ophthalmol 1978;10:459-65.
74. Schlaegel Jr TF. Essentials of uveitis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969.
75. Gump DW, Holden RA. Acquired chorioretinitis due to toxoplasmosis. Ann Intern Med 1979;90:58-60.
76. Saari M, Vuorre I, Neiminen H. Acquired toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:1485-8.
77. Masur H, Jones TC, Lempert JA, Cherubini TD. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a family and documentation of acquired retinochoroiditis. Am J Med 1978;64:396-402.
78. Pavesio CEN, Belfort Jr R, Freitas D, Abreu MT. Toxoplasmose ocular: enigma à espera de estudos clínicos adequados. Arq Bras Oftalmol 1987;50: 91-3.
79. Silveira CM, Belfort Jr R, Burnier Jr MNN, Nussenblatt R. Acquired toxoplasmic infection as the cause of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in families. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:362-4.
80. Frenkel JK. Pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis and of infections with organisms resembling Toxoplasma. Ann NY Acad Sci 1956;64:215-51.
81. Ferguson DJP, Hutchison WM. The host-parasite relationship of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of chronically infected mice. Virchows Arch 1987;411:39-13.
82. Waaij DVD. Formation, growth and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in mouse brains. Trop Geo Med 1959;11:345-60.
83. Lainson R. Observations on the development and nature of pseudocysts and cysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1958;52:396-407.
84. Hoff RL, Dubey JP, Behbehani AM, Frenkel JK. Toxoplasma gondii cysts in cell culture: new biologic evidence. J Parasitol 1977;63:1121-4.
85. Jones TC, Bienz KA, Erb P. In vitro cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in astrocytes in the presence of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1986;51:147-56.
86. Tadros W, Laarman JJ. Current concepts on the biology, evolution and taxonomy of tissue cyst-forming eimeiid coccidia. Adv Parasitol 1982;18: 293-468.
87. Ferguson DJP, Hutchison WM, Pettersen E. Tissue cyst rupture in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. An irnmunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Parasitol Res 1989;75:599-603.
88. Frenkel JK. Chorioretinitis associated with positive test for toxoplasmosis. Acta XVII Int Cong Ophthalmol Montreal-NY 1954;3:1965.
89. Frenkel JK, Escajadillo A. Cyst rupture as a pathogenic mechanism of toxo-plasmic encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987;36:517-22.
90. Frenkel JK. Ocular lesions in hamsters with chronic Toxoplasma and Besnoitia infections. Am J Ophthalmol 1955;39:203-25.
91. Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Ballintine EJ. Cellular immune responsiveness of uveitis patients to retinal S-antigen. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;89:173-9.
92. Beverley JKA. A rational approach to the treatment of toxoplasmic uveitis. Trans Ophthal Soc UK 1958;78:109-21.
93. Ferguson DJP, Hutchison WM. An ultrastructural study of the early development and tissue cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of mice. Parasitol Res 1987;73:483-91.
94. Pavesio CE, Chiappino ML, Setzer PY, Nichols BA. Toxoplasma gondii: differentiation and death of the bradyzoites. Parasitol Res 1992;78:1-9.
95. Akstein RB, Wilson LA, Teutsch SM. Acquired toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 1982;89:1299-302.
96. Hogan MJ. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1958;46:467-94.
97. Berengo A, Frezzotti R. Active neuro-ophthalmic toxoplasmosis. A clinical study on 19 patients. Bibl Ophthal 1962;59:265-343.
98. Heimann K. The development of the blood vessels of the macular choroid. Surv Opthalmol 1972;17:142. (Abstract)
99. Smith RE, Nozik RA. Uveitis:a clinical approach to diagnosis and management. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1990.
100. Friedmann CT, Knox DL. Variations in recurrent active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Arch Ophthalmol 1969;81:481-3.
101. Doft BH, Gass DM. Punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:1332-6.
102. Matthews JD, Weiter JJ. Outer retinal toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 1988; 95:941-6.
103. O'Connor GR. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1975;19:1-24.
104. Silveira CM, Belfort Jr R, Nussenblatt R, Farah M, Takahashi W, Imamura P, et al. Unilateral pigmentary retinopathy associated with ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1989;107:682-4.
105. O'Connor GR. The influence of hypersensitivity on the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Trans Am Ophthal Soc 1970;68:501-47.
106. O'Connor GR. Manifestations and management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Bull NY Acad Med Soc II 1974;50:192-210.
107. Rehder JR, Burnier Jr M, Pavesio CE, Kim MK, Rigueiro M, Petrilli AMN, et al. Acute unilateral toxoplasmic iridocycliris in an AIDS patient. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:740-1.
108. Zimmerman LE. Diseases of the optic nerve: pathology of demyelinating diseases. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 1956;60:46-58. (Symposium)
109. Fish RH, Hoskins JC, Kline LB. Toxoplasmosis neuroretinitis. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1177-82.
110. Hogan MJ, Kimura SJ, O'Connor GR. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1964;72:592-600.
111. Chesterton JR, Perkins ES. Ocular toxoplasmosis among Negro immigrants in London. Br J Ophthalmol 1967;51:617-21.
112. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG. Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1989.
113. Abreu MT, Belfort Jr R, Hirata PS. Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis and ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:739-44.
114. Arffa RC, Schlaegel TF. Chorioretinal scars in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:1153-5.
115. La Hey E, Rothova A, Baarsma GS, de Vries J, van Knapen F, Kijlstra A. Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis is not associated with ocular toxoplasmosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:806-11.
116. Wilder HC. Toxoplasma chorioretinitis in adults. Arch Ophthalmol 1952;48:127-36.
117. Zimmerman LE. Ocular pathology of toxoplasmosis. Surv Ophthalmol 1961;6:832-56.
118. Schuman JS, Weinberg RS, Ferry AP, Guerry RK. Toxoplasmic scleritis. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1399-403.
119. Wise GN, Dollery CT, Henkind P. Segmental retinal periarteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;72:210.
120. Braunstein RA, Gass JDM. Branch artery obstruction caused by acute toxoplasmosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:512-3.
121. Gass JDM. Stereoscopic atlas of macular diseases: diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby, 1987.
122. Willerson Jr D, Aaberg TM, Reeser F, Meredith TA. Unusual ocular presentation of acute toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1977;61:693-8.
123. Morgan CM, Gragoudas ES. Branch artery occlusion associated with recurrent toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:130-1.
124. Fine SL, Owens SL, Haller JA. Choroidal neovascularization as a late complication of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;91:318-22.
125. Skorska I, Soubrane G, Coscas G. Toxoplasmic choroidiris and subretinal neovessels. J Fr Ophtalmol 1984;7:211-8.
126. Levy RM, Rosenbloom S, Perrert LV. Neuroradiologic findings in AIDS: a review of 200 cases. Am J Roentgenol 1986;147:977-83.
127. Wong B, Gold JMW, Brown AE. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis in homosexual men and parenteral drug abusers. Ann Intern Med 1984;100: 36-40.
128. Hofflin JM, Conley FK, Remington JS. Murine model of intracerebral toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 1987;155:550-7.
129. Luft BJ, Remington JS. AIDS commentary. Toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 1988;157:1-6.
130. McCabe R, Remington JS. Toxoplasmosis: the time has come. N Engl J Med 1988;318:313-5.
131. Kovacs JA. Efficacy of atovaquone in treatment of toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Lancet 1992;340:637-8.
132. Weiss A, Margo CE, Ledford DK, Lockey RF, Brisner JH. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis as an initial manifestation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;101:248-9.
133. Parke DW, Font RL. Diffuse toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a patient with AIDS. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:571-5.
134. Holland GN, Engstron Jr RE, Glasgow BJ, Berger BB, Daniels SA, Sidikaro Y, et al. Ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:653-67.
135. Holland GN. Ophthalmic disorders associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Insler MS, ed. AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases and the eye. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton 1987:145-72.
136. Cochereau-Massim I, LeHoang P, Lautier-Frau M, Zazoun L, Robinet M, Marcel P, et al. Ocular toxoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:130.
137. Berger BB, Egwuagu CE, Freeman WR, Wiley CA. Miliary toxoplasmic retinitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:373-6.
138. Moorthy RS, Smith RE, Rao NA. Progressive ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:742-7.
139. Nicholson DH, Wolchak EB. Ocular toxoplasmosis in an adult receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy. Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:258-64.
140. Hoerni B, Vallat M, Durand M. Ocular toxoplasmosis and Hodgkin's disease: report of two cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:62-3.
141. Yeo JH, Jakobiec FA, Iwamoto T. Opportunistic toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis following chemotherapy for systemic lymphoma. A light and electron microscopic study. Ophthalmology 1983;90:885-98.
142. Smith RE. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis as an emerging problem in AIDS patients. (Editorial) Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:738-9.
143. Holland GN. Ocular toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised host. Int Ophthalmol 1989;13:399-402.