A general perspective on the regional development of Europe from 1300 to 1850

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 129-146

  Terlouw, Kees ^a  

^a Department of Human Geography ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT TREND; ECONOMIC HISTORY; FOURTEENTH CENTURY; HISTORICAL STUDY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT;

EUROPE;

EID: 0030465660     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.1996.0009     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. P. Nijkamp, Towards a network of regions: the United states of Europe European Planning Studies 1 (1993) 149-68. I. Masser, O. Sviden and M. Wegener, The Geography of Europe's Futures (London 1992). Commission of the European Communities, Europe 2000: Outlook for the Development of the Community's Territory (Brussels 1991). M. Sinz, Europaische Integration und Raumentwicklung in Deutschland Geographische Rundschau 44 (1992) 686-90
2. P. Nijkamp, Towards a network of regions: the United states of Europe European Planning Studies 1 (1993) 149-68. I. Masser, O. Sviden and M. Wegener, The Geography of Europe's Futures (London 1992). Commission of the European Communities, Europe 2000: Outlook for the Development of the Community's Territory (Brussels 1991). M. Sinz, Europaische Integration und Raumentwicklung in Deutschland Geographische Rundschau 44 (1992) 686-90
3. P. Nijkamp, Towards a network of regions: the United states of Europe European Planning Studies 1 (1993) 149-68. I. Masser, O. Sviden and M. Wegener, The Geography of Europe's Futures (London 1992). Commission of the European Communities, Europe 2000: Outlook for the Development of the Community's Territory (Brussels 1991). M. Sinz, Europaische Integration und Raumentwicklung in Deutschland Geographische Rundschau 44 (1992) 686-90
4. P. Nijkamp, Towards a network of regions: the United states of Europe European Planning Studies 1 (1993) 149-68. I. Masser, O. Sviden and M. Wegener, The Geography of Europe's Futures (London 1992). Commission of the European Communities, Europe 2000: Outlook for the Development of the Community's Territory (Brussels 1991). M. Sinz, Europaische Integration und Raumentwicklung in Deutschland Geographische Rundschau 44 (1992) 686-90
5. R. Brunet, Les Villes 'Européennes' (Paris 1989)
6. Brunet, ibid., 78-9
7. Stoob is right to stress that the function of a city varies considerably between periods and location. H. Stoob (Ed.), Die Stadt: Gestalt und Wandel bis zum industriellen Zeitalter (Köln 1985) 125-260. But however dissimilar the autonomy or structure of cities are, their size indicates the economic development of the surrounding region as indicated by J. Gottmann, De la méthode d'analyse en géographie humaine Annales de Géographie 56 (1947) 1-12; J. Gottmann, A Geography of Europe (New York 1951); G. A. Hoekveld and G. Hoekveld- Meijer, The regional development of France: an application of a regional geographic methodology, in C. P. Terlouw (Ed.), Methodological Exercises in Regional Geography: France as an Example (Utrecht 1994) 23-62 , and P. Hall and D. Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London 1980) 11
8. Stoob is right to stress that the function of a city varies considerably between periods and location. H. Stoob (Ed.), Die Stadt: Gestalt und Wandel bis zum industriellen Zeitalter (Köln 1985) 125-260. But however dissimilar the autonomy or structure of cities are, their size indicates the economic development of the surrounding region as indicated by J. Gottmann, De la méthode d'analyse en géographie humaine Annales de Géographie 56 (1947) 1-12; J. Gottmann, A Geography of Europe (New York 1951); G. A. Hoekveld and G. Hoekveld- Meijer, The regional development of France: an application of a regional geographic methodology, in C. P. Terlouw (Ed.), Methodological Exercises in Regional Geography: France as an Example (Utrecht 1994) 23-62 , and P. Hall and D. Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London 1980) 11
9. Stoob is right to stress that the function of a city varies considerably between periods and location. H. Stoob (Ed.), Die Stadt: Gestalt und Wandel bis zum industriellen Zeitalter (Köln 1985) 125-260. But however dissimilar the autonomy or structure of cities are, their size indicates the economic development of the surrounding region as indicated by J. Gottmann, De la méthode d'analyse en géographie humaine Annales de Géographie 56 (1947) 1-12; J. Gottmann, A Geography of Europe (New York 1951); G. A. Hoekveld and G. Hoekveld- Meijer, The regional development of France: an application of a regional geographic methodology, in C. P. Terlouw (Ed.), Methodological Exercises in Regional Geography: France as an Example (Utrecht 1994) 23-62 , and P. Hall and D. Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London 1980) 11
10. Stoob is right to stress that the function of a city varies considerably between periods and location. H. Stoob (Ed.), Die Stadt: Gestalt und Wandel bis zum industriellen Zeitalter (Köln 1985) 125-260. But however dissimilar the autonomy or structure of cities are, their size indicates the economic development of the surrounding region as indicated by J. Gottmann, De la méthode d'analyse en géographie humaine Annales de Géographie 56 (1947) 1-12; J. Gottmann, A Geography of Europe (New York 1951); G. A. Hoekveld and G. Hoekveld-Meijer, The regional development of France: an application of a regional geographic methodology, in C. P. Terlouw (Ed.), Methodological Exercises in Regional Geography: France as an Example (Utrecht 1994) 23-62 , and P. Hall and D. Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London 1980) 11
11. Stoob is right to stress that the function of a city varies considerably between periods and location. H. Stoob (Ed.), Die Stadt: Gestalt und Wandel bis zum industriellen Zeitalter (Köln 1985) 125-260. But however dissimilar the autonomy or structure of cities are, their size indicates the economic development of the surrounding region as indicated by J. Gottmann, De la méthode d'analyse en géographie humaine Annales de Géographie 56 (1947) 1-12; J. Gottmann, A Geography of Europe (New York 1951); G. A. Hoekveld and G. Hoekveld- Meijer, The regional development of France: an application of a regional geographic methodology, in C. P. Terlouw (Ed.), Methodological Exercises in Regional Geography: France as an Example (Utrecht 1994) 23-62 , and P. Hall and D. Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London 1980) 11
12. P. Bairoch, J. Batou and P. Chèvre, The Population of European Cities: Data Bank and Short Summary of Results (Genève 1988)
13. On the one hand, it is more comprehensive than the one collected by de Vries, who excludes eastern European cities and covers the period 1500-1800 for 379 cities. J. de Vries, European Urbanization 1500-1800 (London 1984). On the other hand, it covers a larger area than the detailed historical studies into the development of cities who cover only a part of Europe. Stoob, ibid., for instance describes the process of city formation for selected cities in central Europe from the Middle Ages till the industrial era. His description of the general pattern of city development is based on the year a city was founded and is limited to central Europe. However interesting Stoob's study is, the data collected by Bairoch are much more useful for gaining insight in the European pattern of regional development. The database used here has quite reliable data for the whole of Europe between 1300 and 1850. Although the reliability of the data differs between time and place. Modern data are the most accurate, and the reliability of the data differs also between different groups of countries. Ranked from most to least reliable: Belgium, the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland; France, Hungary, the Netherlands, the British Isles; Germany, Austria, Portugal, Czechoslovakia; Spain, Italy; the rest of the Balkans; Russia. The margin of error in 1800 is 5-7 per cent for Europe as a whole and about 15 per cent for eastern Europe. In 1300 the margin of error is 9-13 per cent for Europe as a whole and 18-20 per cent for eastern Europe. Bairoch, Batou and Chèvre, ibid., 253, 298-9
14. On the one hand, it is more comprehensive than the one collected by de Vries, who excludes eastern European cities and covers the period 1500-1800 for 379 cities. J. de Vries, European Urbanization 1500-1800 (London 1984). On the other hand, it covers a larger area than the detailed historical studies into the development of cities who cover only a part of Europe. Stoob, ibid., for instance describes the process of city formation for selected cities in central Europe from the Middle Ages till the industrial era. His description of the general pattern of city development is based on the year a city was founded and is limited to central Europe. However interesting Stoob's study is, the data collected by Bairoch are much more useful for gaining insight in the European pattern of regional development. The database used here has quite reliable data for the whole of Europe between 1300 and 1850. Although the reliability of the data differs between time and place. Modern data are the most accurate, and the reliability of the data differs also between different groups of countries. Ranked from most to least reliable: Belgium, the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland; France, Hungary, the Netherlands, the British Isles; Germany, Austria, Portugal, Czechoslovakia; Spain, Italy; the rest of the Balkans; Russia. The margin of error in 1800 is 5-7 per cent for Europe as a whole and about 15 per cent for eastern Europe. In 1300 the margin of error is 9-13 per cent for Europe as a whole and 18-20 per cent for eastern Europe. Bairoch, Batou and Chèvre, ibid., 253, 298-9
15. On the one hand, it is more comprehensive than the one collected by de Vries, who excludes eastern European cities and covers the period 1500-1800 for 379 cities. J. de Vries, European Urbanization 1500-1800 (London 1984). On the other hand, it covers a larger area than the detailed historical studies into the development of cities who cover only a part of Europe. Stoob, ibid., for instance describes the process of city formation for selected cities in central Europe from the Middle Ages till the industrial era. His description of the general pattern of city development is based on the year a city was founded and is limited to central Europe. However interesting Stoob's study is, the data collected by Bairoch are much more useful for gaining insight in the European pattern of regional development. The database used here has quite reliable data for the whole of Europe between 1300 and 1850. Although the reliability of the data differs between time and place. Modern data are the most accurate, and the reliability of the data differs also between different groups of countries. Ranked from most to least reliable: Belgium, the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland; France, Hungary, the Netherlands, the British Isles; Germany, Austria, Portugal, Czechoslovakia; Spain, Italy; the rest of the Balkans; Russia. The margin of error in 1800 is 5-7 per cent for Europe as a whole and about 15 per cent for eastern Europe. In 1300 the margin of error is 9-13 per cent for Europe as a whole and 18-20 per cent for eastern Europe. Bairoch, Batou and Chèvre, ibid., 253, 298-9
16. Brunet, ibid., 79. The area Brunet studies differs from the territory of the EU in 1993. Brunet excludes the former GDR and includes Switzerland and Austria
17. Bairoch, Batou and Chèvre, ibid.
18. Bairoch, Batou and Chèvre, ibid., 298-9
19. F. Braudel, The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century (New York 1986)
20. Braudel, ibid., 34-5, 153, 157, 210, 272, 295
21. Braudel, ibid. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York 1974). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World- economy 1600-1750 (New York 1980). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-economy, 1730-1840s 1600-1750 (New York 1989)
22. Braudel, ibid. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York 1974). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World- economy 1600-1750 (New York 1980). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-economy, 1730-1840s 1600-1750 (New York 1989)
23. Braudel, ibid. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York 1974). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-economy 1600-1750 (New York 1980). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-economy, 1730-1840s 1600-1750 (New York 1989)
24. Braudel, ibid. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York 1974). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World- economy 1600-1750 (New York 1980). I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-economy, 1730-1840s 1600-1750 (New York 1989)
25. Braudel, ibid., 124
26. Braudel, ibid., 132-53
27. Braudel, ibid., 157
28. Braudel, ibid., 89-276. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III
29. Braudel, ibid., 89-276. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III
30. The intensity of war is the yearly average of battle fatalities of great power wars per million inhabitants of Europe. J. S. Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System 1495-1975 (Lexington 1983) 87. J. S. Goldstein, Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age (New Haven 1988) 397-8
31. The intensity of war is the yearly average of battle fatalities of great power wars per million inhabitants of Europe. J. S. Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System 1495-1975 (Lexington 1983) 87. J. S. Goldstein, Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age (New Haven 1988) 397-8
32. G. Modelski, The long cycle of global politics and the nation-state Comparative Studies in Society and History 20 (1978) 214-35. A. R. Zolberg, Origins of the modern world system: a missing link World Politics 33 (1981) 253-81
33. G. Modelski, The long cycle of global politics and the nation-state Comparative Studies in Society and History 20 (1978) 214-35. A. R. Zolberg, Origins of the modern world system: a missing link World Politics 33 (1981) 253-81
34. de Vries, ibid., 155
35. de Vries, ibid.
36. Brunet, ibid.
37. Commission of the European Communities, ibid.
38. Rijksplanologische Dienst, Perspectieven in Europa: een Verkenning van Opties voor een Europees Ruimtelijk beleid voor Noordwest-Europa (Den Haag 1991)
39. The German city regions were merged with the regions with which they have the largest common border. Bremen with Niedersachsen, Hamburg with Schleswig-Holstein, and Berlin with Brandenburg. Brussels was merged with the province of Brabant
40. Braudel, ibid.