Visuomotor functions of the lateral pre-motor cortex

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 788-795

  Jackson, Stephen R ^a   Husain, Masud ^b  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; HUMAN; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION;

EID: 0030463529     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80029-8     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Jackson SR, Jackson GM, Rosicky J: Are non-relevant objects represented in working memory? The effect of non-target objects on reaching and grasping kinematics. Exp Brain Res 1995, 102:519-530.
2. Jackson SR, Jackson GM, Harrison J, Henderson L, Kennard C: The internal control of action and Parkinson's disease: a kinematic analysis of visually-guided and memory-guided prehension movements. Exp Brain Res 1995, 105:147-162.
3. Jackson SR, Morris DL, Harrison J, Henderson L, Kennard C: Parkinson's disease and the internal control of action: a single-case study comparing visually guided and open-loop prehension movements. Neurocase 1995, 1:267-283.
4. Jeannerod M: The Neural and Behavioural Organization of Goal-Directed Movements. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988.
5. Gallese V, Murata A, Kaseda M, Niki N, Sakata H: Deficit of hand preshaping after muscimol injection in monkey parietal cortex Neuroreport 1994, 5:1525-1529.
6. Gentilucci M, Fogassi L, Luppino G, Matelli M, Camarda R, Rizzolatti G: Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. I. Somatotopy and the control of proximal movements. Exp Brain Res 1988, 71:475-490.
7. Rizzolatti G, Camarda R, Fogassi L, Gentilucci M, Luppino G, Matelli M: Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. II. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Exp Brain Res 1988, 71:491 -507.
8. Rossetti Y, Stelmach G, Desmurget, Prablanc C, Jeannerod M: The effect of viewing the static hand prior to movement onset on pointing kinematics and variability. Exp Brain Res 1994, 101:323-330.
9. Rossetti Y, Desmurget M, Prablanc C: Vectorial coding of movement: vision, proprioception, or both? J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:457-463. The authors report on a pointing study in which the moving hand, but not the target of the movement, was viewed through prisms that induced a visual displacement of the hand. Kinematic analyses of early directional errors were not explained by the use of visual information alone. The authors conclude that direction coding is based upon a weighted fusion of visual and proprioceptive information about hand position.
10. Flanagan JR, Rao AK: Trajectory adaptation to a nonlinear visuomotor transformation: evidence of motion planning in visually perceived space. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:21 74-2178. Subjects executed pointing movements during which vision of their moving arm was prevented. Instead, visual feedback was relayed in real-time via a virtual reality display. Feedback was provided either in hand space (Cartesian coordinates) or in joint space. The results demonstrate that when visual feedback was provided in 'joint' space, subjects adapted their movements to produce perceptually straight reaches, even though the spatial (Cartesian) hand paths for these reaches were markedly curved. The authors conclude that reaching movements may be planned so as to produce straight paths in visually perceived space.
11. Tipper SP, Howard LA, Jackson SR: Selective reaching to grasp: evidence for distractor interference effects. Vis Cogn 1997, in press. Demonstrates how attentional processes may modify reaching kinematics. Subjects reached for a target object that was sometimes accompanied by a behaviourally non-relevant 'distractor' object. In all trials, vision was ini-tially occluded. The results demonstrate that on trials where a distractor was present, movement trajectories were biased away from the distractor. A similar phenomenon has also been demonstrated by Sheliga, Riggio and Rizzolatti [70] for oculomotor movements.
12. Goodale MA, Pelisson D, Prablanc C: Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do not depend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement Nature 1986, 320:748-750.
13. Servos P, Goodale MA: Binocular vision and the on-line control of human prehension. Exp Brain Res 1994, 98:119-127.
14. Jackson SR, Jones CA, Pritchard C, Newport R: A kinematic analysis of goal-directed prehension movements executed under binocular, monocular, and memory-guided viewing conditions. Vis Cogn 1997, in press. Examines the role of binocular vision in the 'on-line' control of reaching. Subjects executed prehension movements toward a single target object, or to a target object accompanied by a behaviourally non-relevant distractor. Visual feedback was manipulated so that during the reach, vision was binocular, monocular, or removed completely. The results indicate that binocular vision contributes to the on-line control of prehension movements, particularly during 'selective' reaches.
15. Carey DP, Allan K: A motor signal and 'visual' size perception. Exp Brain Res 1996, 110:482-486. A preliminary report of an ingenious study examining how kinaesthesis may serve to update a 'visual' representation of the arm. Subjects were placed in complete darkness and dark-adapted. On each trial, they briefly viewed their hand illuminated by a powerful electronic flash, thereby producing a strong after-image of their hand: Following the flash, subjects either moved their arm or had it moved by the experimenter, and were required to estimate the magnitude of any perceived changes in the size of the hand after-image. Regardless of whether the movements were active or passive, subjects consistently reported that the after-image appeared larger when their hand moved away from them, and smaller when hand movements were toward the body. However, when the hand that was moved was not the one that produced the after-image, no changes in perceived size were reported. These results indicate that visual and proprioceptive signals may be rapidly fused to yield an integrated representation of limb position.
16. Wolpert DM, Ghahramani Z, Jordan Ml: Perceptual distortion contributes to the curvature of human arm movements. Exp Brain Res 1994, 98:153-156.
17. Wolpert DM, Ghahramani Z, Jordan Ml: Are arm trajectories planned in kinematic or dynamic coordinates? Exp Brain Res 1994, 103:460-470.
18. Miall RC, Haggard PN: The curvature of human arm movements in the absence of visual experience. Exp Brain Res 1995, 103:421-428.
19. Passingham RE: The Frontal Lobes and Voluntary Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993.
20. Matelli M, Luppino G, Rizzolatti G: Patterns of cytochrome oxidase activity in the frontal agranular cortex of the macaque monkey. Behav Brain Res 1985, 18:126-136.
21. Barbas H, Pandya DN: Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6) in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1987, 256:211 -228.
22. Ghosh S, Gattera R: A comparison of the ipsilateral cortical projections to the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the macaque premotor cortex. Somatosens Mot Res 1995, 12:359-378.
23. Lu M-T, Preston JB, Strick PL: Interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J Comp Neurol 1994, 341:375-392.
24. Johnson PB, Ferraina S, Bianchi L, Caminiti R: Cortical networks for visual reaching - physiological and anatomical organization of frontal and parietal lobe arm regions. Cereb Cortex 1996, 6:102-119.
25. A combined anatomical/functional investigation of the projections from the superior parietal lobe to the dorsolateral pre-motor areas. 25. Tanne J, Boussaoud D, Boyerzeller N, Rouiller EM: Direct visual pathways for reaching movements in the macaque monkey. Neuroreport 1995, 7:267-272.
26. A brief report demonstrating the existence of a direct projection from visual area PO to the rostral zone of the dorsolateral pre-motor cortex.
27. Kurata K: Site of origin of projections from the thalamus to dorsal versus ventral aspects of the premotor cortex of monkeys. Neurosci Res 1994, 21:71-76.
28. Inase M, Tanji J: Projections from the globus-pallidus to the thalamic areas projecting to the dorsal area-6 of the macaque monkey - a multiple tracing study. Neurosci Lett 1994, 180:135-137.
29. Matelli M, Luppino G: Thalamic input to mesial and superior area-6 in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neural 1996, 372:59-87.
30. He SQ, Dum RP, Strick PL: Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal-lobe - motor areas on the lateral surface of the hemisphere. J Neurosci 1993, 13:952-980.
31. Caminiti R, Ferraina S, Johnson PB: The sources of visual information to the primate frontal lobe: a novel role for the superior parietal lobule. Cereb Cortex 1996, 6:319-328. An excellent review describing the visuomotor function of the superior parietal lobe and its projections to dorsolateral pre-motor areas. The authors suggest that projections to dorsal pre-motor cortex originating in the medial intraparietal (MIP) area and area 7m form a medial pathway for controlling the transport (reach) phase of visually guided prehension movements. This pathway is seen as operating in parallel to a lateral system linking area AIP to ventral pre-motor cortex and to be involved in the control of grasping movements.
32. Fogassi L, Gallese V, Fadiga L, Luppino G, Matelli M, Rizzolatti G: Coding of peripersonal space in inferior premotor cortex (area F4). J Neurophysiol 1996, 76:141-157. Reports a detailed investigation of the somatosensory, visual, and bimodal (somatosensory and visual) response properties of neurons in the caudal region of ventrolateral pre-motor cortex (area F4). A particular focus of this study was to investigate the nature of the coordinate system used to code visual receptive fields.
33. Colby CL, Duhamel JR, Goldberg ME: Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque - anatomic location and visual response properties. J Neurophysiol 1993, 69:902-914.
34. Carmichael ST, Price JL: Sensory and premotor connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. J Comp Neural 1995, 363:642-664.
35. A retrograde tracer study that reports on the neuronal projections to the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. The authors show that orbital and medial prefrontal regions receive substantial projections from ventral pre-motor cortex, parietal areas 7b and AIP, and the hand, arm and face regions of somatosensory cortex. It is suggested that these projections form part of a network for controlling the arm movements used in feeding.
36. Preuss TM, Stepniewska I, Kaas JH: Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: a microstimulation study. J Comp Neurol 1996, 371:649-676.
37. timulation of PMv in owl monkeys elicited forelimb and orofacial movements, whilst that of PMd produced movements of the hindlimb, forelimb (mostly proximal), neck, trunk, face and eyes. The authors provide an excellent discussion of the homologues of these regions in macaque monkeys and humans.
38. Kurata K: Information-processing for motor control in primate premotor cortex. Behav Brain Res 1994, 61:135-142.
39. Wise SP, Di Pellegrino G, Boussaoud D: The premotor cortex and nonstandard sensorimotor mapping. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1996, 74:469-482.
40. An excellent review of visuomotor function of the dorsolateral pre-motor cortex. The authors outline their proposal that the dorsolateral pre-motor cortex is involved in learning non-standard sensorimotor mappings, such as where the relationship between stimulus and action is arbitrary.
41. Crammond DJ, Kalaska JF: Differential relation of discharge in primary motor cortex and premotor cortex to movements versus actively maintained postures during a reaching task. Exp Brain Res 1996, 108:45-61.
42. A study of reaching movements in which precise control of limb posture before and after the movement was required. The authors report that neuronal activity in dorsolateral pre-motor cortex is phasic and, for the most part, confined to the period before movement onset. The authors propose that the functional role of dorsolateral pre-motor cortex may lie in movement selection and planning.
43. Kalaska JF, Crammond DJ: Deciding not to go - neuronal correlates of response selection in a go/nogo task in primate premotor and parietal cortex. Cereo Cortex 1995, 5:410-428. These authors report a GO/NO-GO reaching task in non-human primates. Visual cues presented during an instructed delay period allowed the monkey to prepare or withhold a forthcoming movement. The decision to withhold a motor response was reflected in the neuronal response of cells within the dorsal pre-motor area. Pre-motor cells displayed markedly different response patterns on GO/NO-GO trials. This was not observed for cells in parietal area 5, which showed directionally selective responses on both GO and NO-GO trials.
44. Kurata K: Premotor cortex of monkeys - set-related and movement-related activity reflecting amplitude and direction of wrist movements. J Neurophysiol 1993, 69:187-200.
45. Fu QG, Flamen! D, Coltz JD, Ebner TJ: Temporal encoding of movement kinematics in the discharge of primate primary motor and premotor neurons. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:836-854. Reports a statistical analysis of the firing properties of dorsal pre-motor cells. The results of these analyses suggest several things. First, that movement parameters such as direction, amplitude, velocity, etc. can be correlated with the firing rate of single neurons. Second, that pre-motor cell responses may participate in coding multiple movement parameters. Finally, that different parameters may be coded at different stages of the movement. A finding of considerable relevance for functional models of reaching is that the point where cell activity is maximally associated with movement, amplitude (distance) occurs primarily after peak movement velocity has been reached. This suggests that the coding of movement velocity and movement amplitude may be independent processes.
46. Graziano MSA, Yap GS, Gross CG: Coding of visual space by premotor neurons. Science 1994, 266:1054-1057.
47. Boussaoud D: Primate premotor cortex - modulation of preparatory neuronal -activity by gaze angle. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:886-890.
48. Fogassi L, Gallese V, Di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Gentilucci M, Luppino G, Matelli M, Pedotti A, Rizzolatti G: Space coding by premotor cortex. Exp Brain Res 1992, 89:686-690.
49. Boussaoud D, Barth TM, Wise SP: Effects of gaze on apparent visual responses of frontal cortex neurons. Exp Brain Res 1993, 93:423-434.
50. Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G: Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 1996, 119:593-609.
51. Examines the visual response properties of neurons located within the rostral area of ventral pre-motor cortex (F5). The paper's primary finding is the existence of a subset of F5 neurons, termed 'mirror1 neurons, that selectively respond when a monkey executes a hand movement or observes the experimenter or another monkey execute a similar hand movement. The relevance of these neurons to understanding motor action is discussed.
52. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L: Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cog Brain Res 1996, 3:131-141.
53. Reviews the functional properties of F5 'mirror' neurons [45** within the context of an action recognition system for understanding motor events. The authors discuss the possibility that a homologous system may exist in humans, and that this may have formed the basis for early gestural communication systems. They suggest that such a system may have served as a precursor for the development of speech-based communication in humans.
54. Petrides M, Pandya D: Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and macaque frontal cortex. In Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol 9. Edited by Boiler F, Grafman J. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1994:17-58.
55. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Matelli M, Bettinardi V, Paulesu E, Perani D, Fazio F: Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET. 1. Observation versus execution. Exp Brain Res 1996, 111:246-252. See annotation [49**].
56. Grafton ST, Arbib MA, Fadiga L, Rizzolatti G: Localization of grasp representations in humans by positron emission tomography. 2. Observation compared with imagination. Exp Brain Res 1996, in press. One of two papers (see also [48*]) aimed at identifying the brain areas involved in the control of grasping movements using PET. This paper contrasted the observation of a grasping movement performed by the experimenter with a condition in which subjects imagined themselves grasping the same object. The results indicated that observing a grasping movement activated area 45. In contrast, imagining a grasping movement activated a more caudal region, area 44. The authors suggest these areas form part of separate neural circuits involved in 'understanding' motor events and controlling hand movements.
57. Larsson J, Gulyâs B, Roland PE: Cortical representation of selfpaced finger movement Neuroreport 1996, 7:463-468.
58. Kawashima R, Itoh H, Ono S, Satoh K, Furumoto S, Gotoh R, Koyama M, Yoshioka S, Takahashi T, Takahashi K et ai: Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during self-paced arm and finger movements. A PET study. Brain Res 1996, 716:141-148.
59. Rao SM. Binder JR, Bandettini BS, Yetkin FZ, Jesmanowicz A, Lisk LM, Morris GL, Mueller WM, Estowski LD, Wong EC et al.: Functional magnetic resonance imaging of complex human movements. Neurology 1993, 43:2311-2318.
60. Boecker H, Kleinschmidt A, Requardt M, Hänicke W, Merboldt KD, F rah m J: Functional cooperativity of human cortical motor areas during self-paced simple finger movements. A high-resolution MRI study. Brain 1994, 117:1231-1239.
61. Deiber M-P, Ibanez V, Sadato N, Hallett M: Cerebral structures participating in motor preparation in humans: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurophysiol 1996, 75:233-247.
62. Kawashima R, Satoh K, Itoh H, Ono S, Furumoto S, Gotoh R, Koyama M, Yoshioka S, Takahashi T, Takahashi K et al.: Functional anatomy of go/no-go discrimination and response selection - a PET study in man. Brain Res 1996, 728:79-89.
63. Kawashima R, Roland PE, O'Sullivan T: Fields in human motor area involved in preparation for reaching, actual reaching, and visuomotor learning: a positron emission tomography study. J Wet/rose/1994, 14:3462-3474.
64. Matsumura M, Kawashima R, Naito E, Satoh K, Takahashi T, Yanagisawa T, Fukuda H: Changes in rCBF during grasping in humans examined by PET. Neuroreport 1996, 7:749-752.
65. Grafton ST, Fagg AH, Woods RP, Arbib MA: Functional anatomy of pointing and grasping in humans. Cereb Cortex 1996, 6:226-237.
66. 15O PET study. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:413-427.
67. Decety J, Perani D, Jeannerod M, Bettinardi V, Tadary B, Woods R, Mazziotta JC, Fazio F: Mapping motor representations with positron emission tomography. Nature 1994, 371:600-602.
68. Leonardo M, Fieldman J, Sadato N, Campbell G, Ibanez V, Cohen L, Deiber M-P, Jezzard P, Pons T, Turner R et al.: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical regions associated with motor task execution and motor ideation in humans. Human Brain Mapping 1995, 3:83-92.
69. Stephan KM, Fink GR, Passingham RE, Silbersweig D, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ: Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy subjects. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:373-386. An important study of motor imagery. Imagining moving a joystick was associated with activation of a number of parietal and frontal regions, including areas 6, 44 and 45. When imagined movements were compared to executed movements, area 44 in the left hemisphere was one of only three regions that were significantly more active.
70. Kurata K, Huffman DS: Differential effects of muscimol microinjection into dorsal and ventral aspects of the premotor cortex of monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1994, 71:1151-1164.
71. Sawaguchi T, Yamane I, Kubota K: Application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline to the premotor cortex reduces the ability to withhold reaching movements by well-trained monkeys in visually guided reaching task. J Neurophysiol 1996, 75:2150-2156.
72. Sakata H, Taira M: Parietal control of hand action. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994, 4:847-856.
73. Jackson SR, Husain M, Kennard C: Visuomotor integration and the premotor cortex. J A/euro/ Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997, in press. Examines reaching kinematics in two patients with left hemisphere lesions confined to the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area). The results indicate a role for this region in the on-line control of visually guided reaching movements. Furthermore, these control mechanisms appear to be critically dependent upon binocular visual information (see text and Figure 3 for further details).
74. Husain M, Kennard C: Visual neglect associated with frontal lobe infarction. J Neurol 1996, 243:652-657.
75. Husain M, Shapiro K, Martin J, Kennard C: Temporal dynamics of visual attention reveal a non-spatial abnormality in spatial neglect Nature 1997, in press. This investigation demonstrates a disorder of visual attention at fixation in patients with unilateral spatial neglect. The attentional deficit was not significantly different between patients with right pre-motor and those with posterior parietal lesions.
76. Fox PT: Broca's area: motor encoding in somatic space. Behav Brain Sei 1995, 18:344-345.
77. Sheliga BM, Riggio L. Rizzolatti G: Orienting of attention and eye movements. Exp Brain Res 1994, 98:507-522.