Adaptive explanation for the origins of the Anthropoidea (primates)

American Journal of Primatology

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 205-230

  Ross, Callum ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ANTHROPOIDEA; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; OMOMYIDAE; PRIMATES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0030462330     PISSN: 02752565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)40:3<205::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-1     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Aldrich-Blake, F.P.G. Long-tailed macaques. Pp. 147-166 in MALAYAN FOREST PRIMATES: TEN YEAR'S STUDY IN THE TROPICAL FOREST. D.J. Chivers, ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.
2. Allman, J.A. Evolution of the visual system in early primates. PROGRESS IN PSYCHOBIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 7:1-53, 1977.
3. Beard, K. C.; Krishtalka, L.; Stucky, R. K. First skulls of the Early Eocene primate Shoshonius cooperi and the anthropoid-tarsier dichotomy. NATURE 349:64-67, 1991.
4. Beard, K.C.; MacPhee, R.D.E. Cranial anatomy of Shoshonius and the antiquity of Anthropoidea. Pp. 55-97 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, eds. New York: Academic Press, 1994.
5. Beard, K. C.; Dawson, M.R.; Wang, B.; Li, C. A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. NATURE 349:64-67, 1994.
6. Beard, K. C.; Wang, J.; Dawson, M.R.; Huang, X.; Tong, Y. Earliest complete dentition of an anthropoid primate from the late middle Eocene of Shanxi Province, China. SCIENCE 272:82-85, 1996.
7. Beecher, R. M. Functional significance of the mandibular symphysis. JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 159:117-130, 1979.
8. Brandon, R.N. Biological theology: Questions and explanations. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 12:91-105, 1981.
9. Brandon, R. N. ADAPTATION AND ENVIRONMENT. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
10. Cachel, S. A paleoecological model for the origin of higher primates. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 8:351-359, 1979a.
11. Cachel, S.M. A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post-orbital septum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 50:1-18, 1979b.
12. Cartmill, M. The orbits of arboreal mammals: A reassessment of the arboreal theory of primate evolution. PH.D. THESIS, University of Chicago, 1970.
13. Cartmill, M. Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the order primates. Pp. 97-122 in THE FUNCTIONAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF PRIMATES. R. Tuttle, ed. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton, 1972.
14. Cartmill, M. Morphology, function, and evolution of the anthropoid postorbital septum. Pp. 243-274 in EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF NEW WORLD MONKEYS AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT. R.L. Ciochon and A.B. Chiarelli, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.
15. Cartmill, M. New views on primate origins. EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 3:105-111, 1992.
16. Cartmill, M.; Kay, R.F. Craniodental morphology, tarsier affinities, and primate suborders. Pp. 205-214 in RECENT ADVANCES IN PRIMATOLOGY, VOLUME 3. D.J. Chivers and K.A. Joysey eds. London: Academic Press, 1978.
17. Charles-Dominique, P. Nocturnality and diurnality. An ecological interpretation of these two modes of life by an analysis of the higher vertebrate fauna in tropical forest ecosystems. Pp. 69-88 in PHYLOGENY OF THE PRIMATES: A MULTEDISCIPLENARY APPROACH. W.P. Luckett and F.S. Szalay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1975.
18. Clark, W.E. Le Gros. EARLY FORERUNNERS OF MAN: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF THE PRIMATES. Baltimore: William Wood and Co., 1934.
19. Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Harvey, P.H. Primates, brains and ecology. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, LONDON. 190:309-323, 1980.
20. Cords, M. Forest guenons and patas monkeys: male-male competition in one-male groups. Pp. 98-111 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES. B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
21. Cuvier, G. LE REGNE ANIMAL DISTRIBUE D'APRES SON ORGANISATION: POUR SERVIR DE BASE A L'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DES ANIMAUX ET D'INTRODUCTION A L'ANATOMIE COMPAREE. Paris: Deterville, 1817.
22. Dagosto, M.; Gebo, D.L.; Beard, K.C.; Qi, T. New primate postcranial remains from the middle Eocene Shanghuang fissures, southeastern China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, SUPPLEMENT 22:92-93, 1995.
23. Dunbar, R.I.M. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 20:469-493, 1992.
24. Dunbar, R.I.M. Neocortex size and group size in primates: A test of the hypotheses. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 28:287-296, 1995.
25. Eisenberg, J.F. Phylogeny, behavior and ecology in the Mammalia. Pp. 47-68 in PHYLOGENY OF THE PRIMATES: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH. W.P. Luckett and F.S. Szalay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1975.
26. Eisenberg, J.F. THE MAMMALIAN RADIATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN EVOLUTION, ADAPTATION AND BEHAVIOR. London: Athlone Press, 1981.
27. Elliot Smith, G. THE EVOLUTION OF MAN. London: Humphrey Milford, 1924.
28. Fleagle, J.G. PRIMATE ADAPTATION AND EVOLUTION. New York: Academic Press, 1988.
29. Fleagle, J.G.; Kay, R.F. eds. ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
30. Fleagle, J.G.; Rosenberger, A.L. Cranial morphology of the earliest anthropoids. Pp. 141-153 in MORPHOLOGIE EVOLUTIVE, MORPHOGENESE DU CRANE ET ORIGINE DE L'HOMME. M. Sakka, wd. Centre National de la Récherche Scientifique, 1983.
31. Ford, S.M.; Davis, L.C. Systematics and body size: Implications for feeding adaptations in New World Monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 88:415-468, 1992.
32. Franzen, J. L. The Messel primates and anthropoid origins. Pp. 99-122 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
33. Garber, P.A. Vertical clinging, small body size, and the evolution of feeding adaptations in the Callitrichinae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 88:469-482, 1992.
34. Garber, P.A. Feeding ecology and behaviour of the genus Saguinus. Pp. 273-295 in MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS. A.B. Rylands, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
35. Gebo, D.L.; Simons, E.L.; Rasmussen, D.T.; Dagosto, M. Eocene anthropoid postcrania from the Fayum, Egypt. Pp. 203-234 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS, J. Fleagle and R. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
36. Gebo, D.L.; Dagosto, M.; Beard, K.C.; Qi, T. New primate tarsal remains from the middle Eocene Shanghuang fissures, southeastern China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, SUPPLEMENT 22:111, 1996.
37. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. Tableau des Quadrumanes, Ou des animaux composant le premier Order de la Classe des Mammifères. ANNALES DU MUSÉUM D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE 19:85-122; 156-170, 1812.
38. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, G. Mémoire sur une nouvelle division des mammifères, et sur les principles qui doivent servir de base dans cette sorte de travail. MAGASIN ENCYCLOPÉDIQUE 2:164-190, 1795.
39. Gheerbrant, E.; Thomas, H.; Sen, S.; Al-Sulaimani, Z. Nouveau primate Oligopithecinae (Simiiformes) de l'Oligocène inférieur de Taqah, Sultanat d'Oman. COMPTES RENDUS ACADEMIE SCIENCE PARIS (SERIES IIa) 321:425-432, 1995.
40. Godinot, M. Early North African primates and their significance for the origin of simiiformes ( = Anthropoidea). Pp. 235-296 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
41. Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. Earliest known simian primate found in Algeria, NATURE 357:324-326, 1992.
42. Godinot, M.; Mahboubi, M. Les petits primates simiiformes de Glib Zegdou (Eocène, Algérie). COMPTES RENDUS ACADEMIE SCIENCE PARIS (SERIES III) 319:357-364, 1994.
43. Gould, S.J.; Vrba, E. Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. PALEOBIOLOGY 8:4-15, 1982.
44. Greaves, W.S. The mammalian postorbital bar as a torsion-resisting helical strut. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, LONDON 207:125-135, 1985.
45. Greaves, W.S. Functional predictions from theoretical models of the skull and jaws in reptiles and mammals Pp. 99-115, in FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY IN VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY. J.J. Thomason, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
46. Hughes, A. The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style: comparative optics and retinalorganization. Pp. 613-756 in THE VISUAL SYSTEM IN VERTEBRATES. F. Crescitelli, ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1977.
47. Hylander, W.L.; Johnson, K.R. Temporalis and masseter muscle function during incision in macaques and humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 6:289-322, 1985.
48. Hylander, W.L.; Picq, P.G.; Johnson, K.R. Masticatory-stress hypotheses and the supraorbital region of primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 86:1-36, 1991.
49. Jacobs, G.H. Variations in primate color vision: Mechanisms and utility. EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 3:196-205, 1994/5.
50. Janson, C.H. Adaptation of fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a neotropical forest. SCIENCE 219:187-189, 1983.
51. Janson, C.H.; Boinski, S. Morphological and behavioral adaptations for foraging in generalist primates: The case of the cebines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 88:483-499, 1992.
52. Jerison, H.J. EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN AND INTELLIGENCE. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
53. Kay, R.F.; Cartmill, M. Cranial morphology and adaptations of Palaechthon nacimienti and other paromomyidae (Plesiadapoidea, ? Primates), with a description of a new genus and species. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 6:19-53, 1977.
54. Kay, R.F.; Covert, H.H. Anatomy and behaviour of extinct primates. Pp. 467-508 in FOOD ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING IN PRIMATES. D. Chivers, B.A. Wood, A. Bilsbourgh, eds. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1984.
55. Kay, R.F.; Simons, E.L. The ecology of Oligocene African anthropoidea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 1:21-37, 1980.
56. Kay, R.F.; Williams, B.A. Dental evidence for anthropoid origins. Pp. 361-446 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. J. Fleagle and R. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
57. Kay, R.F.; Ross, C.F.; Williams, B.A. Rethinking anthropoid origins. SCIENCE, (submitted).
58. Kingsolver, J.G.; Koehl, M.A.R. Aerodynamics, thermoregulation, and the evolution of insect wings: Differential scaling and evolutionary change. EVOLUTION 39:488-504, 1985.
59. Koornneef, L. Orbital connective tissue. Pp. 1-23 in DUANE'S FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY. BIOMEDICAL FOUNDATIONS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY. Vol. 1. W. Tasma, ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1992.
60. Lee, A.K.; Cockburn, A. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF MARSUPIALS. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
61. Leighton, D.R. Gibbons: territoriality and monogamy. Pp. 135-145 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES, B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
62. Lewontin, R.C. Adaptation. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 239:156-169, 1978.
63. Linnaeus, C. SYSTEMA NATURAE PER REGNA TRIA NATURAE, SECUNDUM CLASSES, ORDINES, GENERA, SPECIES, CUM CHARACTERIBUS, DIFFERENTES, SYNONYMIS, LOCIS. 12th ed. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii, 1766.
64. Lockett, N.A. Adaptations to the deep-sea environment. Pp. 77-192 in THE VISUAL SYSTEM IN VERTEBRATES. F. Crescitelli, ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1977.
65. Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H. Energetic constraints on home range size. AMERICAN NATURALIST 121:120-32, 1983.
66. MacPhee, R.D.E.; Cartmill, M. Basicranial structures and primate systematics. Pp. 219-275 in COMPARATIVE PRIMATE BIOLOGY, VOLUME 1: SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND ANATOMY. D. R. Swindler and J. Erwin, eds. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986.
67. Martin, G.R. Eye. Pp. 311-373 in FORM AND FUNCTION IN BIRDS, VOLUME 3. King, A.S.; McLelland, J., eds. New York: Academic Press, 1985.
68. Martin, R.D. PRIMATE ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
69. Milton, K. Foraging behavior and the evolution of primate intelligence. Pp. 285-305 in MACHIAVELLIAN INTELLIGENCE. R. Byrne and A. Whiten, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
70. Mivart, St. G. J. Notes on the crania and dentition of the Lemuridae. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 1864:611-648, 1864.
71. Nishida, T.; Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. Chimpanzees and bonobos: Cooperative relationships among males. Pp. 165-177 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES. B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
72. Nitecki, M.H. (ed.) EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATIONS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
73. Nowak, R.M. WALKER'S MAMMALS OF THE WORLD. FIFTH EDITION, VOLUME 1. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
74. Ohzu, H.; Enoch, J.M.; O'Hair, J.C. Optical modulation by the isolated retina and retinal receptors. VISION RESEARCH 12:231-244, 1972.
75. Pettigrew, J.D. Comparison of the retinotopic organization of the visual Wülst in nocturnal and diurnal raptors, with a note on the evolution of frontal vision. Pp. 328-335 in FRONTIERS OF VISUAL SCIENCE. S.J. Cool and E.L. Smith, eds. New York: Springer Verlag, 1978.
76. Polyak, S.L. THE VERTEBRATE VISUAL SYSTEM. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1957.
77. Pumphrey, R.J. The theory of the fovea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 25:299-312, 1948.
78. Radinsky, L.B. A new approach to mammalian cranial analysis, illustrated by examples of prosimian primates. JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 124:167-179, 1968.
79. Radinsky, L.B. Early primate brains: Facts and fiction. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 6:79-86, 1977.
80. Rasmussen, D.T. The different meanings of a tarsioid-anthropoid clade and a new model of anthropoid origins. Pp. 335-360 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS, Fleagle and R. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
81. Rasmussen, D.T.; Simons, E.L. New specimens of Oligopithecus savagei, Early Oligocene primate from the Fayum, Egypt. FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 51:182-208, 1988.
82. Rasmussen, D.T.; Simons, E.L. Paleobiology of the Oligopithecines, the earliest known anthropoid primates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 13:477-508, 1992.
83. Ravosa, M.J. Interspecific perspective on mechanical and nonmechanical models of primate circumorbital morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 86:369-396, 1991.
84. Ravosa, M.J.; Hylander, W.L. Function and fusion of the mandibular symphysis in primates. Stiffness or strength? Pp. 447-468 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS, J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
85. Ritland, S. The allometry of the vertebrate eye. PH.D. THESIS, University of Chicago, Chicago, 1982.
86. Robinson, J.G.; Janson, C.H. Capuchins, squirrel monkeys, and atelines: Socioecological convergence with Old World primates. Pp. 69-82 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES, B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
87. Robinson, S.K.; Terborgh, J. Bird communities of the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Amazonian Peru. Pp. 199-216 in FOUR NEOTROPICAL RAINFORESTS. A. H. Gentry, ed. New Haven; Yale University Press, 1990.
88. Robinson, J.G.; Wright, P.C.; Kinzey, W.G. Monogamous cebids and their relatives: Intergroup calls and spacing. Pp. 44-53 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES, B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
89. Rodman, P.; Mitani, J.C. Orangutans: Sexual dimorphism in a solitary species. Pp. 146-154 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES. B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
90. Rohen, V.J.W.; Castenholz, A. Über die Zentralisation der Retina bei Primaten. FOLIA PRIMATOLOGICA 5:92-147, 1967.
91. Rosenberger, A.L. Platyrrhines, catarrhines and the anthropoid transition. Pp. 66-88 in MAJOR TOPICS IN PRIMATE AND HUMAN EVOLUTION. B.A. Wood, L. Martin, P. Andrews, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
92. Rosenberger, A.L.; Kinzey, W.G. Functional patterns of molar occlusion in platyrrhine primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 45:281-98, 1976.
93. Ross, C.F. Muscle attachment and the function of the haplorhine postorbital septum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Suppl. 12): 154, 1991.
94. Ross, C.F. Function of the haplorhine postorbital septum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Suppl. 14): 142, 1992.
95. Ross, C.F. The functions of the postorbital septum and anthropoid origins. PH.D. THESIS, Duke University, 1993.
96. Ross, C.F. The craniofacial evidence for anthropoid and tarsier relationships. Pp. 469-548 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
97. Ross, C.F. Allometric and functional influences on primate orbit orientation and the origins of the Anthropoidea. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 29:201-227, 1995a.
98. Ross, C.F. The muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 98:275-306, 1995b.
99. Ross, C.F.; Henneberg, M. Basicranial flexion, relative brain size and facial kyphosis in Homo sapiens and some fossil hominids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 98:575-593, 1995.
100. Ross, C.F.; Hylander, W.L. In vivo and in vitro bone strain analysis of the circumorbital region of Aotus and the function of the postorbital septum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (in press, 1996).
101. Ross, C.F.; Ravosa, M.J. Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in nonhuman primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 91:305-324, 1993.
102. Rylands, A.B.; De Faria, D.S. Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix. Pp. 262-272 in MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS. A.B. Rylands, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
103. Sawaguchi, T.; Kudo, H. Neocortical development and social structure in primates. PRIMATES 31:283-290, 1990.
104. Schultz, A.H. The size of the orbit and of the eye in primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 26:389-407, 1940.
105. Simons, E.L. PRIMATE EVOLUTION. AN INTRODUCTION TO MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE. New York: MacMillan, 1972.
106. Simons, E.L. Description of two genera and species of Late Eocene Anthropoidea from Egypt. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE U.S.A. 86:9956-9960, 1989.
107. Simons, E.L. Discovery of the oldest known anthropoidean skull from the paleogene of Egypt. SCIENCE 247:1567-1569, 1990.
108. Simons, E.L. Diversity of the early Tertiary anthropoidean radiation in Africa. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE U.S.A. 89:10743-10747, 1992.
109. Simons, E.L. New endocasts of Aegyptopithecus: Oldest well-preserved record of the brain in Anthropoidea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 293A:383-390, 1993.
110. Simons, E.L. Skulls and anterior teeth of Catopithecus (Primates: Anthropoidea) from the Eocene and anthropoid origins. SCIENCE 268:1885-1888, 1995.
111. Simons, E.L.; Kay, R.F. Qatrania, new basal anthropoid primate from the Fayum, Oligocene of Egypt. NATURE 304:624-626, 1983.
112. Simons, E.L.; Rasmussen, D.T. Cranial anatomy of Aegyptopithecus and Tarsius and the question of the tarsier-Anthropoidean clade. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 79:1-23, 1989.
113. Simons, E.L.; Rasmussen, D.T. A whole new world of ancestors: Eocene anthropoideans from Africa. EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 3:128-139, 1994.
114. Simons, E.L.; Rasmussen, D.T.; Bown, T.M.; Chatrath, P.S. The Eocene origin of anthropoid primates: Adaptation, evolution, and diversity. Pp 179-202 in ANTHROPOID ORIGINS. J.G. Fleagle and R.F. Kay, eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.
115. Simpson, G.G. PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL TAXONOMY. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
116. Sober, E. THE NATURE OF SELECTION. Cambridge: The MIT Press/A Bradford Book, 1984.
117. Spatz, W.B. Die Bedeutung der Augen fur die sagittale Gestaltung des Schädels von Tarsius (Prosimiae, Tarsiiformes) Folia Primatologica 9:22-40.
118. Stewart, K.J.; Harcourt, A.H. Gorillas: Variation in female relationships. Pp. 155-164 in PRIMATE SOCIETIES, B. Smuts, D.L. Cheyne, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, T.T. Struhsaker, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
119. Storer, R.W. Adaptive radiation in birds. Pp. 149-188 in AVIAN BIOLOGY, VOLUME 1. D.S. Farner, J.K. King and K.C. Parkes, eds. New York, Academic Press, 1971.
120. Struhsaker, T. Food habits of five monkey species in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Pp. 225-248 in RECENT ADVANCES IN PRIMATOLOGY, VOLUME 1. D.J. Chivers and J. Herbert, eds. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
121. Sussman, R.W. Primate origins and the evolution of angiosperms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 23:209-223, 1991
122. Szalay, F.S.; Delson, E. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PRIMATES. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
123. Terborgh, J. FIVE NEW WORLD PRIMATES. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
124. Terborgh, J. Habitat selection in Amazonian birds. Pp. 311-338 in HABITAT SELECTION IN BIRDS. M.L. Cody, ed. New York: Academic Press, 1985.
125. Van Schaik, C.P. Why are diurnal primates living in groups? BEHAVIOUR 87:120-144, 1983.
126. Vilter, V. Differentiation fovéale dans 1'appareil visuel d'un poisson abyssal, Bathylagus benedicti, COMPTES RENDUS SOC. BIOL. (PARIS) 148:59-63, 1954.
127. Walls, G.L. Significance of the foveal depression. ALBRECHT V. GRAEFES ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 18:912-919, 1937.
128. Walls, G.L. THE VERTEBRATE EYE AND ITS ADAPTIVE RADIATION. New York: Hafner, 1942.
129. Waser, P. Feeding, ranging and group size in the mangabey, Cercocebus albigena. Pp. 183-222 in PRIMATE ECOLOGY. T.H. Glutton-Brock, ed. London: Academic Press, 1977.
130. Williams, G.C. ADAPTATION AND NATURAL SELECTION. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
131. Wood Jones, F. ARBOREAL MAN. London: Arnold, 1917.
132. Wright, P. The nocturnal primate niche in the New World. JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 18:635-658, 1989.