Africa in the 1990s and beyond: Alternative prescriptions and projections

Futures

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 15-35

  Ihonvbere, Julius O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT; DEVELOPING REGION; DIVISION OF LABOUR; ECONOMIC CRISIS; HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE; NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE; POLITICAL RELATIONS; REGIONAL POLITICS; SOCIAL RELATIONS;

AFRICA;

EID: 0030459587     PISSN: 00163287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0016-3287(95)00077-1     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Layashi Yaker, Secretary General, Economic Commission for Africa, Keynote Address at the International Conference on 'Africa in the 1990s: Challenges and Opportunities'. The American Graduate School of International Management, Glendale, AZ, 18-20 February 1993.
2. Edward V K Jaycox, The Challenges of African Development (Washington, DC, the World Bank, 1992), pages 11 and 14.
3. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 'Overcoming the crisis of development cooperation', Address to the Conference on 'Global Development Cooperation', The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, 4 December 1992.
4. See I William Zartman (editor), Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1995).
5. See the contributions to William Minter (editor), US Foreign Policy: An Africa Agenda (Washington, DC, Africa Policy Information Center, 1994).
6. See Julius O Ihonvbere, 'Why African economies will not recover', Iranian Journal of International Affairs, Spring-Summer, 1994.
7. See Claude Ake, Political Economy of Africa (London, Longman, 1985).
8. V S Naipaul, New York Times Book Review, 15 May 1979.
9. See Marguerite Michaels, 'Retreat from Africa', Foreign Affairs, 72(1), 1993.
10. See George B Ayittey, Africa Betrayed (New York, St Martin's Press, 1992); and Julius O Ihonvbere, 'Surviving at the margins: Africa and the new global order', Current World Leaders, 35(6), December 1992.
11. See George B Ayittey, Africa Betrayed (New York, St Martin's Press, 1992); and Julius O Ihonvbere, 'Surviving at the margins: Africa and the new global order', Current World Leaders, 35(6), December 1992.
12. Economic Commission for Africa, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation: A Popular Version (Addis Ababa, ECA Secretariat, 1991), page 2.
13. A typical case is the outbreak of the ebola virus in Zaire in May 1995. Not one of the 53 or so African countries could come to the rescue of Zaire.
14. 'African countries lead misery index', Africa News, 25 May-7 June 1992, page 3.
15. Layashi Yaker, Keynote Address, op cit, reference 1.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid. See also his 'Preliminary assessment of the performance of the African economy in 1994 and prospects for 1995: end of year statement', Addis Ababa: ECA Secretariat, 15 December 1994. In this latest report the ECA noted that 'income per head is still declining and . . . the region is continuing to lose ground both in absolute and relative terms. Over the period 1990-94, GDP has in fact declined at a rate of nearly 1.5% per annum. Over this period, the proportion of the population living under conditions of poverty has increased at an even faster rate'.
18. Lance Morrow, 'Africa: the scramble for existence', Time, 7 September 1992, page 41.
19. For the case of Zambia, see Fantu Cheru, The Silent Revolution in Africa: Debt, Development and Democracy (London and Harare, Zed and Anvil, 1989).
20. David Wiley, 'A greater voice for Africa in the United States: an analysis and proposed agenda for Africanist scholars', ACAS Bulletin, 38-39, Winter 1993, page 9.
21. Salim A Salim, 'Africa in transition', in W Minter (editor), op cit, reference 5, page 3.
22. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 'Some reflections on Africa and the global economy', in ibid, page 9.
23. Representative Harry Johnston, 'Luncheon remarks', in ibid, pages 18 and 19.
24. See Robert Kaplan, 'The coming anarchy', Atlantic Monthly, February 1994; Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993); and Olufemi Vaughn, 'The politics of global marginalization', Journal of African and Asian Studies, XXIX(3-4), 1994. For a critique of Kaplan's work, see Carol Lancaster, 'The coming anarchy', CSIS Africa Notes, 163, August 1994.
25. See Robert Kaplan, 'The coming anarchy', Atlantic Monthly, February 1994; Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993); and Olufemi Vaughn, 'The politics of global marginalization', Journal of African and Asian Studies, XXIX(3-4), 1994. For a critique of Kaplan's work, see Carol Lancaster, 'The coming anarchy', CSIS Africa Notes, 163, August 1994.
26. See Robert Kaplan, 'The coming anarchy', Atlantic Monthly, February 1994; Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993); and Olufemi Vaughn, 'The politics of global marginalization', Journal of African and Asian Studies, XXIX(3-4), 1994. For a critique of Kaplan's work, see Carol Lancaster, 'The coming anarchy', CSIS Africa Notes, 163, August 1994.
27. See Robert Kaplan, 'The coming anarchy', Atlantic Monthly, February 1994; Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993); and Olufemi Vaughn, 'The politics of global marginalization', Journal of African and Asian Studies, XXIX(3-4), 1994. For a critique of Kaplan's work, see Carol Lancaster, 'The coming anarchy', CSIS Africa Notes, 163, August 1994.
28. Michaels, op cit, reference 9, page 95; and Morrow, op cit, reference 17. See also Carol Lancaster, United States and Africa: Into the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC, Overseas Development Council, Policy Essay No 7, 1993).
29. Michaels, op cit, reference 9, page 95; and Morrow, op cit, reference 17. See also Carol Lancaster, United States and Africa: Into the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC, Overseas Development Council, Policy Essay No 7, 1993).
30. Michaels, op cit, reference 9, page 95; and Morrow, op cit, reference 17. See also Carol Lancaster, United States and Africa: Into the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC, Overseas Development Council, Policy Essay No 7, 1993).
31. World Bank, World Development Report 1983 (Washington, DC, World Bank, 1983), page 24.
32. See Organization of African Unity, Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa 1980-2000 (Geneva, Institute of Labour Studies, 1981).
33. Ibid, page x
34. Ibid, page 126.
35. Organization of African Unity, Africa's Priority Programme for Economic Recovery 1986-1990 (Addis Ababa, OAU Secretariat, July 1985). See also Economic Commission for Africa, ECA and the Development of Africa 1983-2008: Preliminary Prospective Study (Addis Ababa, ECA, April 1983).
36. Organization of African Unity, Africa's Priority Programme for Economic Recovery 1986-1990 (Addis Ababa, OAU Secretariat, July 1985). See also Economic Commission for Africa, ECA and the Development of Africa 1983-2008: Preliminary Prospective Study (Addis Ababa, ECA, April 1983).
37. See Organization of African Unity, African Priority Program for Economic Recovery, 1986-1990 (Addis Ababa, OAU Secretariat, 1986).
38. Economic Commission for Africa, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation (Addis Ababa, ECA Secretariat, 1986). The ECA also prepared a 41-page 'Popular version' of the document to increase its circulation and make it accessible to more Africans. 20000 copies were made on the first printing in April 1991. Unlike the OAU's LPA, it is more widely known, printed in Addis Ababa and circulated within Africa. The LPA is printed in Geneva by the International Institute for Labour Studies and is very poorly circulated within the continent.
39. Ibid (AAF-SAP: A Popular Version), page v.
40. Economic Commission for Africa, African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation (Addis Ababa, E/ECA/CM 16/11, ECA Secretariat, 1990).
41. 'The Kampala Document: towards a conference on security, stability, development and cooperation in Africa', reproduced in William Minter (editor), Africa's Problems . . . African Initiatives (Washington, DC, Africa Policy Information Center, 1992), page 35. For a critical evaluation of the document, see Julius O Ihonvbere, 'The Kampala Declaration and the African crisis: political posturing or collective nationalism?', 21st Century Afro Review, 1(1), Fall 1994.
42. 'The Kampala Document: towards a conference on security, stability, development and cooperation in Africa', reproduced in William Minter (editor), Africa's Problems . . . African Initiatives (Washington, DC, Africa Policy Information Center, 1992), page 35. For a critical evaluation of the document, see Julius O Ihonvbere, 'The Kampala Declaration and the African crisis: political posturing or collective nationalism?', 21st Century Afro Review, 1(1), Fall 1994.
43. The use of the 'calabash' was designed to express its African origins and focus.
44. See General Assembly Document No A/43/500, 10 August 1988.
45. 'UNPAAERD speeches debate issues of debt, governance, and aid flows', Africa Recovery, 5(4), December 1991, page 24.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid, page 25.
48. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 'Solutions do exist!', Toast pronounced by the Secretary General at the luncheon given in honour of the panel of high-level personalities on African Development, Geneva, 28 December 1992.
49. Salim Lone, 'New Africa agenda adopted at the UN', Africa Recovery, 5(4), December 1991, page 1.
50. 'First Report on the New Agenda for Africa: UN Secretary-General calls for more support for African reforms', Africa Recovery, December 1993, page 4.
51. Lone, op cit, reference 41, pages 18-19.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid, page 5.
54. World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action (Washington, DC, World Bank, 1981).
55. Economic Commission for Africa, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation: a Popular Version (Addis Ababa, ECA, April 1991), page 7.
56. See, for instance, Commonwealth Heads of Government, The Kuala Lumpur Communiqué October 1989 (Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989).
57. Bade Onimode, 'African alternatives to World Bank and IMF programmes', Paper presented at the IFAA Conference on 'Alternative Development Strategies for Africa', Dar es Salaam, 12-14 December 1989.
58. Adebayo Adedeji, Keynote Address at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, Baltimore, MD, November 1990, page 9.
59. ECA, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation (AAF-SA) (Addis Ababa, ECA, 1989), page 49.
60. ECA, African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation (Addis Ababa, ECA, 1990), page 17. All quotes in this section are from this document unless otherwise indicated.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid, page 19.
63. See Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, Reflections on Africa and its Future (Lagos, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lecture Series No 41, 1987).
64. See Julius O Ihonvbere, 'Foreign capital and economic integration in the Third World: the case of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)', Africa Quarterly, XXII(3-4), 1985, pages 5-17.
65. Nyerere, op cit, reference 55, page 7.
66. Claude Ake, 'The case for democracy', in African Governance in the 1990s (Atlanta, GA, The Carter Center of Emory University, 1990), page 2.
67. Adedeji, op cit, reference 50, page 10.
68. See Deborah A Green, 'US foreign policy toward Africa and the new Republican majority', PAS News and Events (Program of African Studies, Northwestern University), 5(3), Spring 1995; Howard W French, 'African democracies worry aid will dry up', New York Times, 19 March 1995; and 'Clinton sets Africa agenda', West Africa, 6-12 February 1995.
69. See Deborah A Green, 'US foreign policy toward Africa and the new Republican majority', PAS News and Events (Program of African Studies, Northwestern University), 5(3), Spring 1995; Howard W French, 'African democracies worry aid will dry up', New York Times, 19 March 1995; and 'Clinton sets Africa agenda', West Africa, 6-12 February 1995.
70. See Deborah A Green, 'US foreign policy toward Africa and the new Republican majority', PAS News and Events (Program of African Studies, Northwestern University), 5(3), Spring 1995; Howard W French, 'African democracies worry aid will dry up', New York Times, 19 March 1995; and 'Clinton sets Africa agenda', West Africa, 6-12 February 1995.
71. Sirleaf, op cit, reference 21, page 9.
72. Ibid.
73. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 'New concepts for development action in Africa' (New York, Africa Recovery Unit of the UN Department of Public Information, March 1993), page 3.
74. For a detailed critique of the African Charter, see Julius O Ihonvbere, 'The African crisis, the popular charter and prospects for recovery in the 1990s', Zeitschrift fur Afrikastudien (ZAST), 11-12, 1991.
75. The Global Coalition for Africa, Africa's Social and Economic Trends: The 1992 Annual Report (Washington, DC, The Global Coalition for Africa, 1992), page iii.
76. Ibid, page 2.
77. Wiley, op cit, reference 19, page 9.
78. World Bank, Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth - A Long-Term Perspective Study (Washington, DC, World Bank, 1989), page 15.
79. Barber B Conable, 'Forward' to ibid, page xii.
80. For a detailed discussion of the content of the western democratic agenda, see Larry Diamond, An American Foreign Policy for Democracy (Washington, DC, Progressive Policy Institute, Policy Report No 11, July 1991). Diamond makes it clear that the USA should be interested in democracy in other lands because it will open up new markets and sources of raw materials as well as the dispersal of American values. In addition, a 'more democratic world will be a safer, saner, more prosperous, receptive, and more friendly world for Americans', page 6.
81. See Julius O Inonvbere, 'Threats to democratization in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Zambia', Asian and African Studies, 19(2), 1995; and his Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratization in Africa (Trenton, NJ, Africa World Press, forthcoming 1996).
82. See Julius O Inonvbere, 'Threats to democratization in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Zambia', Asian and African Studies, 19(2), 1995; and his Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratization in Africa (Trenton, NJ, Africa World Press, forthcoming 1996).
83. Boutros-Ghali, op cit, reference 3, page 11.
84. The Kampala Document, op cit, reference 34, pages 35 and 36-38.
85. World Bank, op cit, reference 68, pages 5-10.
86. Yaker, op cit, reference 1.
87. See Adebayo Adedeji, 'Sustaining democracy', Africa Report, January-February 1992; Salim A Salim, 'Africa emergent', address at the White House Conference on Africa, Washington, DC, 26 June 1994; and Tony Hawkins, 'Africa: not growing, but recovering', Financial Times, 30 September 1994.
88. See Adebayo Adedeji, 'Sustaining democracy', Africa Report, January-February 1992; Salim A Salim, 'Africa emergent', address at the White House Conference on Africa, Washington, DC, 26 June 1994; and Tony Hawkins, 'Africa: not growing, but recovering', Financial Times, 30 September 1994.
89. See Adebayo Adedeji, 'Sustaining democracy', Africa Report, January-February 1992; Salim A Salim, 'Africa emergent', address at the White House Conference on Africa, Washington, DC, 26 June 1994; and Tony Hawkins, 'Africa: not growing, but recovering', Financial Times, 30 September 1994.
90. Djibril Diallo, 'Democracy and development', Africa Recovery, 4(2), July-September 1990, page 35.