The tropical timber triangle

Ambio

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 166-170

  Bach, Christian Friis ^a,b   Gram, Søren ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b NONE   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC EVALUATION; FOREST MANAGEMENT; MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME; TROPICAL MOIST FOREST;

EID: 0030458944     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Burgess, J.C. 1993. Timber production, timber trade and tropical deforestation. Ambio, 22, 136-143.
2. The recommendations in this article consider the broadleaved lowland tropical forests amounting to a total area of 1,305.6 mill. ha or nearly 75% of the total tropical forest resources (3). For the specified area we use the term tropical moist forests. A general, rough assumption is that 25% of the tropical moist forests is set aside as protection forests, while an additional 25% is likely to be allocated for conversion forest purposes, and the remaining 50% being available for production. Furthermore, only 80% of this area will be actually availabfe for harvesting over a cutting cycle, the remainder being required for local reserves, buffer strips etc. (4). The total area where sustainable timber production could then be implemented is appr. 650 mill. ha, of which only appr. 500 mill. ha will be available for harvesting over a cutting cycle. The area to be set aside as protection forests is appr. 300 mill. ha. The total area of tropical moist forests will be appr. 950 mill. ha.
3. Singh, K.D., 1993. The 1990 tropical forest resources assessment. Unasylva 174, 3, 10-19.
4. ITTO. 1992. Report from the Expert Panel on Estimation of Resources Needed by Producer Countries to Attain Sustainability by the Year 2000. International Tropical Timber Council. ITTC (XII)/7 Rev. 1. Yokohama, 30 pp.
5. Dykstra, D.P. and Heinrich, R., 1992. Sustaining tropical forests through environmentally sound harvesting practices. Unasylva 43, 9-15
6. Hendrison, J. 1989. Damage-Controlled Logging in Managed Tropical Rain Forests in Suriname. Wageningen Agricultural University, 204 pp.
7. Marn, H.M. and Jonkers, W. 1981. Logging Damage in Tropical High Forests. Working paper no. 5. The Government of Malaysia/UNDP/FAO, Kuching, 15 pp.
8. Schmidt, R. 1987. Tropical rain forest management. Unasylva 39, 2-17.
9. Leslie, A.J. 1987. A second look at the economics of natural management systems in tropical mixed forests. Unasylva 155, 46-58.
10. Uhl, C., Verissimo, A., Mattos, M.M., Brandino, Z. and Vieira, I.C.G. 1991. Social, economic, and ecological consequenses of selective logging in an Amazon frontier: the case of Tailândia. For. Ecol. Mgmt. 46, 243-273.
11. Verissimo, A., Barreto, P., Mattos, M., Tarifa, R. and Uhl, C., 1992. Logging impacts and prospects for sustainable forest management in an old Amazonian frontier: the case of Paragominas. For. Ecol. Mgmt 55, 169-199.
12. -1
13. Godoy, R. and Lubowski, R. 1992. Guidelines for the economic valuation of non-timber tropical forest products. Current Anthropol. 33, 423-433.
14. Brooks, D.J. 1993. Substitution in Forest Products Consumption: Issues, Trends and Implications for Tropical Timber Trade Policy. In: London Environmental Economics Centre, 1993. The Economic Linkages Bentween the International Trade in Tropical Timber and the Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests. Technical Annexes of the Main Report to the ITTO. (ITTO PCM(XI)/4). Annex C, 16 pp.
15. Adeleke, W. 1992. Comments on draft background paper for ITTO incentive workshop. WWF International. In: Workshop on Incentives to Promote Sustainable Development of Tropical Forests through Trade, Participants Comments. ITTO Workshop PD 82/90 (M), Melbourne, 17-21/2 1992. 1 pp.
16. ITTO. 1992. Workshop on Issues related to Incentives to promote Sustainable Development of Tropical Forests with Emphasis on Trade-Related Incentives. Background Document for ITTO Workshop PD 82/90 (M), Melbourne, 17-21 February 1992, 28 pp.
17. LEEC. 1993. The Economic Linkages between the International Trade in Tropical Timber and the Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests. Main report to the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO Activity PCM(XI)/4). London Environmental Economics Centre/International Institute for Environment and Development. London, 132 pp.
18. Responsible Forestry Program, 1994. Responsible Forestry Standards. The Soil Association Marketing Company Ltd, Bristol, UK. 41 pp.
19. Bach, C., Gram, S., Helles, F., Kanafani, N. and Treue, T. 1995. Incentives for Sustainable Production of Tropical Timber. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. Copenhagen.
20. Own calculations based on (4, 21-23). The calculation is based on a total number of 50 producer countries, a total land area in tropical timber producing countries of 4,778.3 mill. ha (3), a total area of tropical moist forests of 950 mill. ha of which 500 mill. ha is suited for harvesting operations, and an average rotation period of 50 years. Se additional details in Bach, C.F. and Gram, S. 1994. The Tropical Timber Triangle: A Production-Related Agreement on Tropical Timber. Working Paper prepared for the Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment and Territories, Canberra, Australia.
21. FAO. 1985. Tropical Forestry Action Play. Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics. FAO, Rome. Prepared by FAO in collaboration with the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank. 159 pp.
22. Ferguson, I.S. and Muñoz-Reyes Navarro, J. 1992. Resources Needed by Producer Countries to Achieve Sustainable Management by the Year 2000. Working document for ITTO Expert Panel (ITTC(XIII)/7), 23 pp.
23. IIED and Forestry Department of Ghana, 1993. Study of Incentives for the Sustainable Management of the Tropical High Forests of Ghana. Prepared by: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and Forestry Department, Government of Ghana for the ITTO. Second Draft Final Report, July, 1993, 236 pp.
24. Hertel, T.W. (ed.). 1996 The global trade analysis project model. In: Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications. Cambridge University Press. (Forthcoming).
25. It could be argued that a negative output effect in developing countries is desirable. However, these output effects have nothing to do with sustainable management. They are simply due to the additional distortions introduced in the economy. Indeed, the output decreases seen in tropical timber producing countries indicate that resources used in the forest sector are pulled out for use in other sectors. Or to put it more bluntly, the forest is cut down to convert the land to agriculture
26. We wish to thank Professor Finn Helles and Associate Professor Noman Kanafani for reviewing the manuscript. The research was made possible by a grant from the Environmental and International Projects Section, Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment and Territories, Canberra, Australia. Responsibility for opinions and possible mistakes rest with the authors.
27. First submitted 25 October 1994. Accepted for publication after revision 6 December 1995.