Zoöpolis

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 21-47

  Wolch, Jennifer ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS' STATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS; THEORETICAL STUDY; URBAN THEORY;

USA;

EID: 0030457938     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10455759609358677     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Daniel B. Botkin, Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Oxford, 1990), p. 167.
2. Such commodified animals include those providing city dwellers with opportunities for "nature consumption" and a vast array of captive and companion animals sold for profit.
3. For example, only two segments/articles of CNS have been devoted to the animal question ("Symposium: Animal Rights and Wrongs," CNS 3, 2, 1992, on whether animals have rights; and Barbara Noske's article "Animals and the Green Movement in the Netherlands," CNS 5, 1994, on animal movements in Holland) neither of which focused on questions of urbanization. Other contributions to CNS have dealt with endangered animal species but do not engage with the issue of animal subjectivity; rather, species endangerment is seen as the flashpoint for struggle between capital, labor, environmentalists and the state, which is the object of analysis. But see Ted Benton, Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice (London: Verso Books, 1993) and Barbara Noske, Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology (London: Pluto Press, 1989), for insightful treatments of animal rights and social justice, and domestication and its relation to capitalism.
4. For example, only two segments/articles of CNS have been devoted to the animal question ("Symposium: Animal Rights and Wrongs," CNS 3, 2, 1992, on whether animals have rights; and Barbara Noske's article "Animals and the Green Movement in the Netherlands," CNS 5, 1994, on animal movements in Holland) neither of which focused on questions of urbanization. Other contributions to CNS have dealt with endangered animal species but do not engage with the issue of animal subjectivity; rather, species endangerment is seen as the flashpoint for struggle between capital, labor, environmentalists and the state, which is the object of analysis. But see Ted Benton, Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice (London: Verso Books, 1993) and Barbara Noske, Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology (London: Pluto Press, 1989), for insightful treatments of animal rights and social justice, and domestication and its relation to capitalism.
5. For example, only two segments/articles of CNS have been devoted to the animal question ("Symposium: Animal Rights and Wrongs," CNS 3, 2, 1992, on whether animals have rights; and Barbara Noske's article "Animals and the Green Movement in the Netherlands," CNS 5, 1994, on animal movements in Holland) neither of which focused on questions of urbanization. Other contributions to CNS have dealt with endangered animal species but do not engage with the issue of animal subjectivity; rather, species endangerment is seen as the flashpoint for struggle between capital, labor, environmentalists and the state, which is the object of analysis. But see Ted Benton, Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice (London: Verso Books, 1993) and Barbara Noske, Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology (London: Pluto Press, 1989), for insightful treatments of animal rights and social justice, and domestication and its relation to capitalism.
6. For example, only two segments/articles of CNS have been devoted to the animal question ("Symposium: Animal Rights and Wrongs," CNS 3, 2, 1992, on whether animals have rights; and Barbara Noske's article "Animals and the Green Movement in the Netherlands," CNS 5, 1994, on animal movements in Holland) neither of which focused on questions of urbanization. Other contributions to CNS have dealt with endangered animal species but do not engage with the issue of animal subjectivity; rather, species endangerment is seen as the flashpoint for struggle between capital, labor, environmentalists and the state, which is the object of analysis. But see Ted Benton, Natural Relations: Ecology, Animal Rights and Social Justice (London: Verso Books, 1993) and Barbara Noske, Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology (London: Pluto Press, 1989), for insightful treatments of animal rights and social justice, and domestication and its relation to capitalism.
7. Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva, Ecofeminism (London: Zed Books, 1993).
8. For example, Lynda Birke and Ruth Hubbard, eds., Reinventing Biology: Respect for Life and the Creation of Knowledge (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995).
9. Barbara Noske, op. cit.; Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993). See also work by ethologists such as Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
10. Barbara Noske, op. cit.; Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993). See also work by ethologists such as Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
11. Barbara Noske, op. cit.; Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993). See also work by ethologists such as Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
12. Barbara Noske, op. cit.; Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991); Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993). See also work by ethologists such as Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
13. Ibid., p. 158.
14. Ironically, this may involve protection from "unnatural" animals such as cattle, feral or exotic animals.
15. See, for example, Plumwood, op. cit., Chapter 7.
16. David Demeritt, "The Nature of Metaphors in Cultural Geography and Environmental History," Progress in Human Geography, 18, 2, 1994.
17. For the seminal argument concerning animals as "subjects-of-a-life," see Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
18. Thomas Nagel, "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" The Philosophical Review, 83, 1974.
19. This argument follows those of Val Plumwood, op. cit. See also Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and the Problem of Domination (London: Virago, 1988) and Jean Grimshaw, Philosophy and Feminist Thinking (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986).
20. This argument follows those of Val Plumwood, op. cit. See also Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and the Problem of Domination (London: Virago, 1988) and Jean Grimshaw, Philosophy and Feminist Thinking (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986).
21. This argument follows those of Val Plumwood, op. cit. See also Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and the Problem of Domination (London: Virago, 1988) and Jean Grimshaw, Philosophy and Feminist Thinking (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986).
22. Haraway, op. cit., p. 191.
23. This in no way precludes self-defense against animals such as predators, parasites or microorganisms that threaten to harm people.
24. This evidence has been extensively marshalled by Paul Shepard in Thinking Animals: Animals and the Development of Human Intelligence (New York: Viking Press, 1978), Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982), and The Others (Washington, D.C.: Earth Island Press, 1996).
25. This evidence has been extensively marshalled by Paul Shepard in Thinking Animals: Animals and the Development of Human Intelligence (New York: Viking Press, 1978), Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982), and The Others (Washington, D.C.: Earth Island Press, 1996).
26. This evidence has been extensively marshalled by Paul Shepard in Thinking Animals: Animals and the Development of Human Intelligence (New York: Viking Press, 1978), Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982), and The Others (Washington, D.C.: Earth Island Press, 1996).
27. As highlighted in the following section, there are many animals that do, in fact, inhabit urban areas. But most are uninvited, and many are actively expelled or exterminated. Moreover, animals have been largely excluded from our understanding of cities and urbanism.
28. Ann Whiston Sprin, The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design (New York: Basic Books, 1984); and Michael Hough, City Form and Natural Process (New York: Routledge, 1995).
29. Ann Whiston Sprin, The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design (New York: Basic Books, 1984); and Michael Hough, City Form and Natural Process (New York: Routledge, 1995).
30. O-H. Frankel, and Michael E. Soulé, Conservation and Evolution (London: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and M.E. Gilpin and I. Hanski, eds., Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations (New York: Academic Press, 1991).
31. O-H. Frankel, and Michael E. Soulé, Conservation and Evolution (London: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and M.E. Gilpin and I. Hanski, eds., Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations (New York: Academic Press, 1991).
32. Michael E. Soulé, "Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance: Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape," Journal of the American Planning Association, 57, 1991.
33. M-L. Shaffer, "Minimum Population Sizes for Species Conservation," BioScience, 31, 1981.
34. See, for example, Michael Dear and Allen J. Scott, Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society (London: Methuen, 1981).
35. An example is Ian Laurie, ed., Nature in Cities (New York: Wiley, 1979).
36. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991).
37. John R. Logan and Harvey L. Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
38. Elizabeth Wilson, The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Christine M. Boyer, Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983); Chris Philo, "Animals, Geography and the City: Notes on Inclusions and Exclusions," Environment & Planning D: Society and Space (forthcoming).
39. Elizabeth Wilson, The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Christine M. Boyer, Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983); Chris Philo, "Animals, Geography and the City: Notes on Inclusions and Exclusions," Environment & Planning D: Society and Space (forthcoming).
40. Elizabeth Wilson, The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Christine M. Boyer, Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983); Chris Philo, "Animals, Geography and the City: Notes on Inclusions and Exclusions," Environment & Planning D: Society and Space (forthcoming).
41. Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park (New York: Noonday Press, 1992).
42. Alexander Wilson, The Culture of Nature: North American Landscapes from Disneyland to the Exxon Valdez (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Books, 1992).
43. Gary Snyder, The Practice of the Wild (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990).
44. Gary G. Gray, Wildlife and People: The Human Dimensions of Wildlife Ecology (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993); and Daniel J. Decker and Gary R. Goff, eds., Valuing Wildlife: Economic and Social Perspectives (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).
45. Gary G. Gray, Wildlife and People: The Human Dimensions of Wildlife Ecology (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993); and Daniel J. Decker and Gary R. Goff, eds., Valuing Wildlife: Economic and Social Perspectives (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).
46. Ibid.; and Phil Arkow, ed., The Loving Bond: Companion Animals in the Helping Professions (Saratoga, CA: R&E Publishers, 1987).
47. Ibid.; and Phil Arkow, ed., The Loving Bond: Companion Animals in the Helping Professions (Saratoga, CA: R&E Publishers, 1987).
48. See the three-part study by Stephen R. Kellert, Public Attitudes Toward Critical Wildlife and Natural Habitat Issues, Phase I (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1979); Activities of the American Public Relating to Animals, Phase II (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980); and (co-authored with Joyce Berry) Knowledge, Affection and Basic Attitudes Toward Animals in American Society, Phase III (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980).
49. See the three-part study by Stephen R. Kellert, Public Attitudes Toward Critical Wildlife and Natural Habitat Issues, Phase I (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1979); Activities of the American Public Relating to Animals, Phase II (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980); and (co-authored with Joyce Berry) Knowledge, Affection and Basic Attitudes Toward Animals in American Society, Phase III (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980).
50. See the three-part study by Stephen R. Kellert, Public Attitudes Toward Critical Wildlife and Natural Habitat Issues, Phase I (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1979); Activities of the American Public Relating to Animals, Phase II (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980); and (co-authored with Joyce Berry) Knowledge, Affection and Basic Attitudes Toward Animals in American Society, Phase III (U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980).
51. Stephen R. Kellert, "Urban Americans Pegy 8, rceptions of Animals and the Natural Environment," Urban Ecology, 8, 1984.
52. For an exception, see William W. Shaw and Vashti Supplee, "Wildlife Conservation in Rapidly Expanding Metropolitan Areas: Informational, Institutional and Economic Constraints and Solutions," in L.W. Adams and D.L. Leedy, eds., Integrating Man and Nature in the Metropolitan Environment (National Institute of Urban Wildlife, 1987).
53. David A. King, Jody L. White, and William W. Shaw, "Influence of Urban Wildlife Habitats on the Value of Residential Properties," in L.W. Adams and D.L. Leedy, eds., Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments (National Institute for Urban Wildlife, 1991); and William W. Shaw, J. Mangun and R. Lyons, "Residential Enjoyment of Wildlife Resources by Americans," Leisure Sciences, 7, 1985.
54. David A. King, Jody L. White, and William W. Shaw, "Influence of Urban Wildlife Habitats on the Value of Residential Properties," in L.W. Adams and D.L. Leedy, eds., Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments (National Institute for Urban Wildlife, 1991); and William W. Shaw, J. Mangun and R. Lyons, "Residential Enjoyment of Wildlife Resources by Americans," Leisure Sciences, 7, 1985.
55. Donna Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modem Science (New York: Routledge, 1989); Neil Evernden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); and Val Plumwood, op. cit.
56. Donna Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modem Science (New York: Routledge, 1989); Neil Evernden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); and Val Plumwood, op. cit.
57. Donna Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modem Science (New York: Routledge, 1989); Neil Evernden, The Social Creation of Nature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992); and Val Plumwood, op. cit.
58. James O'Connor, "Capitalism, Nature, Socialism: A Theoretical Introduction," CNS, 1, 1988.
59. PaUl Shepard, "Our Animal Friends," in S.R. Kellert and E.O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993), stresses the wild, while others are more inclusive, such as Noske, op. cit., and Karen Davis, "Thinking Like a Chicken: Farm Animals and the Feminine Connection," in Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan, eds., Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995).
60. PaUl Shepard, "Our Animal Friends," in S.R. Kellert and E.O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993), stresses the wild, while others are more inclusive, such as Noske, op. cit., and Karen Davis, "Thinking Like a Chicken: Farm Animals and the Feminine Connection," in Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan, eds., Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995).
61. For exceptions, see Alan M. Beck, The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A Study of Free-ranging Urban Animals (Baltimore, MD: York Press, 1974); and C. Haspel and R.E. Calhoun, "Activity Patterns of Free-Ranging Cats in Brooklyn, New York," Journal of Mammalogy, 74, 1993.
62. For exceptions, see Alan M. Beck, The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A Study of Free-ranging Urban Animals (Baltimore, MD: York Press, 1974); and C. Haspel and R.E. Calhoun, "Activity Patterns of Free-Ranging Cats in Brooklyn, New York," Journal of Mammalogy, 74, 1993.
63. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985); Botkin, op. cit. In extreme form, the disturbance perspective can be used politically to rationalize anthropogenic destruction of the environment; see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) and Ludwig Trepl, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology: Technical, Political and Ideological Implications," CNS, 5, 1994. But see also the response to Trepl from Richard Levins and Richard C. Lewontin, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology," CNS, 5, 1994.
64. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985); Botkin, op. cit. In extreme form, the disturbance perspective can be used politically to rationalize anthropogenic destruction of the environment; see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) and Ludwig Trepl, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology: Technical, Political and Ideological Implications," CNS, 5, 1994. But see also the response to Trepl from Richard Levins and Richard C. Lewontin, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology," CNS, 5, 1994.
65. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985); Botkin, op. cit. In extreme form, the disturbance perspective can be used politically to rationalize anthropogenic destruction of the environment; see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) and Ludwig Trepl, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology: Technical, Political and Ideological Implications," CNS, 5, 1994. But see also the response to Trepl from Richard Levins and Richard C. Lewontin, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology," CNS, 5, 1994.
66. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985); Botkin, op. cit. In extreme form, the disturbance perspective can be used politically to rationalize anthropogenic destruction of the environment; see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) and Ludwig Trepl, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology: Technical, Political and Ideological Implications," CNS, 5, 1994. But see also the response to Trepl from Richard Levins and Richard C. Lewontin, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology," CNS, 5, 1994.
67. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985); Botkin, op. cit. In extreme form, the disturbance perspective can be used politically to rationalize anthropogenic destruction of the environment; see Donald Worster, The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993) and Ludwig Trepl, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology: Technical, Political and Ideological Implications," CNS, 5, 1994. But see also the response to Trepl from Richard Levins and Richard C. Lewontin, "Holism and Reductionism in Ecology," CNS, 5, 1994.
68. Michael E. Soulé and Gary Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995). For feminist/postmodern critiques of science, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); Haraway, op. cit.; and Linda Birke, Feminism, Animals and Science: The Naming of the Shrew (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994).
69. Michael E. Soulé and Gary Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995). For feminist/postmodern critiques of science, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); Haraway, op. cit.; and Linda Birke, Feminism, Animals and Science: The Naming of the Shrew (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994).
70. Michael E. Soulé and Gary Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995). For feminist/postmodern critiques of science, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); Haraway, op. cit.; and Linda Birke, Feminism, Animals and Science: The Naming of the Shrew (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994).
71. Michael E. Soulé and Gary Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995). For feminist/postmodern critiques of science, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986); Haraway, op. cit.; and Linda Birke, Feminism, Animals and Science: The Naming of the Shrew (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994).
72. Katherine N. Hayles, "Searching for Common Ground," in Soulé and Lease, eds., op. cit.
73. Daniel L. Leedy, Robert M. Maestro and Thomas M. Franklin, Planning for Wildlife in Cities and Suburbs (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978); and Arthur C. Nelson, James C. Nicholas and Lindell L. Marsh, "New Fangled Impact Fees: Both the Environment and New Development Benefit from Environmental Linkage Fees," Planning, 58, 1992.
74. Daniel L. Leedy, Robert M. Maestro and Thomas M. Franklin, Planning for Wildlife in Cities and Suburbs (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978); and Arthur C. Nelson, James C. Nicholas and Lindell L. Marsh, "New Fangled Impact Fees: Both the Environment and New Development Benefit from Environmental Linkage Fees," Planning, 58, 1992.
75. Timothy Beatley, Habitat Conservation Planning: Endangered Species and Urban Growth (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994).
76. National Research Council, Committee on Scientific Issues in the Endangered Species Act, Science and the Endangered Species Act (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995).
77. Lori Saldana, "MSCP Plans the Future of Conservation in San Diego," Earth Times, February/March, 1994, pp. 4-5.
78. T.W. Luke, "The Nature Conservancy or the Nature Cemetery?" CNS, 6,2, 1995.
79. Sim Van der Ryn and Peter Calthorpe, Sustainable Cities: A New Design Synthesis for Cities, Suburbs, and Towns (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991); Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, Sustainable Cities: Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); and Rutherford H. Platt, Rowan A. Rowntree, and Pamela C. Muick, eds., The Ecological City: Preserving and Restoring Urban Biodiversity (Minneapolis: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994).
80. Sim Van der Ryn and Peter Calthorpe, Sustainable Cities: A New Design Synthesis for Cities, Suburbs, and Towns (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991); Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, Sustainable Cities: Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); and Rutherford H. Platt, Rowan A. Rowntree, and Pamela C. Muick, eds., The Ecological City: Preserving and Restoring Urban Biodiversity (Minneapolis: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994).
81. Sim Van der Ryn and Peter Calthorpe, Sustainable Cities: A New Design Synthesis for Cities, Suburbs, and Towns (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991); Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, Sustainable Cities: Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); and Rutherford H. Platt, Rowan A. Rowntree, and Pamela C. Muick, eds., The Ecological City: Preserving and Restoring Urban Biodiversity (Minneapolis: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994).
82. An interesting exception is the green-inspired manifesto for sustainable urban development, Peter Berg, Beryl Magilavy and Seth Zuckerman, eds., A Green City Program for San Francisco Bay Area Cities and Towns (San Francisco: Planet Drum Books, 1986), which recommends riparian setback requirements to protect wildlife, review of toxic releases for their impacts on wildlife, habitat restoration, a department of Natural 'Life to work on behalf of urban wilderness, citizen education, mechanisms to fund habitat maintenance, and the "creation" of "new wild places."
83. Ironically, they are not quite so inconsequential to the marketing folks at Bank of America, whose series of home loan advertisements began with a neotraditional suburban home with a white man out front. The next ad showed a similar home and a white woman, and the next portrayed a person of color, but the most recent shows the face of a friendly golden retriever!
84. Dana Cuff, Architecture: The Story of Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).
85. Evernden, op. cit., p. 119.
86. R.T.T. Foreman and M. Godron, Landscape Ecology (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986).
87. Charles E. Little, Greenways for America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990; and Daniel S. Smith and Hellmund, Paul Cawood, Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
88. Charles E. Little, Greenways for America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990; and Daniel S. Smith and Hellmund, Paul Cawood, Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
89. In "Consequences and Costs of Conservation Corridors" (Conservation Biology, 1, 1987), Daniel Simberloff and James Cox argue that they may help spread diseases and exotics, decrease genetic variation or disrupt local adaptations and co-adapted gene complexes, spread fire or other contagious catastrophes, and increase exposure to hunters, poachers and other predators. However, Reed F. Noss ("Corridors in Real Landscapes: A Reply to Simberloff and Cox," Conservation Biology, 1, 1987), maintains that the best argument for corridors is that the original landscape was interconnected.
90. In "Consequences and Costs of Conservation Corridors" (Conservation Biology, 1, 1987), Daniel Simberloff and James Cox argue that they may help spread diseases and exotics, decrease genetic variation or disrupt local adaptations and co-adapted gene complexes, spread fire or other contagious catastrophes, and increase exposure to hunters, poachers and other predators. However, Reed F. Noss ("Corridors in Real Landscapes: A Reply to Simberloff and Cox," Conservation Biology, 1, 1987), maintains that the best argument for corridors is that the original landscape was interconnected.
91. Jennifer Welch and Stacy Rowe, "Companions in the Park: Laurel Canyon Dog Park, Los Angeles," Landscape, 31, 1993.
92. For examples of such conflicts, see Jay B. McAninch and Jon M. Parker, "Urban Deer Management Programs: A Facilitated Approach," Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference, 56, 191; and Maria L. LaGanga, "Officials to Kill Venice Ducks to Halt Virus," Los Angeles Times, May 22, A1, 1993.
93. For examples of such conflicts, see Jay B. McAninch and Jon M. Parker, "Urban Deer Management Programs: A Facilitated Approach," Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife & Natural Resources Conference, 56, 191; and Maria L. LaGanga, "Officials to Kill Venice Ducks to Halt Virus," Los Angeles Times, May 22, A1, 1993.
94. Such practices include putting large numbers of companion animals to death on a routine basis, selling impounded animals to bio-medical laboratories, etc.
95. Alain Touraine, The Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); and Alan Scott, Ideology and the New Social Movements (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
96. Alain Touraine, The Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); and Alan Scott, Ideology and the New Social Movements (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
97. Alain Touraine, The Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988); Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); and Alan Scott, Ideology and the New Social Movements (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990).