The genetic improvement of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiont bacteria: Phenotypic targets, genetic limitations and an assessment of possible hazards

Biocontrol Science and Technology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 435-448

  Burnell, Ann M ^a   Dowds, Barbara C A ^a  

^a ST PATRICK S COLLEGE   (Ireland)

Author keywords

anhydrobiosis; biological containment; genetic engineering; host specificity; mutagenesis; pathogenicity; phase variation; selective breeding

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); NEMATODA;

EID: 0030455917     PISSN: 09583157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09583159631406     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (96)

1. AKHURST, R.J. (1980) Morphological and functional dimorphism in Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with the insect pathogenic nematodes Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis. Journal of General Microbiology 121, 303-309.
2. AKHURST, R.J. (1983) Neoaplectana species: specificity of association with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus. Experimental Parasitology 55, 258-263.
3. BARTELS, D. & NELSON, D. (1994) Approaches to improve stress tolerance using molecular genetics. Plant Cell and Environment 17, 659-667.
4. BARTELS, D., SCHNEIDER, K., TERSTAPPEN, G., PIATOWSKI, D. & SALAMINI, F. (1990) Molecular cloning of abscisic acid modulated genes which are induced during desiccation of the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. Planta 181, 27-34.
5. BEDDING, R.A., MOLYNEUX, A.S. & AKHURST, R.J. (1983) Heterorhabditis spp., Neoaplectana spp. and Steinernema kraussei: interspecific differences in infectivity for insects. Experimental Parasitology 55, 259-257.
6. BEDDING, R., AKHURST, R. & KAYA, H. (Eds) (1993) Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests. CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne, Australia.
7. BREHELIN, M., CHERQUI, A., DRIF, L., LUCIANI, J., AKHURST, R. & BOEMARE, N. (1993) Ultrastructural study of surface components of Xenorhabdus sp. in different cell phases and culture conditions. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 61, 188-191.
8. BRUNHAM, R.C., PLUMMER, F.A. & STEPHENS, R.S. (1993) Bacterial antigenic variation, host immune response, and pathogen-host coevolution. Infection and Immunity 61, 2273-2276.
9. CADET, J., ANSELMINO, C., DOUKI, T. & VOITURIEZ, L. (1992) Photochemistry of nucleic acids in cells. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology 15, 277-298.
10. CHEN, T.T. & POWERS, D.A. (1990) Transgenic fish. Trends in Biotechnology 8, 209-215.
11. CLARK, J.B., MADDISON, W.D. & KIDWELL, M.G. (1994) Phylogenetic analysis supports horizontal transfer of P transposable elements. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11, 40-50.
12. CLARKE, D.J. & DOWDS, B.C.A. (1991) Pathogenicity of Xenorhabdus luminescens. Biochemical Society Transactions 20, 65S.
13. CLARKE, D.J. & DOWDS, B.C.A. (1994a) The gene coding for polynucleotide phosphorylase in Photorhabdus sp. strain K122 is induced at low temperatures. Journal of Bacteriology 176, 3775-3784.
14. CLARKE, D.J. & DOWDS, B.C.A. (1994b) Cold adaptation in Photorhabdus spp., in Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Complexes (BURNELL, A.M., EHLERS, R.-U. & MASSON, J.P., Eds) European Commission Publication EUR 15681 EN, Luxembourg, pp. 170-177.
15. CLARKE, D.J. & DOWDS, B.C.A. (1995) Virulence mechanisms of Photorhabdus sp. strain K122 towards wax moth larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 66, 149-155.
16. COLEPICOLO, P., CHO, K.-W., POINAR, G.C., JR & HASTINGS, J. (1989) Growth and luminescence of the bacterium Xenorhabdus luminescens from a human wound. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, 2601-2606.
17. CROWE, J.H., HOEKSTRA, F.A. & CROWE, L.M. (1992) Anhydrobiosis. Annual Review of Physiology 54, 579-599.
18. CURRAN, J. (1993) Post application biology of entomopathogenic nematodes in soil, in Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests (BEDDING, R., AKHURST, R. & KAYA, H., Eds) CSIRO Publications. East Melbourne, Australia, pp. 67-77.
19. CURRAN, J. & HENG, J. (1992) Comparison of three methods for estimating the number of entomopathogenic nematodes present in soil samples. Journal of Nematology 24, 172-176.
20. DOWDS B.C.A. (1994) Molecular genetics of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control. Society for Invertebrate Pathology. Montpellier, 1, pp. 95-100.
21. DUNPHY, G.B. (1994) Interaction of mutants of Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobacteriaceae) with antibacterial systems of Galleria mellonella larvae (Insecta: Pyralidae). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, 161-168.
22. DUNPHY, G.B. (1995) Physicochemical properties and surface components of Photorhabdus luminescens influencing bacterial interaction with non-self response systems of nonimmune Galleria mellonella larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 65, 25-34.
23. DUNPHY, G.B. & WEBSTER, J.M. (1988a) Lipopolysaccharides of Xenorhabdus nematophilus (Enterobacteriaceae) and their haemocyte toxicity in non-immune Galleria mellonella (Insecta: Lepidoptera) larvae. Journal of General Microbiology 134, 1017-1028.
24. DUNPHY, G.B. & WEBSTER, J.M. (1988b) Virulence mechanisms of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and its bacterial associate, Xenorhabdus luminescens, in non-immune larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. International Journal of Parasitology 18, 729-737.
25. DUNPHY, G.B. & WEBSTER, J.M. (1991) Antihemocytic surface components of Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. dutki and their modification by serum of nonimmune larvae of Galleria mellonella. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 58, 40-51.
26. DUNPHY, G.B., RUTHERFORD, T.A. & WEBSTER, J.M. (1985) Growth and virulence of Steinernema glaseri influenced by different subspecies of Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Journal of Nematology 17, 476-482.
27. EHLERS, R.-U. & PETERS, A. (1995) Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control: feasibility, perspectives and possible risks, in Biological Control: Benefits and Risks (HOKKANEN, H.M.T. & LYNCH, J.M., Eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 119-136.
28. EHLERS, R.-U., STOESSEL, S. & WYSS, U. (1990) The influence of phase variants of Xenorhabdus spp. on the propogation of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Revue de Nématologie 13, 417-424.
29. FALCONER, D.S. (1989) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 3rd Edn, Longman, Harlow.
30. FAN, X. & HOMINICK, W.M. (1991) Efficiency of Galleria (wax moth) baiting technique for recovering infective stages of entomopathogenic rhabditids (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from sand and soil. Revue de Nématologie 24, 381-388.
31. FINCHAM, J.R.S. & RAVETZ, J.R. (1991) Genetically Engineered Organisms: Benefits and Risks. Open University Press, Milton Keynes.
32. FIRE, A. (1986) Integrative transformation of Caenorhabditis elegans. The EMBO Journal 5, 2673-2680.
33. FIRE, A. & WATERSTON, R.H. (1989) Proper expression of myosin genes in transgenic nematodes. The EMBO Journal 8, 3419-3428.
34. FRANCIS, M., PARKER, A.F., MORONA, R. & THOMAS, C.J. (1993) Bacteriophage lambda as a delivery vector for Tn10-derived transposons in Xenorhabdus bovienii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 3050-3055.
35. GASSER, C.S. & FRALEY, R.T. (1989) Genetically engineering plants for crop improvement. Science 244, 1293-1299.
36. GAUGLER, R. & CAMPBELL, J.F. (1991) Selection for enhanced host-finding of scarab larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in an entomopathogenic nematode. Environmental Entomology 20, 700-706.
37. GAUGLER, R. & KAYA, H.K. (Eds) (1990) Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
38. GAUGLER, R., CAMPBELL, J.F. & MCGUIRE, T.R. (1989a) Genetic selection for host finding in Steinernema feltiae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 54, 363-372.
39. GAUGLER, R., MCGUIRE, T.R. & CAMPBELL, J.F. (1989b) Genetic variability among strains of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae. Journal of Nematology 21, 247-253.
40. GAUGLER, R., BEDNAREK, A. & CAMPBELL, J.F. (1992) Ultraviolet inactivation of heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 59, 155-160.
41. GAUGLER, R., GLAZER, I., CAMPBELL J.F. & LIRAN, N. (1994) Laboratory and field evaluation of an entomopathogenic nematode genetically selected for improved host-finding. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 63, 68-73.
42. GERRITSEN, L.J.M. & SMITS, P.H. (1993) Variation in pathogenicity of recombinations of Heterorhabditis and Xenorhabdus luminescens strains. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16, 367-373.
43. GLAZER, I., GAUGLER, R. & SEGAL, D. (1991) Genetics of the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain HP88: the diversity of beneficial traits. Journal of Nematology 23, 324-333.
44. GREWAL, P. & GAUGLER, R. (1995) Thermal niches of entomopathogenic nematodes are malleable. Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Cornell University, 16-21 July 1995, p. 24.
45. GRIFFIN, C.T. & DOWNES, M.J. (1994) Selection of Heterorhabditis sp. for improved infectivity at low temperatures, in Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Complexes (BURNELL, A.M., EHLERS, R.-U. & MASSON, J.P. Eds) European Commission Publication EUR 15681 EN, Luxembourg, pp. 143-151.
46. GRIFFIN, C.T., SIMONS, W.R. & SMITS, P.H. (1989) Activity and infectivity of four isolates of Heterorhabditis spp. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53, 107-112.
47. GUSTAFSSON, K. & JANSSON, J.K. (1993) Ecological risk assessment of the deliberate release of genetically modified microorganisms. Ambio 22, 236-242.
48. HAN, R., WOUTS, W.M. & LI, L. (1990) Development of Heterorhabditis spp. strains as characteristics of possible Xenorhabdus luminescens subspecies. Revue de Nématologie 13, 411-415.
49. HAN, R., WOUTS, W.M. & LI, L. (1991) Development of Heterorhabditis spp. strains associated with different Xenorhabdus luminescens isolates. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 58, 27-32.
50. HASHMI, S., HASHMI, G. & GAUGLER, R. (1995) Genetic transformation of an entomopathogenic nematode by microinjection. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66, 293-296.
51. HASTINGS, I.M. (1994) Introduction to quantitative genetics: inbreeding, heritability estimates and artificial selection, in Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Complexes (BURNELL, A.M., EHLERS, R.-U. & MASSON, J.P., Eds) European Commission Publication EUR 15681 EN Luxembourg, pp. 120-128.
52. HIGA, L.M. & WOMERSLEY, C.Z. (1993) New insights into the anhydrobiotic phenomenon: the effects of trehalose content and differential rates of evaporative water loss on the survival of Aphelenchus avenae. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 267, 120-129.
53. HOPE, I.A. (1994) Genetic transformation of Caenorhabditis elegans, in Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Complexes (BURNELL, A.M., EHLERS, R.-U. & MASSON, J.P., Eds) European Commission Publication EUR 15681 EN, Luxembourg, pp. 14-22.
54. HOSSEINI, P. (1994) Regulation of bioluminescence in Photorhabdus HM, primary and secondary farms. MSc thesis, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
55. JACKSON, T.J., WANG, H., NUGENT, M.J., GRIFFIN, C.T., BURNELL, A.M. & DOWDS, B.C.A. (1995) Isolation of insect pathogenic bacteria, Providencia rettgeri, from Heterorhabditis spp. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78, 237-244.
56. JAENISH, R. & MINTZ, B. (1974) Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 240, 1250-1254.
57. JANSE, J.D. & SMITS, P.H. (1990) Whole cell fatty acid patterns of Xenorhabdus species. Letters in Applied Microbiology 10, 131-135.
58. KRASOMIL-OSTERFELD, K. & EHLERS, R.-U. (1994) Influence of environmental factors on phase variation in Photorhabdus luminescens. Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Montpellier, 1, pp. 101-106.
59. LEISMAN, G.B., WAKAU, J. & FORST, S.A. (1995) Characterisation and environmental regulation of outer membrane proteins in Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61, 200-204.
60. LYSENKO, O. (1985) Non-sporeforming bacteria pathogenic to insects: incidence and mechanisms. Annual Review of Microbiology 39, 673-695.
61. MOLIN, S. & KJELLEBERG, S. (1993) Release of engineered microorganisms: containment and improved predictability for risk assessment. Ambio 22, 242-245.
62. MOLIN, S., BOE, L., JENSEN, L.B., KRISTENSEN, C.S., GIVSKOV, M., RAMOS, J.L. & BEJ, A.K. (1993) Suicidal genetic elements and their use in biological containment of bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology 47, 139-166.
63. MURATA, N., ISHIZAKI-NISHIZAWA, O., HIGASHI, S., HAYASHI, H., TASAKA, Y. & NISHIDA, I. (1992) Genetically engineered alteration in the chilling sensitivity of plants. Nature 356, 710-713.
64. NELSON, D., SALAMINI, F. & BARTELS, D. (1994) Abscisic acid promotes novel DNA-binding activity to a desiccation-related promoter of Craterostigma plantagineum. The Plant Journal 5, 451-458.
65. O'LEARY, S.A. & BURNELL, A.M. (1995) The genetic improvement of desiccation tolerance in the insect parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis. Proceedings of the Twenty-second International Symposium of The European Society of Nematologists, Ghent, Belgium, 7-14 August, 1994. Nematologica 41, 327.
66. PALMITER, R.D. & BRINSTER, R.L. (1985) Transgenic mice. Cell 41, 237-244.
67. POPIEL, I. & VASQUEZ, E.M. (1991) Cryopreservation of Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Journal of Nematology 23, 432-437.
68. POTTS, M. (1994) Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes. Microbiological Reviews 58, 755-805.
69. PÜHLER, A. (Ed.) (1993) Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms. VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
70. PURSEL, V.G., PINKERT, C.A., MILLER, K.F., BOLT, D.J., CAMBBELL, R.G., PALMITER, R.D., BRINSTER, R. & HAMMER, R.E. (1989) Genetic engineering of livestock. Science 244, 1281-1288.
71. REGAL, P.J. (1994) Scientific principles for ecologically based risk assessment of transgenic organisms. Molecular Ecology 3, 5-13.
72. ROBERTSON, B.D. & MEYER, T.F. (1992) Genetic variation in pathogenic bacteria. Trends in Genetics 8, 422-427.
73. RUBIN, G.M. & SPRADLING, A.C. (1982) Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors Science 218, 348-353.
74. SALYERS, A.A. & SHOEMAKER, N.B. (1994) Broad host range gene transfer: plasmids and conjugative transposons. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 15, 15-22.
75. SMIGIELSKI, A.J., AKHURST, R.J. & BOEMARE, N.E. (1994) Phase variation in Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Phatorhabdus luminescens: differences in respiratory activity and membrane energization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 120-125.
76. SPENCE, A.M., COULSON, A. & HODGKIN, J. (1990) The product of fem-I, a nematode sex-determining gene contains a motif found in cell cycle control proteins and receptors for cell-cell interactions. Cell 60, 981-990.
77. STINCHCOMB, D.T., SHAW, J.E., CARR, S.H. & HIRSH, D. (1985) Extrachromosomal DNA transformation of Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, 3484-3496.
78. STRAUCH, O., STOESSEL, S. & EHLERS, R.-U. (1994) Culture conditions define automictic or amphimictic reproduction in entomopathogenic rhabditid nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17, 575-582.
79. STRID, A., CHOW, W.S. & ANDERSON, J.M. (1994) UV-B damage and protection at the molecular level in plants. Photosynthesis Research 39, 475-489.
80. SUGIMOTO, A., FRIESEN, P.D. & ROTHMAN, J.H. (1994) Baculovirus p35 prevents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The EMBO Journal 13, 2023-2028.
81. SUZUKI, T., YAMANAKA, S. & NISHIMURA, Y. (1990) Chemotactic study of Xenorhabdus species - cellular fatty acids, ubiquinone and DNA-DNA hybridization. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 36, 393-401.
82. SYVANEN, M. (1994) Horizontal gene transfer: evidence and possible consequences. Annual Review of Genetics 28, 237-261.
83. TIEDJE, J.M., COLWELL, R.K., GROSSMAN, Y.L., HODSON, R.E., LENSKI., R.E., MACK, R.N. & REGAL, P.J. (1989) The planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms: ecological considerations and recommendations. Ecology 70, 298-315.
84. TOMALAK, M. (1994) Selective breeding of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda, Steinernematidae) for improved efficacy in control of a mushroom fly Lycoriella solani Winnertz (Diptera, Sciaridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 4, 187-198.
85. WANG, H. & DOWDS, B.C.A. (1993) Phase variation in Xenorhabdus luminescens: cloning and sequencing of the lipase gene and analysis of its expression in primary and secondary phases of the bacterium. Journal of Bacteriology 175, 1665-1673.
86. WAY, J.C. & CHALFIE, M. (1988) Mec-3, a homeobox-containing gene that specifies differentiation in touch receptor neurons in C. elegans. Cell 54, 5-16.
87. WESTERMAN, P.R. (1994) An essay on assays, in Genetics of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Complexes (BURNELL, A.M., EHLERS, R.-U. & MASSON, J.P., Eds) European Commission Publication EUF 15681 EN, Luxembourg, pp. 129-142.
88. WILLIS, M.B. (1991) Dalton's Introduction to Practical Animal Breeding, 3rd Edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
89. WILSON, M. & LINDOW, S.E. (1993) Release of recombinant microorganisms. Annual Review of Microbiology 47, 913-944.
90. WOMERSLEY, C.Z. (1990) Dehydration survival and anhydrobiotic potential, in Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control (GAUGLER, R. & KAYA, H.K., Eds) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 117-137.
91. WOMERSLEY, C.Z. (1993) Factors affecting physiological fitness and modes of survival employed by dauer juveniles and their relationship to pathogenicity, in Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests (BEDDING, R., AKHURST, R. & KAYA, H., Eds) CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne, Australia, pp. 79-88.
92. WULFF, A., PETERS, A. & EHLERS, R.-U. (1993) Pathogenicity of the Steinernema feltiae-Xenorhabdus bovienii complex to Tipula oleracea. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 17, 99-102.
93. XU, J., LOHRKE, S., HURLBERT, I.R. & HURLBERT, R.E. (1989) Transformation of Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, 806-812.
94. XU, J., OLSON, M.E., KAHN, M.L. & HURLBERT, R.E. (1991) Characterization of Tn5-induced mutants of Xenorhabdus nematophilus ATCC 19061. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57, 1173-1180.
95. YEH, T. & ALM, S.R. (1992) Effects of entomopathogenic nematode species, rate, soil moisture, and bacteria on control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology 85, 2144-2148.
96. ZHU, Z., LI, G., HE, L. & CHEN, S. (1985). Novel gene transfer into the fertilised eggs of goldfish. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Ichthyologie 1, 31-34.