Bacterial and fungal infection in acute liver failure

Seminars in Liver Disease

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 389-402

  Rolando, Nancy ^a   Philpott Howard, John ^a   Williams, Roger ^a  

^a KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

acute liver failure; antimicrobial prophylaxis; antimicrobial therapy; impaired host defenses

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; AMPHOTERICIN B; AZTREONAM; CEFTAZIDIME; COLISTIN; FLUCLOXACILLIN; GENTAMICIN; PIPERACILLIN; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEVER; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIVER FAILURE; MYCOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0030453065     PISSN: 02728087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1007252     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Wyke RJ, Yousif-Kadaru AGM. Rajkovic IA, et al: Serum stimulatory activity and polymorphonuclear leucocyte movement in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Clin Exp Immunol 50:442-9, 1982.
2. Gelfand JA, Hurley DL, Fauci AS, Frank MM: Role of complement in host defences against experimental candidiasis. J Infect Dis 138:9-16, 1978.
3. Larcher VF, Wyke RJ, Mowat AP, Williams R: Mechanisms of serum defect in yeast opsonisation in children with fulminant hepatic failure. Clin Exp Immunol 46:406-11, 1981.
4. Larcher VF, Wyke RJ, Mowat AP, Williams R: Bacterial and fungal infection in children with fulminant hepatic failure: a possible role of opsonisation and complement deficiency. Gut 23:1037-43, 1982.
5. Wyke RJ, Rajkovic IA, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R: Defective opsonisation and complement deficiency in serum from patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 21:643-9, 1980.
6. Bailey RJ, Woolf IL, Cullens H, Williams R: Metabolic inhibition of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet i:1162-3, 1976.
7. Alam AN, Poston LP, Wilkinson SP, et al: A study in vitro of the sodium pump in fulminant hepatic failure. Clin Sci Mol Med 55:355-63, 1978.
8. Altin M, Rajkovic I, Hughes R, Williams R: Neutrophil adherence in chronic liver disease fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 24:746-50, 1983.
9. Leach BE, Forbes JC: Sulphonamide drugs as protective agents against carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 48:361-3, 1941.
10. Leduc EH: Sulphaguanidine protection of mouse liver from carbon tetrachloride induced necrosis. Lab Invest 29:186-96, 1973.
11. Imawari M, Hughes R, Gove C. and Williams R: Fibronectin and Kupffer cell function in fulminant hepatic failure. Dig Dis Sci 30:1028-33, 1985.
12. Gonzales-Calvin J, Scully MF, Sanger Y, et al: Fibronectin in fulminant hepatic failure. Brit Med J 285:1231-2, 1982.
13. Ayala A, Perrin MM, Wang P, Chaudry IH: Sepsis induces and early increased spontaneous release of hepatocellular stimulatory factor (Interleukin 6) by Kupffer cells in both endotoxin tolerant and intolerant mice, J Surg Res 52:635-41, 1992.
14. Chensue SW, Terebuh PD, Remick DG, et al: In vivo biologic and immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin-1 alpha, beta and tumor necrosis factor during experimental endotoxemia. Kinetics, Kupffer cell expression, and glucocorticoid effects. Am J Pathol 138:395-402, 1991.
15. Lumdsen AB, Hederson J, Kutner M: Endotoxin levels measured by chromogenic assay in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous bloods in patients with cirrhosis. Haematology 8:232-6, 1988.
16. Bigatello LM, Beatmen S, Faltoci L: Endotoxemia, encephalopathy and mortality in cirrhotic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 82:11-15, 1987.
17. Payne J: Pathogenesis and treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. Compr Ther 15:956-70, 1989.
18. Trewby PN, Williams R: Pathophysiology of hypotension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 18:1021-6, 1977.
19. Nolan JP: The role of endotoxin in liver injury. Gastroenterology 69:1346-56, 1975.
20. Passavanti G, Coratelli P, Munno I, et al: Role of endotoxin in hepatorenal syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 212:162-77, 1987.
21. Wilkinson SP, Gazzard BG. Arroyo V, et al. Relation of renal impairement and haemorragic diathesis to endotoxemia, sepsis and renal failure in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet i:521-4, 1974.
22. Alexander GJM, Goka AJ, Sheron N: The relationship between sepsis, endotoxaemia and cytokines in patients with acute liver failure. In Williams R, Hughes RD: Acute Liver Failure. Proceedings of the Eleventh BSG.SK&F International Workshop 1990. London: SmithKline Beecham 1991, pp 22-5.
23. Ledingham IMA, Alcock SR, Eastaway AT, et al: Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic cefotaxime and antimicrobial surveillance for prevention of acquired infection in intensive care. Lancet i:785-90, 1988.
24. Ziegler E, Fisher C, Sprung C: Treatment of gram-negative bacteraernia and septic shock with HL-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. N Engl J Med 324:429-36, 1991.
25. Baumgartner JD, Glauser MP, McCutchan JA, et al: Prevention of gram negative shock with human antisera to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 307:1225-30, 1988.
26. Manthous CA, Schmidt GA, Kemp R, Wood LDH: Fulminant hepatic failure treated with antiendotoxin antibody. Crit Care Med 20:1617-19, 1992.
27. Silva AT, Bayston KF, Cohen J: Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in experimental gram negative shock. J Infec Dis 162:421-7, 1990.
28. Exley AR, Cohen J, Buurman W: Monoclonal antibody to TNF in severe septic shock: Lancet 335:1275-7, 1990.
29. Mutto Y. Nouri-Aria K, Meager A, et al: Enhanced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-l in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet i:72-4, 1988.
30. de la Malta M, Meager A, Rolando N, Daniels HN, et al: Tumour necrosis factor production in fulminant hepatic failure: relation to aetiology and superimposed microbial infection. Clin Exp Immunol 82:479-84, 1990.
31. Sheron N, Goka J, Wendon J: Highly elevated plasma cytokines in fulminant hepatic failure: correlation with multi-organ failure and death. Hepatol 12:939A. 1990.
32. Rolando N, Ellis AJ, De Groote D. et al: Correlation of serial cytokines levels with progression to coma (Grade IV) in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatol 22:366A, 1995.
33. Hack CE, De Groot ER, Felt-Bersma RJ, et al: Increased plasma levels of interleukin 6 in sepsis. Blood 74:1704-10, 1990.
34. Goularte TA, Lichtenberg DA, Craven DE: Gastric colonization in patients receiving antacids and mechanical ventilation: a mechanism for pharyngeal colonization. Am J Infect Contr 14:88, 1986.
35. Penn RG, Sanders WE, Sanders CC: Colonization of the oropharynx with gram negative bacilli: a major antecedent to nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Infect Control 9:25-34, 1981.
36. Craven DE, Kunches LM, Kilinsky V, et al: Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Res Dis 133:792-96, 1986.
37. Johanson WG. Pierce AK, Sanford JP, Thomas GD: Nosocomial respiratory infections with gram negative bacilli: The significance of colonization of the respiratory trace. Ann Intern Med 77:701-6, 1972.
38. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sanford JP: Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients. Emergence of gram negative bacilli. N Engl J Med 281:1137-40, 1969.
39. Rolando N, Harvey F. Brahm J: Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure: an analysis of fifty patients. Hepatology 11:49-53, 1990.
40. Katouli M, Bark T, Ljungqvist O. et al: Composition and diversity of intestinal coliform flora influence bacterial translocation in rats after haemorrhagic stress. Infect Immunol 62:4768-74, 1994.
41. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC, et al: Enteral versus parenteral feeding. Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 215:503-11. 1992.
42. Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ, et al: Early enterai feed-ing, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. Ann Surg 216:172-83. 1992.
43. Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, et al: Early enterai administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: Results of a multicentre, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 23:436-49, 1995.
44. Nsouli KA, Lazarus JM, Schoenbaum SC, et al: Bacteremic infection in haemodialysis. Arch Intern Med 139:1255-8, 1979.
45. Munoz SJ: Difficult management problems in fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis 13:395-413, 1993.
46. Walsh TJ, Hamilton SR: Disseminated aspergillosis complicating hepatic failure. Arch Inter Med 143:1189-91, 1983.
47. Gazzard B, Portmann B, Murray-Lyon IM, Williams R: Causes of death in fulminant hepatic failure and relationship to quantitative histological assessment of parenchymal damage. Q J Med 176:615-26, 1975.
48. Mummery RV, Bradley JM, Jeffries DJ: Microbiological monitoring of patients in hepatic failure with particular reference to extra corporeal porcine liver perfusion. Lancet ii:60-l, 1971.
49. Nusinovici V, Crucibille C. Opolon P, et al: Hepatittes fulminantes avec coma. Revue de 137 cas.I complications. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique (Paris) 1:861-973, 1977.
50. 49a. Wyke RJ, Canalese JC, Gimson AES, Williams R. Bacteraemia in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Liver 2:45-52, 1982.
51. Rolando N, Harvey F, Brahm J: Fungal infection: a common, unrecognised complication of acute liver failure. J Hepatol 12:1-9, 1991.
52. Sesma P, Alvarez J, Linares P, Suarez MD: Disseminated aspergillosis complicating hepatic failure. Arch Inter Med 858:141-4, 1984.
53. Park GR, Drummond GB, Lamb D, et al: Disseminated aspergillosis occurring in patients with respiratory, renal, and hepatic failure. Lancet ii: 179-83, 1982.
54. Rolando N, Wade JJ, Fagan E, et al: An open, comparative trial of aztreonam with vancomycin and gentamicin with piperacillin in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 30.215-20. 1992.
55. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Miranda DR, Zandstra DF: The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on colonisation and infection rate in multiple trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 10:185-92, 1984.
56. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Miranda DR, et al: The effect of oropharyngeal decontamination using topical non absorbable antibiotics on the incidence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. Trauma 27:357-64. 1987.
57. Unertl K. Ruckdeschel G, Selbmann HK, et al: Prevention of colonization and respiratory tract infections in long-term ventilated patients by administration of local antimicrobial prophylaxis. Int Care Med 13:106-13, 1987.
58. Casewell MW, Hill RLR: Elimination of nasal carriage of S. aureus with mupirocin (Pseudomonic acid) - a controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 17:365-72. 1986.
59. Rolando N, Gimson AES, Wade JJ, et al: Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure. Hepatol 17:196-201, 1993.
60. Rolando N, Wade JJ, Stangou A. et al: Prospective study comparing prophylactic parenteral antimicrobials, with or without enteral decontamination in patients with acute liver failure. Liver Transplant 2:8-13, 1996.
61. Harrison PM. Keays R. Bray GP, et al: Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine. Lancet 335:1572-3, 1990.
62. Keays R, Harrison PM, Wendon JA. et al: Intravenous acetylcysteine in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: a prospective controlled trial. Brit Med J 303:1026-9. 1991.
63. Harrison PM. Wendon JA, Gimson AES, et al: Improvement by acetylcysteine of haemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med 324:1852-8, 1991.
64. Makin AJ. Wendon J, Williams R: Hyperacute severe liver failure following paracetamol overdose from 1987-1993. Gastroenterology. In press.
65. Emond JC, Aran PP, Whitington PF, et al: Liver transplantation in the management of fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 96:1583-8, 1989.
66. Lidofsky SD, Bass NM. Prager MC, et al: Intracranial pressure monitoring and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 16:1-7, 1992.
67. Peleman RR, Gavaler JS, Van Thiel DH, et al: Orthotopic liver transplantation for acute and subacute hepatic failure in adults. Hepatology 7:484-9, 1987.
68. Rakela J, Perkins JD. Gross JB, et al: Acute hepatic failure: The emerging role of orthotopic liver transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 64:424-8, 1989.
69. Sheil AGR, McCaugham W, Isai H, et al: Acute and subacute hepatic failure: The role of liver transplantation. Med J Aus 154:724-8, 1991.
70. Vickers C, Neuberger J, Buckels J, et al: Transplantation of the liver in adults and children with fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 7:143-50, 1988.
71. Mirza DF, Mohamed R, Gunson BK, et al: The improved results of emergency orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant and subacute hepatic failure. Gut 37:A34, 1995.
72. Wade JJ, Rolando N, Hayllar K. et al: Bacterial and fungal infections following liver transplantation-an analysis of 284 patients. Hepatology 2:1328-36, 1995.
73. Deblin J. Wendon J, Heaton N, et al: Pretransplantation clinical status and outcome of emergency transplantation for acute liver failure. Hepatology 21:1018-24, 1995.
74. Gimson AES: Hepatic dysfunction during bacterial infection. Int Care Med 13:162-6, 1987.
75. Miller DJ, Keeron GR, Webber BL, Saunders SJ: Jaundice in severe bacterial infections. Gastroenterology 71:94-7, 1976.
76. Zimmerman HJ, Fang M, Utili R, et al: Jaundice due to bacterial infections. Gastroenterology 77:362-74, 1979.
77. Dirix LY, Poison RJ, Richardson A, Williams R: Primary sepsis presenting as fulminant hepatic failure. Q J Med 73:1037-43, 1989.
78. Mori W, Shiga J, Irie H: Schwarzmann reaction as a pathogenetic mechanism in fulminant hepatitis. Sem Liv Dis 6:267-76, 1986.
79. Leclerq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P: Plasmid-mediaied resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 319:157-61, 1988.
80. Uttley AHC, Collms CH, Naidoo J, George RC: Vancomycin-resistanl enterococci. Lancet i:57-8, 1988.
81. Wade JJ, Casewell MW: Resistance of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin and gentamicin. Lancet 337:1616, 1991.
82. Wade J, Baillie L, Rolando N, Casewell MW: Pristinamycin for Enterococcus faecium resistant to vanomycin and gentamicin. Lancet 339:312-13. 1992.
83. Lynn WA, Clutterbuck E, Want S. et al: Treatment of CAPD-peritonitis due to glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium with quinupristin/dalfopristin. Lancet 344:1025-6, 1994.
84. Wade JJ, Desai N, Casewell MW: Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin resistant Enterobacier cloacae. J Hosp Infect 18:211-18, 1991.
85. Du Bois SK, Marriott MS, Amyes SGB: TEM- and SHVderived extended spectrum β-lactamases: relationship between selection, structure and function. J Antimicrob Chemo 35:7-22, 1995.
86. Philpott-Howard J, Caseweil MW: Multiply-resistant enterobac-teria. In: Hospital infection control: policies and practical procedures. London, WB Saunders, 1994. Phillips I: Beta-Iactamase induction and derepression. Lancet i:801-2, 1986.
87. Livingstone D, Gill MJ, Wise R: Mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems. J Antimicrob Chemother 35:1-5, 1995.
88. Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RG: Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 72:195-8. 1992,
89. Casewell MW, Hill RLR: Mupirocin for eradication of nasal carriage of staphylocci. Lancet i:154, 1989.