Tatarstan's bid for autonomy: Tatarstan as a model for the devolution of power in the Russian Federation

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 63-82

  Hanauer, Laurence S ^a,b  

^a Off of the US Secretary of Defense

^b ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTONOMY; DEVOLUTION; ECONOMIC NATIONALISM; GEOPOLITICAL STUDY; POLITICAL STABILITY; SOVEREIGNTY CLAIM;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION, TATARSTAN;

EID: 0030449733     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279608415301     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Elizabeth Teague, 'Russia and Tatarstan Sign Power-Sharing Treaty', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.3, No.14 (8 April 1994), p.19.
2. Azade-Ayse Rorlich, The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986), pp.19, 23.
3. Ibid., pp.26-8.
4. Ibid., p.39.
5. Religion still serves as an arena in which battles for political autonomy can be fought. In August 1992, both Tatarstan and Bashkortostan withdrew their recognition from the Federation's central muftiate - established by Stalin to coordinate the activities of Muslims throughout the USSR - and established their own religious boards: see Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p.99.
6. Ibid., p.26.
7. Ian Bremmer, 'Reassessing Soviet Nationalities Theory', in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds.), Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp.9-10.
8. Rorlich, op. cit., pp. 146-50.
9. Michael Rywkin, Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1982), p.91.
10. Ibid., p.91. For a discussion of how Islam is serving as a nation-building ideology in post-Soviet Central Asia, see Laurence S. Hanauer, 'Manipulation of Islam by the State: Islam as an Element of Official Nationalism in Pakistan, Malaysia and Uzbekistan', Journal of Public and International Affairs, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.86-106.
11. Ibid., p.91. For a discussion of how Islam is serving as a nation-building ideology in post-Soviet Central Asia, see Laurence S. Hanauer, 'Manipulation of Islam by the State: Islam as an Element of Official Nationalism in Pakistan, Malaysia and Uzbekistan', Journal of Public and International Affairs, Vol.6, No.1 (1995), pp.86-106.
12. Gail Lapidus and Edward W. Walker, 'Nationalism, Regionalism and Federalism: Center-Periphery Relations in post-Communist Russia', in Gail Lapidus (ed.), The New Russia (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), p.78.
13. Victor Zaslavsky, 'Success and Collapse: Traditional Soviet Nationality Policy', in Bremmer and Taras (eds.), op. cit., pp.34-6.
14. Lapidus and Walker, op. cit., p.92.
15. Susan Stewart, 'Crimea: The Tatar Dimension', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.3, No.19 (13 May 1994), p.22.
16. Valery A. Tishkov, 'What is Russia? Prospects for Nation-Building', Security Dialogue, Vol.26, No.1 (1995), p.52.
17. Lapidus and Walker, op. cit., p.92.
18. Vera Tolz, 'Thorny Road Toward Federalism in Russia', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.2, No.48 (3 Dec. 1993), p.2.
19. Quoted in John B. Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), p.65.
20. Tishkov, op. cit., p.41.
21. Ann Sheehy, 'Russia's Republics: A Threat to Its Territorial Integrity?', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.2, No.20 (14 May 1993), p.36.
22. Dunlop, op. cit., pp.55-6.
23. Lapidus and Walker, op. cit., pp.78-80.
24. Dunlop, op. cit., pp.56, 62.
25. Sheehy, op. cit., p.35.
26. Dunlop, op. cit., p.63.
27. Teague, op. cit., p.25.
28. Mintimer Shaimiev (President of the Republic of Tatarstan), 'Introduction', International Affairs (Moscow), 1995, No.1, p.4; see also John W.R. Lepingwell, Alexander Rahr, Elizabeth Teague and Vera Tolz, 'Russia: A Troubled Future', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.3, No.24 (17 June 1994), p.9.
29. Mintimer Shaimiev (President of the Republic of Tatarstan), 'Introduction', International Affairs (Moscow), 1995, No.1, p.4; see also John W.R. Lepingwell, Alexander Rahr, Elizabeth Teague and Vera Tolz, 'Russia: A Troubled Future', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.3, No.24 (17 June 1994), p.9.
30. Teague, 'Russia and Tatarstan Sign Power-Sharing Treaty', p.22.
31. Cited in Tishkov, op. cit., p.49.
32. Ann Sheehy, Tatarstan Asserts Its Sovereignty', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.1, No.14 (3 April 1992), p.1.
33. Interview with President Mintimer Shaimiev, 'Russia's Regions: President of Tatarstan Interviewed on Situation in Republic', BBC Summary of World Broadcasts [BBC SWB], SU/2143/B, 3 Nov. 1994.
34. Teague, 'Russia and Tatarstan Sign Power-Sharing Treaty', p.22.
35. Mike Trickey, 'Wary Tatarstan Struggles to Build New Ties With Russia', Ottawa Citizen, 16 Nov. 1993, p.D12.
36. Justin Burke, 'A Part of Russia That Wants Out', Christian Science Monitor, 3 Sept. 1993, p.6.
37. Bruce J. Allyn, One Enclave's Solution to Ties with Mother Russia', Christian Science Monitor, 12 Oct. 1994, p. 19.
38. Inna Muravyova, 'Tatars, Adyge, Bashkirs Assert Sovereignty', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 25 March 1992; originally published in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 6 March 1992, pp. 1-2.
39. Inna Muravyova, 'Tatars, Adyge, Bashkirs Assert Sovereignty', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, 25 March 1992; originally published in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 6 March 1992, pp. 1-2.
40. Lapidus and Walker, op. cit., p. 103.
41. Burke, op. cit.
42. 'Russia's Regions: President of Tatarstan Interviewed on Situation in Republic', BBC SWB, SU/2143/B, 3 Nov. 1994; originally broadcast on Russia-TV (Moscow), 1 Nov. 1994, 1529 GMT.
43. Elizabeth Teague, 'Russia and Tatarstan Sign Power-Sharing Treaty', p.19.
44. R. Khakimov (ed.), White Book of Tatarstan: The Way to Sovereignty (Kazan: Office of the President of Tatarstan, 1993), p.6.
45. Sergei Khrushchev, 'The Political Economy of Russia's Regional Fragmentation', in Douglas Blum (ed.), Russia's Future: Consolidation or Disintegration? (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp.93-4.
46. 'Russia Loses Ground with Restless Republics', Rocky Mountain News, 15 Jan. 1995, p.88A.
47. Lapidus and Walker, op. cit., p.98.
48. Anthony Robinson, 'The Soviet Union: Tatarstan Communists Change Their Coat but Preserve Their Essence', Financial Times, 4 Sept. 1991, Section 1, p.2.
49. John-Thor Dahlburg, 'Goodbye Moscow: The Soviet Republics Speak: Tatars, Latvians, Armenians and More Are All Demanding a Redistribution of Power', Los Angeles Times, 4 Dec. 1990, p.H1, col.4.
50. Lapidus and Walker, op. cit., p. 104.
51. Vladimir Razuvayev, 'Politics and Black Gold', The Moscow Times, 10 Jan. 1995.
52. Marat Salimov, 'Regions Set Up Oil Cartel', RusData DiaLine-BizEkon News, 21 June 1994.
53. 'Tatarstan's Oil Industry Recovers From Crisis', BBC SWB, SU/WO371/WD, 17 Feb. 1995; originally broadcast on ITAR-TASS World Service (Moscow), 8 Feb. 1995, 1201 GMT.
54. Chechnya also refused to sign the Federation Treaty, although its leaders chose to establish relations with the centre by resorting to violence rather than negotiating the outcome.
55. 'Russian - Tatarstan Treaty Hailed, But May Trigger Other Problems', Russia and Commonwealth Business Law Report, Vol.4, No.21 (7 March 1994).
56. Steven Erlanger, 'Heirs of the Golden Horde Reclaim a Tatar Culture', New York Times, 13 Aug. 1993, page A3, col. 1.
57. 'Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan', 15 Feb. 1994.
58. 'Tatarstan's Request for Higher Oil Quotas Turned Down', Interfax News Agency (Moscow), 1 Dec. 1994, 1449 GMT; cited in BBC SWB, SU/2169/C, 3 Dec. 1994.
59. 'Tatarstan's Request for Higher Oil Quotas Turned Down', Interfax News Agency (Moscow), 1 Dec. 1994, 1449 GMT; cited in BBC SWB, SU/2169/C, 3 Dec. 1994.
60. 'Inter-Republican Links: Ukraine Sets Up Oil Corporation with Tatarstan', BBC SWB, SU/WO362/WD, 9 Dec. 1994.
61. 'Tatarstan to Export Oil to Hungary', BBC World Service, 12 May 1993, 1309 GMT; cited in BBC SWB, SU/WO282/A, 21 May 1993.
62. 'Tatarstan to Export Oil to Hungary', BBC World Service, 12 May 1993, 1309 GMT; cited in BBC SWB, SU/WO282/A, 21 May 1993.
63. Radik Batyrshin, Tatarstan: Kazan Gains Access to Warm Seas - And Is Preparing to Open up Other "Windows" on the World', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, Vol.XLV, No.9 (31 March 1993), p.26; originally published in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1 March 1993, p.2.
64. Radik Batyrshin, Tatarstan: Kazan Gains Access to Warm Seas - And Is Preparing to Open up Other "Windows" on the World', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, Vol.XLV, No.9 (31 March 1993), p.26; originally published in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1 March 1993, p.2.
65. 'International Links: Foreign Loans Boost Tatarstan Oil Industry Plans', Interfax News Agency (Moscow), 25 Oct. 1994, 1508 GMT; cited in BBC SWB, SU/WO357/WD, 2 Nov. 1994.
66. 'International Links: Foreign Loans Boost Tatarstan Oil Industry Plans', Interfax News Agency (Moscow), 25 Oct. 1994, 1508 GMT; cited in BBC SWB, SU/WO357/WD, 2 Nov. 1994.
67. 'Russia: Tatar Six-Month Economic Statistics Published', BBC SWB, SU/WO347/WA, 26 Aug. 1994; originally published in Respublika Tatarstan (Kazan), 16 Aug. 1994, p.2.
68. 'Russia: Tatar Six-Month Economic Statistics Published', BBC SWB, SU/WO347/WA, 26 Aug. 1994; originally published in Respublika Tatarstan (Kazan), 16 Aug. 1994, p.2.
69. 'Tatarstan's First Oil Refinery', East European Energy Report, Oct. 1994; see also 'Tatarstan Half-Year Budget Missing Nearly Half Its Revenues', BBC SWB, SU/WO344/WA, 5 Aug. 1994; originally published in Segodnya (Moscow), 26 July 1994, p.3.
70. 'Tatarstan's First Oil Refinery', East European Energy Report, Oct. 1994; see also 'Tatarstan Half-Year Budget Missing Nearly Half Its Revenues', BBC SWB, SU/WO344/WA, 5 Aug. 1994; originally published in Segodnya (Moscow), 26 July 1994, p.3.
71. 'Tatarstan's First Oil Refinery', East European Energy Report, Oct. 1994; see also 'Tatarstan Half-Year Budget Missing Nearly Half Its Revenues', BBC SWB, SU/WO344/WA, 5 Aug. 1994; originally published in Segodnya (Moscow), 26 July 1994, p.3.
72. Ads News Agency, 'Tatarstan Launching Construction of Oil Tanker Fleet', Rus Data DiaLine-BizEkon News, 26 May 1994; see also Jean-Christophe Peuch, 'Russian Oil Region to Create Its Own Tanker Fleet', Reuter European Business Report, 15 June 1994.
73. Ads News Agency, 'Tatarstan Launching Construction of Oil Tanker Fleet', Rus Data DiaLine-BizEkon News, 26 May 1994; see also Jean-Christophe Peuch, 'Russian Oil Region to Create Its Own Tanker Fleet', Reuter European Business Report, 15 June 1994.
74. 'Lukoil and Tatarstan Set Out Joint Oil Projects', East European Energy Report, Oct. 1994.
75. 'Tatarstan Half-Year Budget Missing Nearly Half Its Revenues', BBC SWB, SU/WO344/WA, 5 Aug. 1994; originally published in Segodnya (Moscow), 26 July 1994, p.3.
76. 'Tatarstan Half-Year Budget Missing Nearly Half Its Revenues', BBC SWB, SU/WO344/WA, 5 Aug. 1994; originally published in Segodnya (Moscow), 26 July 1994, p.3.
77. Brace J. Allyn, 'The Hague Initiative', Ethnic Conflict Management in the Former Soviet Union: Bulletin (Cambridge, MA: Conflict Management Group, June 1995), p.9.; also based on telephone conversation with Bruce J. Allyn, 7 Nov. 1995.
78. Conflict Management Group, Ethnic Conflict Management in the Former Soviet Union: Bulletin (Cambridge, MA: Conflict Management Group, Oct. 1994), p.8.
79. Ibid., p.8.
80. Ibid., pp.7-8.
81. Bruce J. Allyn, 'The Hague Initiative', pp.6-7; also based on telephone conversation with Bruce J. Allyn, 7 Nov. 1995.
82. Rafael Khakimov, 'Russia and the Process of Federalization', Ethnic Conflict Management in the Former Soviet Union: Bulletin (Cambridge, MA: Conflict Management Group, June 1995), p. 12; Dr Khakimov takes the quotation from an article by Hurst Hannum, a professor of international law and self-determination, in the Financial Times, 25-6 Feb. 1995, p.9.
83. Rafael Khakimov, 'Russia and the Process of Federalization', Ethnic Conflict Management in the Former Soviet Union: Bulletin (Cambridge, MA: Conflict Management Group, June 1995), p. 12; Dr Khakimov takes the quotation from an article by Hurst Hannum, a professor of international law and self-determination, in the Financial Times, 25-6 Feb. 1995, p.9.
84. Farid Muhametshin, The Parliament of Tatarstan at the Height of Reform', International Affairs (Moscow), 1995, No. 1, p. 11.
85. Letter to Russian President Boris Yeltsin from President M. Shaimiev (Tatarstan), President M. Rakhimov (Bashkortostan) and President M. Nikolaev (Yakutia), 3 July 1995; reprinted in Conflict Management Group, Bulletin (June 1995), pp. 15-16.
86. Vera Tolz, 'Problems in Building Democratic Institutions in Russia', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.3, No.9 (4 March 1994), p.3.
87. Ann Sheehy, 'Tatarstan and Bashkiria: Obstacles to Confederation', RFE/RL Research Report, Vol.1, No.22 (29 May 1992), pp.33, 37.
88. Both regions are closely integrated into the Russian economy, however: Kaliningrad's military - industrial structure, for example, renders it highly dependent on Moscow, a fact that constrains the province's ability to negotiate and implement an agreement granting it greater economic independence from the centre.
89. Teague, 'Russia and Tatarstan Sign Power-Sharing Treaty', p.27.