Computerized assessment of sustained attention: A review of factors affecting vigilance performance

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 18, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 843-863

  Ballard, Joan C ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALERTNESS; ATTENTION; COMPUTER; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030449290     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01688639608408307     Document Type: Review

References (225)

1. Adams, W. (1982). Effect of methylphenidate on thought processing time in children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 133-135.
2. Aman, M.G. (1979). Cognitive, social, and other correlates of specific reading retardation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 153-168.
3. Aman, M.G., Kern, R.A., McGhee, D.E., & Arnold, L.E. (1993). Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Laboratory effects. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 491-506.
4. Aman, M.G., Vamos, M., & Werry, J.S. (1984). Effects of methylphenidate in normal adults with reference to drug action in hyperactivity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 86-88.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. Auburn, T.C., Jones, D.M., & Chapman, A.J. (1987). Arousal and the Bakan vigilance task: The effects of noise intensity and the presence of others. Current Psychology Research and Reviews, 6, 196-206.
9. Aylward, G.P., Verhulst, S.J., & Bell, S. (1990). Individual and combined effects of attention deficits and learning disabilities on computerized ADHD assessment. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 8, 497-508.
10. Baker, C.H. (1959). Attention to visual displays during a vigilance task: II. Maintaining the level of vigilance. British Journal of Psychology, 50, 30-36.
11. Barkley, R.A. (1977). A review of stimulant drug research with hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 137-165.
12. Barkley, R.A. (1988). Attention. In M. Tramontana & S. Hooper (Eds.), Assessment issues in child clinical neuropsychology (pp. 145-176). New York: Plenum Press.
13. Barkley, R.A. (1990). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
14. Barkley, R.A., DuPaul, G.J., & McMurray, M.B. (1990). Comprehensive evaluation of Attention Deficit Disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775-789.
15. Barkley, R.A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G.J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 163-188.
16. Bauermeister, J.J., Berrios, V., Jimenez, A.L., Acevedo, L., & Gordon, M. (1990). Some issues and instruments for the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Puerto Rican children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 9-16.
17. Beale, I.L., Matthew, P.J., Oliver, S., & Corballis, M.C. (1987). Performance of disabled and normal readers on the Continuous Performance Test. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 229-238.
18. Beaumont, J.G. (1985). Speed of response using keyboard and screen-based microcomputer response media. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 23, 61-70.
19. Benton, D., Brett, V., & Brain, P.F. (1987). Glucose improves attention and reaction to frustration in children. Biological Psychology, 24, 95-100.
20. Berch, D.B., & Kanter, D.R. (1984). Individual differences. In J.S. Warm (Ed.), Sustained attention in human performance (pp. 143-178). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
21. Blackwell, P.J., & Belt, J.A. (1971). Effect of differential levels of ambient noise on vigilance performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 32, 734.
22. Boyd, T.A., Einhart, C.B., Greene, T.H., Sokol, R.J., & Martier, S. (1991). Prenatal alcohol exposure and sustained attention in the preschool years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 13, 49-55.
23. Brackup, E.S., & Knopf, I.J. (1978). The effects of extraneous speech on visual vigilance performance of children. Child Development, 49, 505-508.
24. Breen, M.J. (1989). Cognitive and behavioral differences in ADHD boys and girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 30, 711-716.
25. Broadbent, D.E. (1953). Noise, paced performance, and vigilance tasks. British Journal of Psychology, 44, 295-303.
26. Broadbent, D.E. (1954). Some effects of noise on visual performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 1-5.
27. Broadbent, D.E., & Gregory, M. (1965). Effects of noise and of signal rate upon vigilance analyzed by means of decision theory. Human Factors, 7, 155-162.
28. Brown, R.T., Buchanan, I., Doepke, K., Eckman, J.R., Baldwin, K., Goonan, B., & Schoenherr, S. (1993). Cognitive and academic functioning in children with sickle-cell disease. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 207-218.
29. Brown, R.T., & Wynne, M.E. (1982). Correlates of teacher ratings, sustained attention, and impulsivity in hyperactive and normal boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 11, 262-267.
30. Buchsbaum, M.S., Lee, S., Haier, R.J., Wu, J.C., Green, M., & Tang, S.W. (1988). Effects of amoxapine and imipramine on evoked potentials in the Continuous Performance Test in patients with affective disorder. Neuropsychobiology, 20, 15-22.
31. Buckner, D.N., Harabedian, A., & McGrath, J.J. (1968). A study of individual differences in vigilance performance (Technical Report 2, January, 1960). In Studies of human vigilance: An omnibus of technical reports (pp. 109-144). Goleta, CA: Human Factors Research.
32. Byrne, D.G. (1976). Vigilance and arousal in depressive states. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 267-274.
33. Campbell, J.W., D'Amato, R.C., Raggio, D.J., & Stephens, K.D. (1991). Construct validity of the computerized Continuous Performance Test with measures of intelligence, achievement, and behavior. Journal of School Psychology, 29, 143-150.
34. Chadwick, O., Rutter, M., Shaffer, D., & Shrout, P.E. (1981). A prospective study of children with head injuries: IV. Specific cognitive deficits. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 101-120.
35. Chee, P., Logan, G., Schachar, R.J., Lindsay, P., & Wachsmuth, R. (1989). Effects of event rate and display time on sustained attention in hyperactive, normal, and control children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 371-391.
36. Cohen, J.D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99, 45-77.
37. Condray, R., & Steinhauer, S.R. (1992). Schizotypal personality disorder in individuals with and without schizophrenic relatives: Similarities and contrasts in neurocognitive and clinical functioning. Schizophrenia Research, 7, 33-41.
38. Cooley, E.L., & Morris, R.D. (1990). Attention in children: A neuropsychologically based model for assessment. Developmental Neuropsychology, 6, 239-274.
39. Coons, H.W., Peloquin, L., & Klorman, R. (1981). Effect of methylphenidate on young adults' vigilance and event-related potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 51, 373-387.
40. Coons, H.W., Klorman, R., & Borgstedt, A.D. (1987). Enhancing effects of methylphenidate on sustained attention and event-related potentials of adolescent patients with attention deficit disorders. Psychophysiology, 24, 572-573.
41. Conners, C.K. (1985). The computerized Continuous Performance Test. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 891-892.
42. Corkum, P.V., & Siegel, L.S. (1993). Is the Continuous Performance Task a valuable research tool for use with children with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1217-1239.
43. Cornblatt, B.A., & Keilp, J.G. (1994). Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 31-46.
44. Cornblatt, B.A., Lenzenweger, M.F., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1989). The Continuous Performance Test, Identical Pairs version: II. Contrasting attentional profiles in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Psychiatry Research, 29, 65-86.
45. Cornblatt, B.A., Risch, N.J., Faris, G., Friedman, D., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1988). The Continuous Performance Test, identical pairs version (CPT-IP): I. New findings about sustained attention in normal families. Psychiatry Research, 26, 223-238.
46. Craig, A., Davies, D.R., & Matthews, G. (1987). Diurnal variation, task characteristics, and vigilance performance. Human Factors, 29, 675-684.
47. Crosby, K.G. (1972). Attention and distractibility in mentally retarded and intellectually average children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 77, 46-53.
48. Davenport, W.E. (1972). Vigilance and arousal: Effects of different types of background stimulation. The Journal of Psychology, 82, 339-346.
49. Davies, A.D., & Davies, D.R. (1975). The effects of noise and time of day upon age differences in performance at two checking tasks. Ergonomics, 18, 321-336.
50. Davies, D.R., & Hockey, G.R.J. (1966). The effects of noise and doubling the signal frequency on individual differences in visual vigilance performance. British Journal of Psychology, 57, 381-389.
51. Davies, D.R., Jones, D.M., & Taylor, A. (1984). Selective- and sustained-attention tasks: Individual and group differences. In R. Parasuraman & D.R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 395-447). Orlando: Academic Press.
52. Davies, D.R., Lang, L., & Shackleton, V.J. (1973). The effects of music and task difficulty on performance at a visual vigilance task. British Journal of Psychology, 64, 383-389.
53. Davies, D.R., & Parasuraman, R. (1982). The psychology of vigilance. London: Academic Press.
54. Deaton, J.E., & Parasuraman, R. (1993). Sensory and cognitive vigilance: Effects of age on performance and subjective workload. Human Performance, 6, 71-97.
55. Deese, J. (1955). Some problems in the theory of vigilance. Psychological Review, 62, 359-368.
56. Dember, W.N., Galinsky, T.L., & Warm, J.S. (1992). The role of choice in vigilance performance. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30, 201-204.
57. deSonneville, L.M., Njiokiktjiern C., & Hilhorst, R.C. (1991). Methylphenidate-induced changes in ADDH information processors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 32, 285-295.
58. Dienske, H., deJonge, G., & Sanders-Woudstra, J.A. (1985). Quantitative criteria for attention and activity in child psychiatric patients. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 895-915.
59. Dittmar, M.L., Warm, J.S., Dember, W.N., & Ricks, D.F. (1993). Sex differences in vigilance performance and perceived workload. Journal of General Psychology, 120, 309-322.
60. Duncan, C.C. (1988). Event-related brain potentials: A window on information processing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 199-203.
61. DuPaul, G.J., Anastopoulos, A.D., Shelton, T.L., Guevremont, D.C., & Metevia, L. (1992). Multimethod assessment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The diagnostic utility of clinic-based tests. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 394-402.
62. Earle-Boyer, E.A., Serper, M.R., Davidson, M., & Harvey, P.D. (1991). Continuous performance tests in schizophrenic patients: Stimulus and medication effects on performance. Psychiatry Research, 37, 47-56.
63. Edley, R.S., & Knopf, I.J. (1987). Sustained attention as a predictor of low academic readiness in a preschool population. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 4, 340-352.
64. Egan, M.F., Duncan, C.C., Suddath, R.L., Kirch, D.G., Mirsky, A.F., & Wyatt, R.J. (1994). Event-related potential abnormalities correlate with structural brain alterations and clinical features in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 11, 259-271.
65. Enander, A. (1987). Effects of moderate cold on performance of psychomotor and cognitive tasks. Ergonomics, 30, 1431-1445.
66. Erickson, W.D., Yellin, A.M., Hopwood, J.H., Realmuto, G.M., & Greenbery, L.M. (1984). The effects of neuroleptics on attention in adolescent schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 745-753.
67. Erwin, R.J., Mawhinney-Hee, M., Gur, R.C., & Gur, R.E. (1991). Midlatency auditory evoked responses in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 430-442.
68. Fagerstrom, K.-O., & Lisper, H.-O. (1977). Effects of listening to car radio, experience, and personality of the driver on subsidiary reaction time and heart rate in a long-term driving task. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 73-85). New York: Plenum Press.
69. Filley, C.M., Heaton, R.K., Nelson, L.M., Burks, J.S., & Franklin, G.M. (1989). A comparison of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 46, 157-161.
70. Fitzpatrick, P.A., Klorman, R., Brumaghim, J.T., & Borgstedt, A.D. (1992). Effects of sustained-release and standard preparations of methylphenidate on Attention Deficit Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 226-234.
71. Fried, P.A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (1992). A follow-up study of attentional behavior in 6-year-old children exposed prenatally to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 14, 299-311.
72. Gale, A. (1977). Some EEG correlates of sustained attention. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 263-283). New York: Plenum Press.
73. Galinsky, T.L., Rosa, R.R., Warm, J.S., & Dember, W.N. (1993). Psychophysical determinants of stress in sustained attention. Human Factors, 35, 603-614.
74. Garfinkel, B.D., Brown, W.A., Klee, S.H., Braden, W., Beauchesne, H., & Shapiro, S.K. (1986). Neuroendocrine and cognitive responses to amphetamine in adolescents with a history of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 503-508.
75. Geen, R.G. (1985). Test anxiety and visual vigilance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 963-970.
76. Giambra, L.M., & Quilter, R.E. (1988). Sustained attention in adulthood: A unique, large-sample, longitudinal and multicohort analysis using the Mackworth Clock-Test. Psychology and Aging, 3, 75-83.
77. Giambra, L.M., & Quilter, R.E. (1989). Sex differences in sustained attention across the adult life span. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 91-95.
78. Goetsch, V.L., & Adams, H.E. (1990). A multicomponent investigation of the interaction of generalized anxiety and phobia. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 12, 329-344.
79. Golombok, S., Moodley, P., & Lader, M. (1988). Cognitive impairment in long-term benzodiazepine users. Psychological Medicine, 18, 365-374.
80. Goodyear, P., & Hynd, G.W. (1992). Attention-deficit disorder with (ADD/H) and without (ADD/WO) hyperactivity: Behavioral and neuropsychological differentiation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 273-305.
81. Gordon, M. (1986). How is a computerized attention test used in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder? Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 19, 53-64.
82. Gordon, M. (1987). Errors of omission and commission: A response to Milich and colleagues regarding the Gordon Diagnostic System. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 23, 325-328.
83. Gordon, M., & Mettelman, B.B. (1988). The assessment of attention: I. Standardization and reliability of a behavior-based measure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 682-290.
84. Gordon, M., Thomason, D., & Cooper, S. (1990). To what extent does attention affect K-ABC scores? Psychology in the Schools, 27, 144-147.
85. Grodzinsky, G.M., & Diamond, R. (1992). Frontal lobe functioning in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 427-445.
86. Halperin, J.M. (1991). The clinical assessment of attention. International Journal of Neuroscience, 58, 171-182.
87. Halperin, J.M., Matier, K., Bedi, G., Sharma, V., & Newcorn, J.H. (1992). Specificity of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity to the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 190-196.
88. Halperin, J.M., Newcorn, J.H., Matier, K., Sharma, V., McKay, K.E., & Schwartz, S. (1993). Discriminant validity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1038-1043.
89. Halperin, J.M., Newcorn, J.H., Sharma, V., Healey, J.M., Wolf, L.E., Pascualvaca, D.M., & Schwartz, S. (1990). Inattentive and noninattentive ADHD children: Do they constitute a unitary group? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 437-449.
90. Halperin, J.M., Sharma, V., Greenblatt, E., & Schwartz, S.T. (1991). Assessment of the Continuous Performance Test: Reliability and validity in a nonreferred sample. Psychological Assessment, 3, 603-608.
91. Halperin, J.M., Wolf, L.E., Greenblatt, E.R., & Young, J.G. (1991). Subtype analysis of commission errors on the continuous performance test in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 207-217.
92. Halperin, J.M., Wolf, L.E., Pascualvaca, D.M., Newcorn, J.H., Healey, J.M., O'Brien, J.D., Morganstein, A., & Young, J.G. (1988). Differential assessment of attention and impulsivity in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 326-329.
93. Hamilton, J.A., Haier, R.J., & Buchsbaum, M.S. (1984). Intrinsic enjoyment and boredom coping scales: Validation with personality, evoked potential and attention measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 183-193.
94. Hancock, P.A. (1984). Environmental stressors. In J.S. Warm (Ed.), Sustained attention in human performance (pp. 103-142). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
95. Hancock, P.A., & Warm, J.S. (1989). A dynamic model of stress and sustained attention. Human Factors, 31, 519-537.
96. Harper, G.W., & Ottinger, D.R. (1992). The performance of hyperactive and control preschoolers on a new computerized measure of visual vigilance: The Preschool Vigilance Task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 33, 1365-1372.
97. Hatfield, J.L., & Loeb, M. (1968). Sense mode and coupling in a vigilance task. Perception and Psychophysics, 4, 29-36.
98. Hebb, D.O. (1955). Drives and the CNS (conceptual nervous system). Psychological Review, 62, 243-254.
99. Heilman, K.M., Voeller, K.K., & Nadeau, S.E. (1991). A possible pathophysiologic substrate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Neurology, 6, Supplement, S76-S81.
100. Hockey, G.R.J. (1973). Changes in information-selection patterns in multisource monitoring as a factor of induced arousal shifts. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 35-41.
101. Hockey, R. (1984). Varieties of attentional state: The effects of environment. In R. Parasuraman & D.R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 395-447). Orlando: Academic Press.
102. Horn, W.F., Wagner, A.E., & Ialongo, N. (1989). Sex differences in school-aged children with pervasive Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 109-125.
103. Hynd, G.W., Hern, K.L., Novey, E.S., Eliopulos, D., Marshall, R., Gonzalez, J.J., & Voeller, K.K. (1993). Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus. Journal of Child Neurology, 8, 339-347.
104. Irwin, M., & Mettelman, B.B. (1989). Pitfalls of the continuous performance test. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 284-286.
105. Jerison, H.J. (1957). Performance on a simple vigilance task in noise and quiet. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29, 1163-1165.
106. Jerison, H.J. (1959). Effects of noise on human performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43, 96-101.
107. Kaufmann, P.M., Fletcher, J.M., Levin, H.S., Miner, M.E., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (1993). Attentional disturbance after pediatric closed head injury. Journal of Child Neurology, 8, 348-353.
108. Kendler, K.S., Ochs, A.L., Gorman, A.M., Hewitt, J.K., Ross, D.E., & Mirsky, A.F. (1991). The structure of schizotypy: A pilot multitrait twin study. Psychiatry Research, 36, 19-36.
109. Kirby, N.H., Nettlebeck, T., & Bullock, J. (1978). Vigilance performance of mildly mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 82, 394-397.
110. Kirby, N.H., Nettlebeck, T., & Thomas, P. (1979). Vigilance performance of mildly mentally retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 184-187.
111. Kirchner, G.L. (1976). Differences in the vigilance performance of highly active and normal second-grade males under four experimental conditions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 696-701.
112. Kirchner, G.L., & Knopf, I.J. (1974). Differences in the vigilance performance of second-grade children as related to sex and achievement. Child Development, 45, 490-495.
113. Kirk, R.E., & Hecht, E. (1963). Maintenance of vigilance by programmed noise. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 16, 553-568.
114. Kirkcaldy, B.D. (1980). An analysis of the relationship between psychophysiological variables connected to human performance and the personality variables extraversion and neuroticism. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 276-289.
115. Klee, S.H., & Garfinkel, B.D. (1983). The computerized Continuous Performance Task: A new measure of inattention. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 487-496.
116. Klee, S.H., Garfinkel, B.D., & Beauchesne, H. (1986). Attention deficits in adults. Psychiatric Annals, 16, 52-56.
117. Klorman, R. (1991). Cognitive event-related potentials in attention deficit disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 130-140.
118. Knopf, I.J., & Mabel, R.M. (1975). Vigilance performance in second graders as a function of interstimulus intervals, socio-economic levels, and reading. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 21, 195-203.
119. Koelega, H.S. (1989). Benzodiazepines and vigilance performance: A review. Psychopharmacology, 98, 145-156.
120. Koelega, H.S., & Brinkman, J.A. (1986). Noise and vigilance: An evaluative review. Human Factors, 28, 465-481.
121. Koelega, H.S., Brinkman, J.A., Hendriks, L., & Verbaten, M.N. (1989). Processing demands, effort, and individual differences in four different vigilance tasks. Human Factors, 31, 45-62.
122. Kopp, M.S. (1989). Psychophysiological characteristics of anxiety patients and controls. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 52, 74-79.
123. Kopp, M.S., Mihaly, K., Linka, E., & Bitter, I. (1987). Electrodermally differentiated subgroups of anxiety patients: I. Autonomie and vigilance characteristics. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 5, 43-51.
124. Krueger, G.P. (1989). Sustained work, fatigue, sleep loss and performance: A review of the issues. Work and Stress, 3, 129-141.
125. Kupietz, S.S. (1976). Attentiveness in behaviorally deviant and nondeviant children: I. Auditory vigilance performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 1095-1101.
126. Kupietz, S.S. (1990). Sustained attention in normal and in reading-disabled youngsters with and without ADDH. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 357-372.
127. Lam, C.M., & Beale, I.L. (1991). Relations among sustained attention, reading performance, and teachers' ratings of behavior problems. RASE Remedial and Special Education, 12, 40-47.
128. Lanzetta, T.M., Dember, W.N., Warm, J.S., & Berch, D.B. (1987). Effects of task type and stimulus heterogeneity on the event rate function in sustained attention. Human Factors, 29, 625-633.
129. Lenzenweger, M.F., Cornblatt, B.A., & Putnick, M. (1991). Schizotypy and sustained attention. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 84-89.
130. Levy, F. (1980). The development of sustained attention (vigilance) and inhibition in children: Some normative data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 72-84.
131. Levy, F., Horn, K., & Dalglish, R. (1987). Relation of attention deficit and conduct disorder to vigilance and reading lag. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 242-245.
132. Lezak, M.D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
133. Lieberman, H.R., Wurtman, R.J., Emde, G.G., Roberts, C., & Coviella, I.L. (1987). The effects of low doses of caffeine on human performance and mood. Psychopharmacology, 92, 308-312.
134. Linnoila, M., Erwin, C.W., Cleveland, W.P., Logue, P.E., & Gentry, W.D., (1978). Effects of alcohol on psychomotor performance of men and women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39, 745-758.
135. Loeb, M. (1981). The present state of research on the effects of noise: Are we asking the right questions? The Journal of Auditory Research, 21, 93-104.
136. Loeb, M., & Alluisi, E.A. (1977). An update of findings regarding vigilance and a reconsideration of underlying mechanisms. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 719-749). New York: Plenum Press.
137. Lucaccini, L., Freedy, A., & Lyman, J. (1968). Motivational factors in vigilance: Effects of instructions on performance in a complex vigilance task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 26, 783-786.
138. Lueger, R.J., & Gill, K.J. (1990). Frontal-lobe cognitive dysfunction in conduct disorder adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 696-706.
139. Lysaght, R.J. (1982). The effects of noise on sustained attention and behavioral persistence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
140. Mackworth, J.F. (1970). Vigilance and attention: A signal detection approach. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
141. Mackworth, N.H. (1948). The breakdown of vigilance during prolonged visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1, 6-21.
142. Mackworth, N.H. (1957). Some factors affecting vigilance. Advancement of Science, 53, 389-393.
143. Matier, K., Halperin, J.M., Sharma, V., Newcorn, J.H., & Sathaye, N. (1992). Methylphenidate response in aggressive and nonaggressive ADHD children: Distinctions on laboratory measures of symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 219-225.
144. Matthews, G. (1989). Extraversion and levels of control of sustained attention. Acta Psychologica, 70, 129-146.
145. Matthews, G., Davies, D.R., & Holley, P.J. (1990). Extraversion, arousal and visual sustained attention: The role of resource availability. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1159-1173.
146. Matthews, G., Davies, D.R., & Lees, J.L. (1988). Arousal, extraversion, and the deployment of resources in sustained attention. Poster presented at the 96th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA.
147. Matthews, G., Davies, D.R., & Lees, J.L. (1990). Arousal, extraversion, and individual differences in resource availability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 150-168.
148. Mayeux, R., Stern, Y., Sano, M., Cote, L., & Williams, J.B. (1987). Clinical and biochemical correlates of bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 37, 1130-1134.
149. McCann, P.H. (1969). The effects of ambient noise on vigilance performance. Human Factors, 11, 251-256.
150. McGrath, J.J. (1963). Irrelevant stimulation and vigilance performance. In D.N. Buckner & J.J. McGrath (Eds.), Vigilance: A symposium (pp. 3-19). New York: McGraw-Hill.
151. McGrath, J.J. (1968). The effect of irrelevant environmental stimulation on vigilance performance (Technical Report 6, November, 1960). In Studies of human vigilance: An omnibus of technical reports (pp. 235-293). Goleta, CA: Human Factors Research.
152. McGrath, J.J., Harabedian, A., & Buckner, D.N. (1968). Review and critique of the literature on vigilance performance (Technical Report 206-1, December, 1959). In Studies of human vigilance: An omnibus of technical reports (pp. 1-108). Goleta, CA: Human Factors Research.
153. McGrath, J.J., & Hatcher, J.F. (1968). Irrelevant stimulation and vigilance under fast and slow stimulus rates (Technical Report 7, February, 1961). In Studies of human vigilance: An omnibus of technical reports (pp. 295-310). Goleta, CA: Human Factors Research.
154. Michael, R.L., Klorman, R., & Salzman, L.F. (1981). Normalizing effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children's vigilance performance and evoked potentials. Psychophysiology, 17, 193-201.
155. Milich, R., Pelham, W.E., & Hinshaw, S.P. (1986). Issues in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder: A cautionary note on the Gordon Diagnostic System. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22, 1101-1104.
156. Milosevic, S. (1993). Visual monitoring performance in simultaneous and successive discrimination tasks. Studia Psychologica, 35, 159-165.
157. Mirsky, A.F., Anthony, B.J., Duncan, C.C., Ahearn, M.B., & Kellam, S.G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychology Review, 2, 109-145.
158. Mirsky, A.F., Lochhead, S.J., Jones, B.P., Kugelmass, S., Walsh, D., & Kendler, K.S. (1992). On familial factors in the attentional deficit in schizophrenia: A review and report of two new subject samples. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 383-403.
159. Munro, L.L., Dawson, M.E., Schell, A.M., & Sakai, L.M. (1987). Electrodermal lability and rapid vigilance decrement in a degraded stimulus continuous performance task. Journal of Psychophysiology, 1, 249-257.
160. Mussgay, L., & Hertwig, R. (1990). Signal detection indices in schizophrenics on a visual, auditory, and bimodal continuous performance test. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 303-310.
161. Nestor, P.G., Faux, S.F., McCarley, R.W., Shenton, M.E., & Sands, S.F. (1990). Measurement of visual sustained attention in schizophrenia using signal detection analysis and a newly developed computerized CRT task. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 329-332.
162. Norman, G., & Breznitz, Z. (1992). Differences in the ability to concentrate in first-grade Israeli pupils of low and high socioeconomic status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153, 5-17.
163. Nuechterlein, K.H., Edell, W.S., Norris, M., & Dawson, M.E. (1986). Attentional vulnerability indicators, thought disorder, and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 408-426.
164. Obiols, J.E., Garcia-Domingo, M., deTrincheria, I., & Domenech, E. (1993). Psychometric schizotypy and sustained attention in young males. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 381-384.
165. O'Brien, J.D., Halperin, J.M., Newcorn, J.H., Sharma, V., Wolf, L., & Morganstein, A. (1992). Psychometric differentiation of conduct disorder and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 13, 274-277.
166. O'Dougherty, M., Nuechterlein, K.H., & Drew, B. (1984). Hyperactive and hypoxic children: Signal detection, sustained attention, and behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 178-191.
167. O'Hanlon, J., Jr. (1965). Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and performance in a visual vigilance task. Science, 150, 507-509.
168. O'Hanlon, J.F., & Beatty, J. (1977). Concurrence of electroencephalographic and performance changes during a simulated radar watch and some implications for the arousal theory of vigilance. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 189-201). New York: Plenum Press.
169. Parasuraman, R. (1984). Sustained attention in detection and discrimination. In R. Parasuraman & D.R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 243-271). Orlando: Academic Press.
170. Parasuraman, R. (1985). Sustained attention: A multifactorial approach. In M.I. Posner & O.S.M. Marin (Eds.), Attention and performance XI (pp. 493-511). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
171. Parasuraman, R. (1987). Human-computer monitoring. Human Factors, 29, 695-706.
172. Parasuraman, R., & Davies, D.R. (1977). A taxonomic analysis of vigilance performance, In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 559-574). New York: Plenum Press.
173. Parasuraman, R., & Davies, D.R. (1984). Varieties of attention. Orlando: Academic Press.
174. Parasuraman, R., & Giambra, L. (1991). Skill development in vigilance: Effects of event rate and age. Psychology and Aging, 6, 155-169.
175. Parasuraman, R., & Haxby, J.V. (1993). Attention and brain function in Alzheimer's disease: A review. Neuropsychology, 7, 242-272.
176. Parasuraman, R., & Mouloua, M. (1987). Interaction of signal discriminability and task type in vigilance decrement. Perception and Psychophysics, 41, 17-22.
177. Parasuraman, R., Mutter, S.A., & Molloy, R. (1991). Sustained attention following mild closed-head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 789-811.
178. Parasuraman, R., Nestor, P.G., & Greenwood, P. (1989). Sustained-attention capacity in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 4, 339-345.
179. Patel, R.M. (1988). Ethanol's effect on human vigilance during a simple task in the presence of an auditory stressor. Psychological Reports, 63, 363-366.
180. Perry, A.R., & Laurie, C.A. (1992). Sustained attention and the Type A behavior pattern: The effect of daydreaming on performance. Journal of General Psychology, 119, 217-228.
181. Pliszka, S.R. (1992). Comorbidity of Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Overanxious Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 197-203.
182. Post, E.M., Burko, M.S., & Gordon, M. (1990). Single-component microcomputer-driven assessment of attention. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 22, 297-301.
183. Poulton, E.C. (1977). Arousing stresses increase vigilance. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 423-459). New York: Plenum Press.
184. Rao, S.M., Leo, G.J., Bernardin, L., & Unverzagt, F. (1991). Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology, 41, 685-691.
185. Rapoport, J., Buchsbaum, M., Zahn, T.P, Weingartner, H. Ludlow, C., & Mikkelsen, E.J. (1978). Dextroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Science, 199, 560-563.
186. Rapport, M.D., Carlson, G.A., Kelly, K.L., & Pataki, C. (1993). Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children. I. Separate and combined effects on cognitive function. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 333-342.
187. Rapport, M.D., DuPaul, G.J., Stoner, G., & Jones, J.T. (1986). Comparing classroom and clinic measures of Attention-Deficit Disorder: Differential, idiosyncratic, and dose-response effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 334-341.
188. Rapport, M.D., Jones, J.T., DuPaul, G.J., Kelly, K.L., Gardner, M.J., Tucker, S.B., & Shea, M.S. (1987). Attention deficit disorder and methylphenidate: Group and single-subject analyses of dose effects on attention in clinic and classroom settings. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 329-338.
189. Riccio, C.A., Hynd, G.W., Cohen, M.J., & Gonzalez, J.J. (1993). Neurological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exceptional Children, 60, 118-124.
190. Robins, P.M. (1992). A comparison of behavioral and attentional functioning in children diagnosed as hyperactive or learning-disabled. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 65-82.
191. Rogers, A.S., Spencer, M.B., Stone, B.M., & Nicholson, A.N. (1989). The influence of a 1 h nap on performance overnight. Ergonomics, 32, 1193-1205.
192. Rohrbaugh, J.W., Stapleton, J.M., Parasuraman, R., Frowein, H.W., Adinoff, B., Varner, J.L., Zubovic, E.A., Lane, E.A., Eckardt, M.J., & Linnoila, M. (1988). Alcohol intoxication reduces visual sustained attention. Psychopharmacology, 96, 442-446.
193. Rosvold, H., Mirsky, A., Sarason, I., Bransome, E., & Beck, L. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 343-350.
194. Rund, B.R., Orbeck, A.L., & Landro, N.I. (1992). Vigilance deficits in schizophrenics and affectively disturbed patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 207-212.
195. Rutschmann, J., Cornblatt, B., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1986). Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia: Findings with two visual continuous performance tests in a new sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 365-385.
196. Schachar, R., Logan, G., Wachsmuth, R., & Chajczyk, D. (1988). Attaining and maintaining preparation: A comparison of attention in hyperactive, normal, and disturbed control children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 361-378.
197. Schiff, A.R., & Knopf, I.J. (1985). The effects of task demands on attention allocation in children of different ages. Child Development, 56, 621-630.
198. Schneider, W., Dumais, S.T., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1984). Automatic and control processing and attention. In R. Purasuraman & D.R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 1-27). Orlando: Academic Press.
199. Seidel, W.T., & Joschko, M. (1991). Assessment of attention in children. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 53-66.
200. Semmel, M.I. (1964). Arousal theory applied to vigilance behavior of educable mentally retarded and average children. Dissertation Abstracts, 24(B), 5578.
201. Shum, D.H.K., McFarland, K.A., & Bain, J.D. (1990). Construct validity of eight tests of attention: Comparison of normal and closed head injured samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 4, 151-162.
202. Smith, A.P., Kendrick, A.M., & Maben, A.L. (1992). Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning and after lunch. Neuropsychobiology, 26, 198-204.
203. Smith, A., & Miles, C. (1986). Acute effects of meals, noise and nightwork. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 377-387.
204. Spielberger, C.D., Vagg, P.R., Barker, L.R., Donham, G.W., & Westberry, L.G. (1980). The factor structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In I.G. Sarason & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and anxiety, Vol. 7 (pp. 95-109). Washington: Hemisphere Publishing.
205. Strandburg, R.J., Marsh, J.T., Brown, W.S., Asarnow, R.F., Guthrie, D., & Higa, J. (1990). Event-related potential correlates of impaired attention in schizophrenic children. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 1103-1115.
206. Strandburg, R.J., Marsh, J.T. Brown, W.S., Asarnow, R.F., Higa, J., & Guthrie, D. (1994). Continuous-processing related ERPs in schizophrenic and normal children. Biological Psychiatry, 35, 525-538.
207. Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Sampson, P.D., Parrish-Johnson, J.C., Kirchner, G.L., & Martin, D.C. (1986). Attention, distraction and reaction time at age 7 years and prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 8, 117-725.
208. Swanson, H.L., & Cooney, J.B. (1989). Relationship between intelligence and vigilance in children. Journal of School Psychology, 27, 141-153.
209. Swanson, J.M. (1985). Measures of cognitive functioning appropriate for use in pediatric psychopharmacological research studies. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 887-890.
210. Swanson, L. (1981). Vigilance deficit in learning disabled children: A signal detection analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 22, 393-399.
211. Sykes, D., Douglas, V., & Morganstern, G. (1973). Sustained attention in hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 14, 213-220.
212. Sykes, D.H., Douglas, V.I., Weiss, G., & Minde, K.K. (1971). Attention in hyperactive children and the effect of methylphenidate (Ritalin). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 129-139.
213. Tarnowski, K.J., Prinz, R.J., & Nay, S.M. (1986). Comparative analysis of attentional deficits in hyperactive and learning-disabled children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 341-345.
214. Tarver, S.G., & Hallahan, D.P. (1974). Attention deficits in children with learning disabilities: A review. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7, 560-569.
215. Thackray, R.I., Bailey, J.P., & Touchstone, R.M. (1977). Physiological, subjective, and performance correlates of reported boredom and monotony while performing a simulated radar control task. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 203-215). New York: Plenum Press.
216. Timmermans, S.R., & Christensen, B. (1991). The measurement of attention deficits in TBI children and adolescents. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 9, 26-31.
217. Tomporowski, P.D., & Allison, P. (1988). Sustained attention of adults with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 92, 531-538.
218. Trommer, B.L., Hoeppner, J.B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K. (1988). Pitfalls in the use of the Continuous Performance Test as a diagnostic tool in Attention Deficit Disorder. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 9, 339-345.
219. Warm, J.S. (1977). Psychological processes in sustained attention. In R.R. Mackie (Ed.), Vigilance: Theory, operational performance, and physiological correlates (pp. 623-644). New York: Plenum Press.
220. Warm, J.S. (1984). An introduction to vigilance. In J.S. Warm (Ed.), Sustained attention in human performance (pp. 1-14). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
221. Warm, J.S., & Jerison, H.J. (1984). The psychophysics of vigilance. In J.S. Warm (Ed.), Sustained attention in human performance (pp. 15-59). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
222. Warner, H.D., & Heimstra, N.W. (1971). Effects of intermittent noise on visual search tasks of varying complexity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 32, 219-226.
223. Warner, H.D., & Heimstra, N.W. (1972). Effects of noise intensity on visual target-detection performance. Human Factors, 14, 181-185.
224. Welford, A.T. (1962). Arousal, channel capacity and decision. Nature, 194, 365-366.
225. Whipple, S.C., Berman, S.M., & Noble, E.P. (1991). Event-related potentials in alcoholic fathers and their sons. Alcohol, 8, 321-327.