Pyruvate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast

Volumn 12, Issue 16, 1996, Pages 1607-1633

  Pronk, Jack T ^a   Steensma, H Yde ^a,b   Van Dijken, Johannes P ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Alcoholic fermentation; Crabtree effect; Glycolysis; Metabolic engineering; Pyruvate carboxylase; Pyruvate decaroxylase; Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Sugar metabolism; TCA cycle; Yeast

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; PYRUVIC ACID; SUGAR;

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; FERMENTATION; GENE DISRUPTION; NONHUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

ACETALDEHYDE; ACETYL COENZYME A; DECARBOXYLATION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OXALOACETATES; OXALOACETIC ACIDS; PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; PYRUVIC ACID; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0030448870     PISSN: 0749503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199612)12:16<1607::AID-YEA70>3.0.CO;2-4     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Alani, E., Cao, L. and Kleckner, N. (1987). A method for gene disruption that allows repeated use of URA3 selection in the construction of multiply disrupted yeast strains. Genetics 116, 541-545.
2. Bakker, E. P. and van Dam, K. (1974). The movement of monocarboxylic acids across phospholipid membranes: evidence for an exchange diffusion between pyruvate and other monocarboxylate ions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 339, 285-289.
3. Barden, R. E., Taylor, B. L., Isohashi, F., et al. (1975). Structural properties of pyruvate carboxylases from chicken liver and other sources. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 4308-4312.
4. Barnett, J. A. (1981). The utilization of disaccharides and some other sugars by yeasts. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 39, 347-404.
5. Barnett, J. A., Payne, R. W. and Yarrow, D. (1990). Yeasts: Characteristics and identification, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
6. Barrit, G. J. (1985). Regulation of enzymatic activity. In Keech, D. B. and Wallace, J. C. (Eds), Pyruvate Carboxylase. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 141-177.
7. Behal, R. H., Browning, K. S. and Reed, L. J. (1989). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit of yeast pyruvate dehydrogenase. Biochem. Biophvs. Res. Commun. 164, 941-946.
8. Behal, R. H., Browning, K. S., Hall, T. B. and Reed, L. J. (1989). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene for protein X from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8732-8736.
9. Benz, R. (1985). Porin from bacterial and mitochondrial outer membranes. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 19, 145-190.
10. van den Berg, M. A and Steensma, H. Y. (1995). ACS2, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, essential for growth on glucose. Eur. J. Biochem. 231, 704-713.
11. van den Berg, M. A., de Jong-Gubbels, P., Kortland, C. J., van Dijken, J. P., Pronk, J. T. and Steensma, H. Y. (1996). The two acetyl-coenzyme A synthetases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ with respect to kinetic properties and transcriptional regulation. J. Biol. Chem., in press.
12. Beudeker, R. F., van Dam, H. W., van der Plaat, J. B. and Vellenga, K. (1990). Developments in baker's yeast production. In Verachtert, H. and De Mot, R. (Eds), Yeast Biotechology and Biocatalysis. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 103-146.
13. Blásquez, M. A., Gamo, F. J. and Gancedo, C. (1995). A mutation affecting carbon catabolite repression suppresses growth defects in pyruvate carboxylase mutants from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 377, 197-200.
14. Boiteux, A. and Hess, B. (1970). Allosteric properties of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase. FEBS Lett. 9, 293-296.
15. Boles, E. and Zimmermann, F. K. (1993). Induction of pyruvate decarboxylase in glycolysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlates with the concentrations of 3-carbon glycolytic intermediates. Arch. Microbiol. 160, 324-328.
16. Boles, E., Heinisch, J. and Zimmermann, F. K. (1993). Different signals control the activation of glycolysis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 9, 761-770.
17. Bowman, S. B., Zaman, Z., Collinson, L. P., Brown, A. J. P. and Dawes, I. W. (1992). Positive regulation of the LPDl gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the HAP2/HAP3/HAP4 activation system. Mol. Gen. Genet. 231, 296-303.
18. Brewster, N. K., Val, D. L., Walker, M. E. and Wallace, J. C (1994). Regulation of pyruvate carboxylase isoenzyme (PYC1, PYC2) gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentative and non-fermentative growth. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 311, 62-71.
19. Briquet, M. (1977). Transport of pyruvate and lactate in yeast mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 459, 290-299.
20. Bruinenberg, P. M., van Dijken, J. P. and Scheffers, W. A. (1983). An enzymic analysis of NADPH production and consumption in Candida utilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129, 965-971.
21. Bruinenberg, P. M., van Dijken, J. P. and Scheffers, W. A. (1983). A theoretical analysis of NADPH production and consumption in yeasts. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129, 953-964.
22. Bruinenberg, P. M., de Bot, P. H. M., van Dijken, J. P. and Scheffers, W. A. (1983). The role of the redox balance in the fermentation of xylose by yeasts. Eur. J Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18, 287-292.
23. Bruinenberg, P. M., de Bot, P. H. M., van Dijken, J. P. and Scheffers, W. A. (1984). NADH-linked aldose reductase: the key to alcoholic fermentation of xylose by yeasts. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 256-269.
24. Bruinenberg, P. M., Waslander, G. W., van Dijken, J. P. and Scheffers, W. A. (1986). A comparative radiorespirometric study of glucose metabolism in yeasts. Yeast 2, 117-121.
25. Cazzulo, J. J. and Stoppani, A. O. M. (1969). Effects of adenosine phosphates and nicotinamide nucleotides on pyruvate carboxylase from baker's yeast. Biochem. J. 112, 755-762.
26. Cohen, N. D., Utter, M. F., Wrigley, N. G. and Barret, A. N. (1979). Quaternary structure of yeast pyruvate carboxylase: biochemical and electron microscope studies. Biochem. 18, 2197-2203.
27. Cooper, R. A. (1984). Metabolism of methylglyoxal in microorganisms. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 38, 49-68.
28. De Virgilio, C., Burckert, N., Barth, G., Neuhaus, J. M., Boller, T. and Wiemken, A. (1992). Cloning and disruption of a gene required for growth on acetate but not on ethanol: the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene of Succharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 8, 1043-1051.
29. Dickinson, J. R., Roy, D. J. and Dawes, I. W. (1986). A mutation affecting lipoamide dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 204, 103-107.
30. Dickinson, J. R. and Dawes, I. W. (1992). The catabolism of branched-chain amino acids occurs via 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase in Succharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138, 2029-2033.
31. Dihanic, M., Suda, K. and Schatz, G. (1987). A yeast mutant lacking mitochondrial porin is respiratory-deficient, but can recover respiration with simultaneous accumulation of an 86 kd extramitochondrial protein. EMBO J. 6, 723-728.
32. van Dijken, J. P., Jonker, R., Houweling-Tan, G. B., Bruinenberg, P. M., Meijer, J. and Scheffers, W. A. (1983). The Crabtree effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its significance for the rising power of baker's yeast. In Houwink, E. H., van der Meer, R. R. and Scheffers, W. A. (Eds), Proc. Symp. Netherlands Soc. Biotechnol. 1983, p. 171.
33. van Dijken, J. P. and Scheffers, W. A. (1986). Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32, 199-224.
34. van Dijken, J. P., van den Bosch, J. J., Hermans, L., de Miranda, R. and Scheffers, W. A. (1986). Alcoholic fermentation by 'non-fermenting' yeasts. Yeast 2, 123-127.
35. van Dijken, J. P., Weusthuis, R. A. and Pronk, J. T. (1993). Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63, 343-352.
36. Divjak, S. and Mor, J. R. (1973). On the activity of carbon dioxide fixation in growing yeasts. Arch. Mikrobiol. 94, 191-199.
37. Egli, T., Bosshard, C. and Hamer, G. (1993). Kinetics of microbial growth with mixtures of carbon sources. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63, 289-298.
38. Entian, K. D. (1986). Glucose repression: a complex regulatory system. Microbiol. Sci. 3, 366-371.
39. Erlenmeyer, E. (1881). Verhalten der Glycerinsaure und der Weinsaure gegen wasserentziehende Substanzen. Chem. Ber. 14, 320-323.
40. Flikweert, M. T., van der Zanden, L., Janssen, W. M. T. M., Steensma, H. Y., van Dijken, J. P. and Pronk, J. T. (1996). Pyruvate decarboxylase: an indispensable enzyme for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on glucose. Yeast 12, 247-257.
41. Franzblau, S. G. and Sinclair, N. A. (1983). Induction of pyruvate decarboxylase in Candida utilis. Mycopathol. 83, 29-33.
42. Gailiusis, J., Rinne, R. W. and Benedict, C. R. (1964). Pyruvate-oxaloacetate exchange reaction in baker's yeast. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 92, 595-601.
43. Gamo, F. J., Lafuente, M. J. and Gancedo, C. (1994). The mutation DGTl-1 decreases glucose transport and alleviates carbon catabolite repression in Saccharomvces cerevisiae. J. Bacterial. 176, 7423-7429.
44. Gancedo, C. and Serrano, R. (1989). Energyyielding metabolism. In Rose, A. H. and Harrison, J. S. (Eds), The Yeasts, 2nd edn, vol. 3. Academic Press, New York, pp. 205-259.
45. Gancedo, J. M. (1992). Carbon catabolite repression in yeast. Eur. J. Biochem. 206, 297-313.
46. Gounaris, A. D., Turkenkopf, I., Civerchia, L. L. and Greenlie, J. (1975). Pyruvate decarboxylase. III. Specificity restrictions for thiamine pyrophosphate in the protein association step, subunit structure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 405, 492-499.
47. Green, D. E., Herbert, D. E. and Subramanyan, V. (1941). Carboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 138, 327-339.
48. Haarasilta, S. and Oura, E. (1975). Effect of aeration on the activity of gluconeogenic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under glucose limitation. Arch. Microbiol. 106, 271-273.
49. Haarasilta, S. and Taskinen, L. (1977). Location of three key enzymes of gluconeogenesis in baker's yeast. Arch. Microbiol 113, 159-161.
50. Hampsey, D. M. and Kohlhaw, G. B. (1981). Inactivation of yeast α-isopropyl malate synthase by CoA. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3791-3796.
51. Hensing, M., Vrouwenvelder, H., Hellinga, C., Baartmans, R. and van Dijken, J. P. (1994). Production of extracellular inulinase in high-cell-density fed-batch cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 42, 516-521.
52. Hensing, M., Rouwenhorst, R., Heijnen, J. J., van Dijken, J. P. and Pronk, J. T. (1995). Physiological and technological aspects of large-scale heterologous-protein production with yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 67, 261-279.
53. Hinnebusch, A. G. (1983). Mechanisms of gene regulation in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Rev. 52, 248-273.
54. Hohmann, S. and Cederberg, H. (1990). Autoregulation may control the expression of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase structural genes PDC1 and PDC5. Eur. J. Biochem. 188, 615-621.
55. Hohmann, S. (1991). Characterization of PDC6, a third structural gene for pyruvate decarboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 173, 7963-7969.
56. Hohmann, S. (1991). PDC6. a weakly expressed pyruvate decarboxylase gene from yeast, is activated when fused spontaneously under the control of the PDC1 promoter. Curr. Genet. 20, 373-378.
57. Hohmann, S. (1993). Characterization of PDC2. a gene necessary for high level expression of pyruvate decarboxylase structural genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 241, 657-666.
58. den Hollander, J. A., Ugurbil, K., Brown, T. R. and Shulman, R. G. (1981). Phosphorous-31 NMR nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the effect of oxygen upon glycolysis in yeast. Biochemistry 20, 5871-5880.
59. Holzer, H. (1961). Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by enzyme competition. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 26, 277-288.
60. Holzer, H. and Goedde, W. H. (1957). Zwei Wege von Pyruvat zu Acetyl-Coenzym A in Hefe. Biochem. Z. 329, 175-191.
61. Holzer, H. and Kohlhaw, G. B. (1961). Enzymatic formation of α-acetolactate from α-hydroxyethyl 2-thiamine pyrophosphate ('active aldehyde') and pyruvate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 5, 452-458.
62. Hubner, G., Weidhase, R. and Schellenberger, A. (1978). The mechanism of substrate activation of pyruvate decarboxylase, a first approach. Eur. J. Biochem. 92, 175-181.
63. Jacobson, M. K. and Bernofsky, C. (1974). Mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophvs. Acta 350, 277-291.
64. James, A. G., Cook, R. M., West, S. M. and Lindsay, J. G. (1995). The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by phosphorylation. FEBS Lett. 373, 111-114.
65. de Jong-Gubbels, P., Vanrolleghem, P., Heijnen, J. J., van Dijken, J. P. and Pronk, J. T. (1995). Regulation of carbon metabolism in chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on mixtures of glucose and ethanol. Yeast 11, 407-418.
66. Kaliterna, J., Weusthuis, R. A., Castrillo, J. I., van Dijken, J. P. and Pronk, J. T. (1995). Transient responses of Candida utilis to oxygen limitation: regulation of the Kluyver effect for maltose. Yeast 11, 317-325.
67. Keha, E. E., Ronft, H. and Kresze, G. B. (1982). On the origin of mitochondria: a reexamination of the molecular structure and kinetic properties of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from brewer's yeast. FEBS Lett. 145, 289-292.
68. Kell, D. B. and Westerhoff, H. V. (1986). Metabolic control theory: its role in microbiology and biotechnology. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 39, 305-320.
69. Kellermann, E., Seeboth, P. G. and Hollenberg, C. P. (1986). Analysis of the primary structure and promoter function of a pyruvate decarboxylase gene (PDC1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucl. Acids Res. 14, 8963-8977.
70. Kispal, G., Cseko, J., Alkonyi, I. and Sandor, A. (1991). Isolation and characterization of carnitine acetyl-transferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1085, 217-222.
71. Kluyver, A. J. (1914). Biochemische suikerbepalingen. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
72. Kohlhaw, G. B. and Tan-Wilson, A. (1977). Carnitine-acetyltransferase: candidate for the transfer of acetyl groups through the mitochondrial membrane of yeast. J. Bacteriol. 129, 1159-1161.
73. de Koning, W. and van Dam, K. (1992). A method for the determination of glycolytic intermediates in yeast on a subsecond time scale using extraction at neutral pH. Anal. Biochem. 204, 118-123.
74. Kratzer, S. and Schuller, H. J. (1995). Carbon source-dependent regulation of the acetylcoenzyme A synthetase-encoding gene ACS1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 161, 75-79.
75. Kresze, G. B. and Ronft, H. (1981). Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from baker's yeast. 1. Properties and some kinetic and regulatory properties. Eur. J. Biochem. 119, 573-579.
76. Kresze, G. B. and Ronft, H. (1981). Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from baker's yeast. 2. Molecular structure, dissociation, and implications for the origin of mitochondria. Eur. J. Biochem. 119, 581-587.
77. Kuo, D. J., Dikdan, G. and Jordan, F. (1986). Resolutions of brewers' yeast decarboxylase into two isoenzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 3316-3319.
78. Lagunas, R. (1986). Misconceptions about the energy metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2, 221-228.
79. Lancashire, M., Payton, A., Webber, M. J. and Hartley, B. S. (1981). Petite-negative mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 181, 409-410.
80. Lawson, J. E., Behal, R. H. and Reed, L. J. (1991). Disruption and mutagenesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDX1 gene encoding the protein X component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Biochem. 30, 2834-2839.
81. Lawson, J. E., Niu, X. D. and Reed, L. J. (1991). Functional analysis of the domains of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 30, 11249-11254.
82. Lessie, T. G. and Phibbs, P. V. (1984). Alternative pathways of carbohydrate utilization in Pseudomonas. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 38, 358-387.
83. Libor, S. M., Sundaram, T. K. and Scrutton, M. C. (1978). Pyruvate carboxylase from a thermophilic Bacillus. Biochem. J. 169, 543-558.
84. Lohmann, K. and Schuster, P. H. (1937). Untersuchungen uber die Cocarboxylase. Biochem. Z. 294, 188-214.
85. López-Boado, Y. S., Herrero, P. S., Gascon, S. and Moreno, F. (1987). Catabolite inactivation of isocitrate lyase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch. Microbiol. 147, 231-234.
86. Losada, M., Canovas, J. L. and Ruiz-Amil, M. (1964). Oxaloacetate, citramalate and glutamate formation from pyruvate in baker's yeast. Biochem. Z. 340, 60-74.
87. Maitra, P. K. and Lobo, Z. (1971). A kinetic study of glycolytic enzyme synthesis in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 475-488.
88. von Meyenburg, K. (1969). Katabolit-repression und der Sprossungszyklus von Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
89. Miller, A. L. and Atkinson, D. E. (1972). Response of yeast pyruvate carboxylase to the adenylate energy charge and other regulatory parameters. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 152, 531-538.
90. Miran, S. G., Lawson, J. E. and Reed, L. J. (1993). Characterization of PDHβ1, the structural gene for the pyruvate dehydrogenase β subunit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 1252-1256.
91. Mistry, S. C., Priestman, D. A., Kerbey, A. L. and Randle, P. J. (1991). Evidence that rat liver pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activator protein is a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Biochem. J. 275, 775-779.
92. Morris, C. P., Lim, F. and Wallace, J. C. (1987). Yeast pyruvate carboxylase: gene isolation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 145, 390-396.
93. Myers, D. E., Tolbert, B. and Utter, M. F. (1983). Activation of yeast pyruvate carboxylase: interactions between acyl-Coenzyme A compounds, aspartate, and substrates of the reaction. Biochem. 22, 5090-5096.
94. Naleçz, M. J., Naleçz, K. A. and Azzi, A. (1991). Purification and functional characterization of the pyruvate (monocarboxylate) carrier from baker's yeast mitochondria (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1079, 87-95.
95. Neuberg, C. and Karczag, L. (1911). Uber zuckerfreie Hefegarungen. IV. Carboxylase, ein neues Enzym der Hefe. Biochem. Z. 36, 68-75.
96. Neuberg, C. and Karczag, L. (1911). Uber zuckerfreie Hefegarungen. IV. Zur Kenntnis der Carboxylase. Biochem. Z. 36, 76-81.
97. Niederberger, P., Prasad, R., Miozzari, G. and Kacser, H. (1992). A strategy for increasing an in vivo flux by genetic manipulations. The tryptophan system of yeast. Biochem. J. 287, 473-479.
98. Niu, X., Browning, K. S., Behal, R. H. and Reed, L. J. (1988). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene for dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 7546-7550.
99. Oliver, S. G. (1996). From DNA sequence to biological function. Nature 379, 597-600.
100. Orr-Weaver, T. L., Szostak, J. and Rothstein, R. J. (1981). Yeast transformation: a model system for the study of recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 6354-6358.
101. Oura, E. (1972). The effect of aeration on the growth energetics and biochemical composition of baker's yeast. PhD Thesis, University of Helsinki, Finland.
102. Oura, E. (1977). Reaction products of yeast fermentations. Process Biochem. 12, 19-21.
103. Oura, E., Haarasilta, S. and Londesborough, J. (1980). Carbon dioxide fixation by baker's yeast in a variety of growth conditions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 118, 51-58.
104. Palacián, E., de Torrontegui, G. and Losada, M. (1966). Inhibition of yeast pyruvate carboxylase by L-aspartate and oxaloacetate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 24, 644-649.
105. Pereira da Silva, L., Lindahl, M., Lundin, M. and Baltscheffsky, H. (1991). Protein phosphorylation by inorganic pyrophosphate in yeast mitochondria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 178, 1359-1364.
106. Petersen, J. G. L. and Holmberg, S. (1986). The ILVS gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is highly expressed. Nucl. Acids Res. 14, 9631-9651.
107. Petrik, M., Kappeli, O. and Fiechter, A. (1983). An expanded concept for the glucose effect in the yeast Saccharomyces uvarum: involvement of short-term and long-term regulation. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129, 43-49.
108. Porro, D., Brambilla, L., Ranzi, B. M., Martegani, E. and Alberghina, L. (1995). Development of metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for the production of lactic acid. Biotechnol. Prog. 11, 294-298.
109. Postma, E., Verduyn, C., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1989). Enzymic analysis of the Crabtree effect in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 468-477.
110. Pronk, J. T., Wenzel, T. J., Luttik, M. A. H., Klaassen, C. C. M., Scheffers, W. A., Steensma, H. Y. and van Dijken, J. P. (1994). Energetic aspects of glucose metabolism in a pyruvatedehydrogenase-negative mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology 140, 601-610.
111. Ratledge, C. and Evans, C. T. (1989). Lipids and their metabolism. In Rose, A. H. and Harrison, J. S. (Eds), The Yeasts, vol. 3. Academic Press. New York, pp. 367-455.
112. Reed, L. J. (1974). Multienzyme complexes. Acc. Chem. Res. 7, 40-46.
113. Reed, L. J. and Yeaman, S. J. (1987). Pyruvate dehydrogenase. The Enzymes 28, 77-95.
114. Rieger, M., Kappeli, O. and Fiechter, A. (1983). The role of a limited respiration in the complete oxidation of glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129, 653-661.
115. Rohde, M., Lim, F. and Wallace, J. C. (1986). Pyruvate carboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Quarternary structure, effects of allosteric ligands and binding of avidin. Eur. J. Biochem. 156, 15-22.
116. Rohde, M., Lim, F. and Wallace, J. C. (1991). Electron microscopic localization of pyruvate carboxylase in rat liver and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by immunogold procedures. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 290, 197-201.
117. Romanos, M. A., Scorer, C. A. and Clare, J. J. (1992). Foreign gene expression in yeast: a review. yeast 8, 423-488.
118. Ross, J., Reid, G. A. and Dawes, I. W. (1988). The nucleotide sequence of the LPD1gene encoding lipoamide dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison between eukaryotic and prokaryotic sequences for related enzymes and identification of potential upstream control sites. J. Gen. Microbiol 134, 1131-1139.
119. Rothstein, R. (1991). Targeting, disruption, replacement, and allele rescue: integrative DNA transformation in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 194, 281-301.
120. Roy, D. J. and Dawes, I. W. (1987). Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding lipoamide dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133, 925-933.
121. Ruiz-Amil, M., de Torrontegui, E., Palacián, E., Catalina, L. and Losada, M. (1965). Properties and function of yeast pyruvate carboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3485-3492.
122. Ryan, E. D., Tracey, J. W. and Kohlhaw, G. B. (1973). Subcellular localization of leucine biosynthetic enzymes in yeast. J. Bacteriol. 116, 222-225.
123. Schaaff, I., Green, J. B. A., Gozalbo, D. and Hohmann, S. (1989). A deletion of the PDC1 gene for pyruvate decarboxylase of yeast causes a different phenotype than previously isolated point mutations. Curr. Genet. 15, 75-81.
124. Schaaff, I., Heinisch, J. and Zimmermann, F. K. (1989). Overproduction of glycolytic enzymes in yeast. Yeast 5, 285-290.
125. Scheffers, W. A. (1966). Stimulation of fermentation in yeasts by acetoin and oxygen. Nature 210, 533-534.
126. Schmalix, W. and Bandlow, W. (1993). The ethanol-inducible YAT1 gene from yeast encodes a presumptive mitochondrial outer carnitine acetyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 27428-27439.
127. Schmitt, H. D. and Zimmermann, F. K. (1982). Genetic analysis of the pyruvate decarboxylase reaction in yeast glycolysis. J. Bacteriol. 151, 1146-1152.
128. Schmitt, H. D., Ciriacy, M. and Zimmermann, F. K. (1983). The synthesis of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase is regulated by large variations in the messenger RNA level. Mol. Gen. Genet. 192, 247-252.
129. Scholer, A. and Schuller, H. J. (1993). Structure and function of the isocitrate lyase gene ICLI from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Genet. 23, 375-381.
130. Scrutton, M. C. (1978). Fine control of the conversion of pyruvate (phosphoenolpyruvate) to oxaloacetate in various species. FEBS Lett. 89, 1-9.
131. 0 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae give evidence for an additional structural PDC gene: cloning of PDC5, a gene homologous to PDC1. J. Bacteriol. 172, 678-685.
132. Sierkstra, L. N., Verbakel, J. M. A. and Verrips, C. T. (1992). Analysis of transcription and translation of glycolytic enzymes in glucose-limited continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138, 2559-2566.
133. Sims, A. P. and Barnett, J. A. (1978). The requirement of oxygen for the utilization of maltose, cellobiose and D-galactose by certain anaerobically fermenting yeasts (Kluyver effect). J. Gen. Microbiol. 106, 277-288.
134. Sinclair, D. A. and Dawes, I. W. (1995). Genetics of the synthesis of serine from glycine and the utilization of glycine sole nitrogen source by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 140, 1213-1222.
135. Skoog, K. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. (1990). Effect of oxygenation on xylose fermentation by Pichia stipitis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 3389-3394.
136. Steensma, H. Y., Holterman, L., Dekker, I., van Sluis, C. A. and Wenzel, T. J. (1990). Molecular cloning of the gene for the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur. J. Biochem. 191, 769-774.
137. Stucka, R., Dequin, S., Salmon, J. M. and Gancedo, C. (1991). DNA sequences in chromosomes II and VII code for pyruvate carboxylase isoenzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: analysis of pyruvate carboxylase-deficient strains. Mol. Gen. Genet. 229, 307-315.
138. Sundaram, T. K., Cazzulo, J. J. and Kornberg, H. L. (1971). Pyruvate holocarboxylase formation from the apoenzyme and D-biotin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arch. Biochem. Biophvs. 143, 609-616.
139. Teixeira de Mattos, M. J. and Tempest, D. W. (1983). Metabolic and energetic aspects of the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 on glucose in anaerobic chemostat cultures. Arch. Microbiol. 134, 80-85.
140. Theobald, U. (1995). Untersuchungen zur Dynamik des Crabtree-Effektes. PhD Thesis, Universitat Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
141. Thevelein, J. M. (1994). Signal transduction in yeast. Yeast 10, 1753-1790.
142. Uhlinger, D. J., Yang, C. Y. and Reed, L. J. (1986). Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase from yeast. Biochemistry 25, 5673-5677.
143. van Urk, H., Schipper, D., Breedveld, G. J., Mak, P. R., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1989). Localization and kinetics of pyruvate-metabolizing enzymes in relation to aerobic alcoholic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 and Candida utilis CBS 621. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 992, 78-86.
144. van Urk, H., Voll, W. S. L., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1990). Transient-state analysis of metabolic fluxes in Crabtree-positive and Crabtree-negative yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 282-286.
145. 5 grown in chemostat. Biotechnol. Lett. 17, 537-542.
146. Verduyn, C., Postma, E., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1990). Energetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136, 405-412.
147. Verduyn, C., Postma, E., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1990). Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136, 395-403.
148. Verduyn, C. (1991). Physiology of yeasts in relation to growth yields. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 60, 325-353.
149. Verduyn, C., Stouthamer, A. H., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1991). A theoretical evaluation of growth yields of yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59, 49-63.
150. Visser, W., Batenburg-van der Vegte, W. M., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1990). Oxygen requirements of yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 3785-3792.
151. Visser, W., van Spronsen, E. A., Nanninga, N., Pronk, J. T., Kuenen, J. G. and van Dijken, J. P. (1995). Effects of growth conditions on mitochondrial morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 67, 243-253.
152. Wach, A., Brachat, A., Pohlmann, R. and Philippsen, P. (1994). New heterologous modules for classical or PCR-based gene disruptions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 10, 1793-1808.
153. Walker, M. E., Vale, D. L., Rohde, M., Devenish, R. J. and Wallace, J. C. (1991). Yeast pyruvate carboxylase: identification of two genes encoding isoenzymes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 176, 1210-1217.
154. Wenzel, T. J., van den Berg, M. A., Visser, W., van den Berg, J. A. and Steensma, H. Y. (1992). Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Eur. J. Biochem. 209, 697-705.
155. Wenzel, T. J., Luttik, M. A. H., van den Berg, J. A. and Steensma, H. Y. (1993). Regulation of the PDA1 gene encoding the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur. J. Biochem. 218, 405-411.
156. Wenzel, T. J., Zuurmond, A. M., Bergmans, A., van den Berg, J. A. and Steensma, H. Y. (1994). Promoter analysis of the PDA1 gene encoding the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 10, 297-308.
157. Wenzel, T. J., Teunissen, A. W. R. H. and Steensma, H. Y. (1995). PDA1 mRNA: a standard for quantitation of mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae superior to ACT1 mRNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 23, 883-884.
158. Weusthuis, R. A., Visser, W., Pronk, J. T., Scheffers, W. A. and van Dijken, J. P. (1994). Effects of oxygen limitation on sugar metabolism in yeasts: a continuous-culture study of the Kluyver effect. Microbiology 140, 703-715.
159. de Winde, J. H. and Grivell, L. A. (1993). Global regulation of mitochondrial biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Progr. Nucl. Acids Res. Mol. Biol. 46, 51-91.
160. Wright, A. P. H., Png, H. L. and Hartley, B. S. (1989). Identification, cloning and characterization of a new gene required for full pyruvate decarboxylase activity. Curr. Genet. 15, 171-176.
161. Yeaman, S. J. (1989). The 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes: recent advances. Biochem. J. 257, 625-632.
162. Zelenaya-Troitskaya, O., Perlman, P. S. and Butow, R. A. (1995). An enzyme in yeast mitochondria that catalyzes a step in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis also functions in mitochondrial DNA stability. EMBO J. 14, 3268-3276.