Human senescence

BioEssays

Volumn 18, Issue 12, 1996, Pages 1009-1016

  Kirkwood, Thomas B L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030447280     PISSN: 02659247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bies.950181211     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. United Nations Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (1989). Global Estimates and Projections of Population by Sex and Age. United Nations, New York.
2. Olshansky, S.J., Carnes, B.A. and Cassel, C. (1990). In search of Methuselah: estimating the upper limits to human longevity. Science 250, 634-640
3. Holden, C. (1996). New populations of old add to poor nations burdens. Science 273, 47-48.
4. Grundy, E. (1994). Live old, live well. MRC News 64, 22-25
5. Ebrahim, S. and Kalache, A. (1996). Epidemiology in Old Age. BMJ Publishing Group, London.
6. Wolpert, L. (1992). The Unnatural Nature of Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
7. Gompertz, B. (1825). On the nature and function expressive of the law of human mortality and on a new mode of determining life contingencies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 115, 513-585.
8. Smith, D.W.E. (1993). Human Longevity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
9. Finch, C.E., Pike, M.C. and Witten, M. (1990). Slow mortality rate accelerations during aging in some animals approximate that in humans. Science 249, 902-905.
10. Sacher, G.A. (1978). Evolution of longevity and survival characteristics in mammals. In The Genetics of Aging (ed. E.L. Schneider), pp. 151-167. Plenum, New York.
11. Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1985). Comparative and evolutionary aspects of longevity. In Handbook of the Biology of Aging, 2nd edn (ed. C.E. Finch and E.L. Schneider), pp. 27-44. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
12. Manton, K.G., Stallard, E., Woodbury, M.A. and Dowd, J.E. (1994) Time-varying covariates in models of human mortality and ageing: multidimensional generalizations of the Gompertz. J. Gerontol. 49, B169-B190.
13. Smith, D.W.E. (1994). The tails of survival curves. BioEssays 16, 907-911.
14. Riggs, J.E. (1990). Longitudinal Gompertzian analysis of stroke mortality in the U.S., 1951-1986. Mech. Age. Dev. 55, 235-243.
15. Riggs, J.E. (1991). Longitudinal Gompertzian analysis of ischemic heart disease mortality in the U.S., 1962-1986. Mech. Age. Dev. 57, 1-14.
16. Riggs, J.E. (1991). Longitudinal Gompertzian analysis of breast cancer mortality in the U.S., 1962-1987. Mech. Age. Dev. 60, 123-133.
17. Vaupel, J.W. (1990). Relatives' risks: frailty models of life history data. Theor. Populat. Biol. 37, 220-234.
18. Abrams, P.A. and Ludwig, D. (1995). Optimality theory, Gompertz law and the disposable soma theory of senescence. Evolution 49, 1055-1066.
19. Kirkwood, T.B.L. and Rose, M.R. (1991). Evolution of senescence: late survival sacrificed for reproduction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 332, 15-24.
20. Partridge, L. and Barton, N.H. (1993). Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing. Nature 362, 305-311.
21. Martin, G.M, Austad, S.N. and Johnson, T.E. (1996). Genetic analysis of ageing: role of oxidative damage and environmental stresses. Nature Genet. 13, 25-34.
22. Finch, C.E. (1990). Longevity, Senescence and the Genome. Chicago University Press, Chicago.
23. Kirkwood, T.B.L. and Cremer, T. (1982). Cytogerontology since 1881: a reappraisal of August Weismann and a review of modern progress. Hum. Genet. 60, 101-121.
24. Medawar, P.B. (1952). An Unsolved Problem of Biology. H.K. Lewis, London.
25. Kenyon, C. (1996). Ponce d'elegans: genetic quest for the fountain of youth. Cell 84, 501-504.
26. Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1977). Evolution of ageing. Nature 270, 301-304.
27. Kirkwood, T.B.L. and Holliday, R. (1979). Evolution of ageing and longevity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205, 531-546.
28. Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1981). Evolution of repair: survival versus reproduction. In Physiological Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach to Resource Use (ed. C.R. Townsend and P. Calow), pp. 165-189. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
29. Williams, G.C. (1957). Pleiotropy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 11, 398-411.
30. Kirkwood, T.B.L. and Franceschi, C. (1992). Is ageing as complex as it would appear? New perspectives in ageing research. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 663, 412-417.
31. Schächter, F., Cohen, D. and Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1993). Prospects for the genetics of human longevity. Hum. Genet. 91, 519-526.
32. Pearl, R. and Pearl, R. de W. (1934). The Ancestry of the Long-lived. Jons Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
33. McGue, M., Vaupel, J.W, Holm, N. and Harvald, B. (1993). Longevity is moderately heritable in a sample of Danish twins born 1870-1880. J. Gerontol. 48, B237-B244.
34. Proust, J. et al. (1982). HLA antigens and longevity. Tissue Antigens 19, 168-173.
35. Takata, H., Ishii, T., Suzuki, M., Sekiguchi, S. and Iri, H. (1987). Influence of major histocompatibility complex region genes on human longevity among Okinawan-Japanese centenarians and nonagenarians. Lancet ii, 824-826.
36. Schächter, F. et al. (1994). Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci. Nature Genetics 6, 29-32.
37. Davignon, J., Gregg, R.E. and Sing, C.F. (1988). Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8, 1-21.
38. Corder, E.H. et al. (1993). Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261, 921-923.
39. Cambien, F. et al. (1992). Deletion polymorphism in the gene coding for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 359, 641-644.
40. Kowald, A. and Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1993). Mitochondrial mutations, cellular instability and ageing: modelling the population dynamics of mitochondria. Mutat. Res. 295, 93-103.
41. Kowald, A. and Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1994). Towards a network theory of ageing: a model combining the free radical theory and the protein error theory. J. Theor. Biol. 168, 75-94.
42. Kowald, A. and Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1996). A network theory of ageing: the interactions of defective mitochondria, aberrant proteins, free radicals and scavengers in the ageing process. Mutat. Res. 316, 209-236.
43. Smith, J.R. and Pereira-Smith, O.M. (1996). Replicative senescence: implications for in vivo aging and tumor suppression. Science 273, 63-67.
44. Martin, G.M., Sprague, C.A. and Epstein, C.J. (1970). Replicative life-span of cultivated human cells: effect of donor's age, tissue and genotype. Lab. Invest. 23, 86-92.
45. Rȯhme, D. (1981). Evidence for a relationship between longevity of masmmalian species and lifespans of normal fibroblasts in vitro and erythrocytes in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9920-9923.
46. Dlmri, G.P. et al. (1995). A biomarker that identifies senescent cells in culture and in aging human skin in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9363-9367.
47. Potten, C.S. and Loeffler, M. (1990). Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lesson for and from the crypt. Development 110, 1001-1020.
48. Harley, C.B., Futcher, A.B. and Grelder, C.W. (1990). Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345, 458-460.
49. Axelrod, N. (1996). Of telomeres and tumours. Nature Med. 2, 158-159.
50. Yu, C.-E. et al. (1996). Positional cloning of the Werner's syndrome gene. Science 272, 258-262.
51. Evans, J.G. (1988). Ageing and disease. In Research and the Ageing Population (ed. D. Evered and J. Whelan), pp. 38-57. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
52. Horan, M.A. and Pendleton, N. (1995). The relationship between ageing and disease. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 5, 125-141.
53. Ames, B.N., Saul, R.L., Schwiers, E., Adelman, R. and Cathcart (1965). Oxidative damage as related to cancer and aging: the assay of thymine glycol, thymidine glycol, and hydroxymethyl uracil in human and rat urine. In Molecular Biology of Aging (ed. R.S. Sohal, L.S. Birnbaum and R.G. Cutler), pp. 137-144. Raven Press, New York.
54. Barker, D.J.P. (1994). Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life. BMJ Publishing Group, London.
55. Merry, B.J. (1995). Effect of dietary restriction on aging - an update. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 5, 247-258.
56. Roth, G.S., Ingram, D.K. and Lane, M.A. (1995). Slowing ageing by caloric restriction. Nature Med. 1, 414-415.
57. Evans, J.G. (1993). Metabolic switches in ageing. Age Ageing 22, 79-81.
58. Brierley, E.J., Johnson, M.A., James, O.F.W. and Turnbull, D.M. (1996). Effects of physical activity and age on mitochondrial function. Q. J. Med. 89, 251-258.