German responses to regime change: Culture, class, economy or context?

West European Politics

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-27

  Rose, Richard ^a   Page, Edward C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICAL STUDY; GERMAN REUNIFICATION; PUBLIC ATTITUDES; RE-UNIFICATION SURVEY(1993); REGIME CHANGE;

GERMANY;

EID: 0030446182     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389608425118     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Klaus von Beyme, 'Transition to Democracy - or Anschluss?', Government and Opposition 25/2 (Spring 1990) pp. 170-90.
2. On political socialisation, see David Butler and Donald Stokes, Political Change in Britain (London: Macmillan 1974, 2nd ed.). For an application to the German situation, see e.g. Lewis Minkenberg, 'The Wall after the Wall', Comparative Politics 26/1 (Oct. 1993) pp.53-68.
3. On political socialisation, see David Butler and Donald Stokes, Political Change in Britain (London: Macmillan 1974, 2nd ed.). For an application to the German situation, see e.g. Lewis Minkenberg, 'The Wall after the Wall', Comparative Politics 26/1 (Oct. 1993) pp.53-68.
4. See e.g., Louis L. Snyder, Roots of German Nationalism (Bloomington: Indiana UP 1978).
5. Rogers Bruhaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 1994).
6. G.W.F. Hegel, Hegel's Philosophy of Right, trans. by T.M. Knox (Oxford: OUP 1952) p. 156.
7. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, The Spiral of Silence (U. of Chicago Press 1993, 2nd ed.) pp.61ff . Fora Soviet example, see Vladimir Shlapentokh, Public und Private Life of the Soviet People (NY: OUP 1989) esp. pp.5ff.
8. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, The Spiral of Silence (U. of Chicago Press 1993, 2nd ed.) pp.61ff . Fora Soviet example, see Vladimir Shlapentokh, Public und Private Life of the Soviet People (NY: OUP 1989) esp. pp.5ff.
9. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton UP 1963).
10. See Juan J. Linz, 'The Social Bases of West German Politics' (NY: Columbia U. Sociology Dept PhD thesis 1959); Sidney Verba, 'Germany: The Remaking of Political Culture', in Lucian W. Pye and idem (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton UP 1965) pp. 130-70; Kendall Baker, Russell J. Dalton, and Kai Hildebrandt. Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics (Cambridge, M A: Harvard UP 1981) pp.24-5; Frederick D. Weil, 'Cohorts Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany since 1945', American Sociological Review 52/2 (June 1987) pp.308-24; Institut für Demoskopie, Eine Generation Später: Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1979 (Allensbach: Institut für Demoskopie 1981). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 'Juan Linz Diss. on West Germany: An Empirical Follow-up Thirty Years Later'. In H.E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan (eds.), Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp. 13-41.
11. See Juan J. Linz, 'The Social Bases of West German Politics' (NY: Columbia U. Sociology Dept PhD thesis 1959); Sidney Verba, 'Germany: The Remaking of Political Culture', in Lucian W. Pye and idem (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton UP 1965) pp. 130-70; Kendall Baker, Russell J. Dalton, and Kai Hildebrandt. Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics (Cambridge, M A: Harvard UP 1981) pp.24-5; Frederick D. Weil, 'Cohorts Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany since 1945', American Sociological Review 52/2 (June 1987) pp.308-24; Institut für Demoskopie, Eine Generation Später: Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1979 (Allensbach: Institut für Demoskopie 1981). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 'Juan Linz Diss. on West Germany: An Empirical Follow-up Thirty Years Later'. In H.E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan (eds.), Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp. 13-41.
12. See Juan J. Linz, 'The Social Bases of West German Politics' (NY: Columbia U. Sociology Dept PhD thesis 1959); Sidney Verba, 'Germany: The Remaking of Political Culture', in Lucian W. Pye and idem (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton UP 1965) pp. 130-70; Kendall Baker, Russell J. Dalton, and Kai Hildebrandt. Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics (Cambridge, M A: Harvard UP 1981) pp.24-5; Frederick D. Weil, 'Cohorts Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany since 1945', American Sociological Review 52/2 (June 1987) pp.308-24; Institut für Demoskopie, Eine Generation Später: Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1979 (Allensbach: Institut für Demoskopie 1981). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 'Juan Linz Diss. on West Germany: An Empirical Follow-up Thirty Years Later'. In H.E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan (eds.), Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp. 13-41.
13. See Juan J. Linz, 'The Social Bases of West German Politics' (NY: Columbia U. Sociology Dept PhD thesis 1959); Sidney Verba, 'Germany: The Remaking of Political Culture', in Lucian W. Pye and idem (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton UP 1965) pp. 130-70; Kendall Baker, Russell J. Dalton, and Kai Hildebrandt. Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics (Cambridge, M A: Harvard UP 1981) pp.24-5; Frederick D. Weil, 'Cohorts Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany since 1945', American Sociological Review 52/2 (June 1987) pp.308-24; Institut für Demoskopie, Eine Generation Später: Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1979 (Allensbach: Institut für Demoskopie 1981). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 'Juan Linz Diss. on West Germany: An Empirical Follow-up Thirty Years Later'. In H.E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan (eds.), Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp. 13-41.
14. See Juan J. Linz, 'The Social Bases of West German Politics' (NY: Columbia U. Sociology Dept PhD thesis 1959); Sidney Verba, 'Germany: The Remaking of Political Culture', in Lucian W. Pye and idem (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton UP 1965) pp. 130-70; Kendall Baker, Russell J. Dalton, and Kai Hildebrandt. Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics (Cambridge, M A: Harvard UP 1981) pp.24-5; Frederick D. Weil, 'Cohorts Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany since 1945', American Sociological Review 52/2 (June 1987) pp.308-24; Institut für Demoskopie, Eine Generation Später: Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1979 (Allensbach: Institut für Demoskopie 1981). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 'Juan Linz Diss. on West Germany: An Empirical Follow-up Thirty Years Later'. In H.E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan (eds.), Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp. 13-41.
15. See Juan J. Linz, 'The Social Bases of West German Politics' (NY: Columbia U. Sociology Dept PhD thesis 1959); Sidney Verba, 'Germany: The Remaking of Political Culture', in Lucian W. Pye and idem (eds.), Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton UP 1965) pp. 130-70; Kendall Baker, Russell J. Dalton, and Kai Hildebrandt. Germany Transformed: Political Culture and the New Politics (Cambridge, M A: Harvard UP 1981) pp.24-5; Frederick D. Weil, 'Cohorts Regimes, and the Legitimation of Democracy: West Germany since 1945', American Sociological Review 52/2 (June 1987) pp.308-24; Institut für Demoskopie, Eine Generation Später: Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1979 (Allensbach: Institut für Demoskopie 1981). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, 'Juan Linz Diss. on West Germany: An Empirical Follow-up Thirty Years Later'. In H.E. Chehabi and Alfred Stepan (eds.), Politics, Society and Democracy: Comparative Studies (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp. 13-41.
16. Cf. Albert O. Hirschman, 'Exit, Voice and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic', World Politics 4512 (Jan. 1993) p. 177, and Mark R. Thompson. 'No Exit: "Nation-Stateness" and Democratisation in the German Democratic Republic', Political Studies (forthcoming).
17. Cf. Albert O. Hirschman, 'Exit, Voice and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic', World Politics 4512 (Jan. 1993) p. 177, and Mark R. Thompson. 'No Exit: "Nation-Stateness" and Democratisation in the German Democratic Republic', Political Studies (forthcoming).
18. See Henry Krisch, The German Democratic Republic: the Search for Identity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1985); M. Dennis, German Democratic Republic Politics. Economics and Society (London: Pinter 1988).
19. See Henry Krisch, The German Democratic Republic: the Search for Identity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1985); M. Dennis, German Democratic Republic Politics. Economics and Society (London: Pinter 1988).
20. Gert-Joachim Glaessner, 'Elections in the German Democratic Republic', in R.K. Furtak (ed.) Elections in Socialist States (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf 1990) p.55 of pp.53-71.
21. Russell J. Dalton, 'Communists and Democrats: Democratic Attitudes in the Two Germanics', British Jnl of Political Science 24/4 (Oct. 1994) p.461, and Thompson (note 9).
22. Petra Bauer-Kaase, 'A Political System After the Shock: The Impact of the Unification on the Fabric of Political Orientations in Germany' (Washington DC: American Political Science Assoc. annual mtg, 2-5 Sept. 1993).
23. Gerhard Lehmbruch, 'The Process of Regime Change in East Germany', Jnl of European Public Policy 1/1 (1994) pp. 115-41.
24. But see Wolfgang Seifert and Richard Rose. Lebendsbedingungen und Politische Einstellungen im Transformationsprozess: Ostdeutschland und Osteuropa im Vergleich (Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin 1994) pp.94-104.
25. On the definition of a political regime, sec David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (NY: John Wiley 1965).
26. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter (eds.). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1986); N. Diamandouros and Richard Gunther (eds.), Democratic Politics in the New Southern Europe (ibid. forthcoming).
27. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter (eds.). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1986); N. Diamandouros and Richard Gunther (eds.), Democratic Politics in the New Southern Europe (ibid. forthcoming).
28. E.g. Max Kaase, in 'Demokratische Einstellung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland', in Rudolf Wildenmann (ed.), Sozialwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch für Politik, Vol.2 (Munich. Guenter Olzog 1971). developed a five-point measure of democracy, and subsequently applied this in East as well as West Germany. See also Dalton (note 8), Table 1 and Table A. Gibson's studies in the Soviet Union posit eight different dimensions of democratic attitudes, each measured by a multiplicity of questions that are reduced to scales by a process of factor analysis; see James Gibson, Raymond M. Duch and Kent L. Tedin, 'Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union', Jnl of Politics 54/2 (May 1992) pp. 329-71.
29. E.g. Max Kaase, in 'Demokratische Einstellung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland', in Rudolf Wildenmann (ed.), Sozialwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch für Politik, Vol.2 (Munich. Guenter Olzog 1971). developed a five-point measure of democracy, and subsequently applied this in East as well as West Germany. See also Dalton (note 8), Table 1 and Table A. Gibson's studies in the Soviet Union posit eight different dimensions of democratic attitudes, each measured by a multiplicity of questions that are reduced to scales by a process of factor analysis; see James Gibson, Raymond M. Duch and Kent L. Tedin, 'Democratic Values and the Transformation of the Soviet Union', Jnl of Politics 54/2 (May 1992) pp. 329-71.
30. Cf. James L. Gibson, 'Perceived Political Freedom in the Soviet Union'. Jnl of Politics 55/4 (Nov. 1993) pp.936-74, and Frederick Weil, 'The Development of Democratic Attitudes in Eastern and Western Germany in a Comparative Perspective', in Weil (ed.), Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1993) Vol.1, pp. 195-225.
31. Cf. James L. Gibson, 'Perceived Political Freedom in the Soviet Union'. Jnl of Politics 55/4 (Nov. 1993) pp.936-74, and Frederick Weil, 'The Development of Democratic Attitudes in Eastern and Western Germany in a Comparative Perspective', in Weil (ed.), Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1993) Vol.1, pp. 195-225.
32. Erwin K. Scheuch, 'Cross-National Comparisons Using Aggregate Data: Some Substantive and Methodological Problems', in Richard L. Merritt and Stein Rokkan (eds.) Comparing Nations (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1966) pp.131-68.
33. See Dankwart A. Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy', Comparative Politics 2/3 (April 1970), pp.337-63. and Giuseppe di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press 1990).
34. See Dankwart A. Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy', Comparative Politics 2/3 (April 1970), pp.337-63. and Giuseppe di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press 1990).
35. See John Ford Golay. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (U. of Chicago P. 1958); Gerhard Loewenberg, The Remaking of the German Party System', Polity 1/1 (Fall 1968) pp.87-113.
36. See John Ford Golay. The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (U. of Chicago P. 1958); Gerhard Loewenberg, The Remaking of the German Party System', Polity 1/1 (Fall 1968) pp.87-113.
37. For an overview, see Werner Weidenfeld and Karl-Rudolf Korte (eds.), Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Einheit (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag 1992). For an analysis of frictions at the administrative level, with copious citations, see Hellmut Wollmann, 'The Transformation of Political and Administration Institutions in East Germany between external determinants and "endogenous" factors' (Berlin: World Congress of Int. Pol. Science Assoc. 1994).
38. For an overview, see Werner Weidenfeld and Karl-Rudolf Korte (eds.), Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Einheit (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag 1992). For an analysis of frictions at the administrative level, with copious citations, see Hellmut Wollmann, 'The Transformation of Political and Administration Institutions in East Germany between external determinants and "endogenous" factors' (Berlin: World Congress of Int. Pol. Science Assoc. 1994).
39. See William Mishler and Richard Rose, 'Trajectories of Fear and Hope: Support for Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe', Comparative Political Studies 28/4 (Jan. 1996) pp.553-81.
40. For the theoretical basis of the scale, see Richard Rose, 'Escaping Absolute Dissatisfaction', Jnl of Theoretical Politics 4/4 (Oct. 1992) pp.371-93. For empirical tests of the Churchill hypothesis, see Richard Rose. What Is Europe? A Dynamic Introduction (London: HarperCollins, 1996), Ch.5.
41. For the theoretical basis of the scale, see Richard Rose, 'Escaping Absolute Dissatisfaction', Jnl of Theoretical Politics 4/4 (Oct. 1992) pp.371-93. For empirical tests of the Churchill hypothesis, see Richard Rose. What Is Europe? A Dynamic Introduction (London: HarperCollins, 1996), Ch.5.
42. For full details of all questions and answers in the survey, see Richard Rose. Wolfgang Zapf, Wolfgang Seifert, and Edward Page, Germans in Comparative Perspective (Glasgow: U. of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy No.218, 1993).
43. In West Germany there is a standard deviation of 4.8 points around a mean of plus 0.6 in the heaven/hell rating of the current economic system. In East Germany, there is a standard deviation of 5.1 around a mean of plus 1.8.
44. See Rose et al. (note 26) Tables 3.2, 3.3.
45. See Donald Kinder and D.R. Kiewiet, 'Sociotropic Politics: the American Case', British Jnl of Political Science 11/2 (April 1981), pp. 129-61, and Michael Lewis-Beck, Economics and Elections: the Major Western Democracies (Ann Arbor, MI: U. of Michigan Press 1989).
46. See Donald Kinder and D.R. Kiewiet, 'Sociotropic Politics: the American Case', British Jnl of Political Science 11/2 (April 1981), pp. 129-61, and Michael Lewis-Beck, Economics and Elections: the Major Western Democracies (Ann Arbor, MI: U. of Michigan Press 1989).
47. Morris P. Fiorina, Retrospective Voting in American National Elections (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1981).
48. See Minkenberg (note2), p.66.
49. For the underlying logic, see Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune. The Logic of Social Inquiry (NY: John Wiley 1970).
50. Context is defined by current residence. Among East Germans only 1.3 per cent reported that they had been born in West Germany and among West Germans, only 3.6 per cent were born in East Germany.
51. Richard Rose and Ellen Carnaghan, 'Generational Effects on Attitudes to Communist Regimes: a Comparative Analysis'. Post-Soviet Affairs 11/1 (Jan. 1995) pp.28-56.
52. The coefficients are calculated by constructing composite variables for each category on the basis of their B values and entering these into an equation through stepwise regression and recording the additional variance explained at each step.
53. See Kinder and Kiewiet (note 29); Mishler and Rose (note 24).
54. Religion could not be included as a social structure influence because the absence of Catholics in East Germany effectively makes religion a proxy for context. A separate regression analysis of West Germany included religion and found it was of no importance there.
55. See Herbert B. Asher, Causal Modelling (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Series in Quantitative Methods. 1993, 2nd ed.).
56. Cf. Table 3 and Richard Rose and Christian Haerpfer, New Democracies Barometer III (Glasgow: U. of Strathclyde Studies in Public Policy No.230, 1994), Fig. 9.
57. Laszlo Pal, minister for industry and commerce, quoted by Caroline Southey, 'East Europeans enjoy EU's open day'. Financial Times, 7 June 1995.
58. Similarly, in Central and Eastern Europe negative evaluations from past to present reversing when the future is introduced. See Rose and Mishler (note 24).
59. On the PDS campaign, see Judy Dempsey, 'Polls Apart', Financial Times, 3 Nov. 1994; on ex-Communists in Central and Eastern Europe, see Richard Rose, 'Democracy and Enlarging the European Union Eastwards', Jnl of Common Market Studies (forthcoming); and on incentive structures and opportunism among politicians, see Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin 1952, 4th ed.), Ch. 22.
60. On the PDS campaign, see Judy Dempsey, 'Polls Apart', Financial Times, 3 Nov. 1994; on ex-Communists in Central and Eastern Europe, see Richard Rose, 'Democracy and Enlarging the European Union Eastwards', Jnl of Common Market Studies (forthcoming); and on incentive structures and opportunism among politicians, see Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin 1952, 4th ed.), Ch. 22.
61. On the PDS campaign, see Judy Dempsey, 'Polls Apart', Financial Times, 3 Nov. 1994; on ex-Communists in Central and Eastern Europe, see Richard Rose, 'Democracy and Enlarging the European Union Eastwards', Jnl of Common Market Studies (forthcoming); and on incentive structures and opportunism among politicians, see Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin 1952, 4th ed.), Ch. 22.