Conservation and rehabilitation of urban heritage in developing countries

Habitat International

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 463-475

  Steinberg, Florian ^a,b  

^a ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b 212 Asian Games Village Complex   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HISTORICAL BUILDINGS; URBAN CONSERVATION;

EID: 0030446122     PISSN: 01973975     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0197-3975(96)00012-4     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. This paper draws on some parts of D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Approaches to Housing Renewal", Urban India 18, 2 (1987), pp. 20-26. See also D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Housing Renewal: Approaches to Housing Renewal and Rehabilitation", IHS Newsletter 2, 2 (1987), pp. 1-2; and D. McCallum, "An Introduction to Housing Rehabilitation", AIHDA Journal 3 (1989), pp. 17-22.
2. This paper draws on some parts of D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Approaches to Housing Renewal", Urban India 18, 2 (1987), pp. 20-26. See also D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Housing Renewal: Approaches to Housing Renewal and Rehabilitation", IHS Newsletter 2, 2 (1987), pp. 1-2; and D. McCallum, "An Introduction to Housing Rehabilitation", AIHDA Journal 3 (1989), pp. 17-22.
3. This paper draws on some parts of D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Approaches to Housing Renewal", Urban India 18, 2 (1987), pp. 20-26. See also D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Housing Renewal: Approaches to Housing Renewal and Rehabilitation", IHS Newsletter 2, 2 (1987), pp. 1-2; and D. McCallum, "An Introduction to Housing Rehabilitation", AIHDA Journal 3 (1989), pp. 17-22.
4. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Pre-conference draft report (United Nations, New York, June 1992); World Bank, World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992); and M.N. Buch, Environmental Planning and Urban Planning (Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 1993).
5. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Pre-conference draft report (United Nations, New York, June 1992); World Bank, World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992); and M.N. Buch, Environmental Planning and Urban Planning (Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 1993).
6. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Pre-conference draft report (United Nations, New York, June 1992); World Bank, World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1992); and M.N. Buch, Environmental Planning and Urban Planning (Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 1993).
7. G. Dix, "Conservation and Change in the City", Third World Planning Review 12, 4 (1990), pp. 385-406; M. Batisse, "The Struggle to Save Our World Heritage", Environment 34, 10 (1992), pp. 12-32; E. Booth, "Enhancement in Conservation Areas", The Planner 79, 4, pp. 22-23; and United Nations Development Programme - United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organisation, International Seminar on the Conservation of Cultural Property within the Urban Environment (UNDP-UNESCO, Lima, 1992).
8. G. Dix, "Conservation and Change in the City", Third World Planning Review 12, 4 (1990), pp. 385-406; M. Batisse, "The Struggle to Save Our World Heritage", Environment 34, 10 (1992), pp. 12-32; E. Booth, "Enhancement in Conservation Areas", The Planner 79, 4, pp. 22-23; and United Nations Development Programme - United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organisation, International Seminar on the Conservation of Cultural Property within the Urban Environment (UNDP-UNESCO, Lima, 1992).
9. G. Dix, "Conservation and Change in the City", Third World Planning Review 12, 4 (1990), pp. 385-406; M. Batisse, "The Struggle to Save Our World Heritage", Environment 34, 10 (1992), pp. 12-32; E. Booth, "Enhancement in Conservation Areas", The Planner 79, 4, pp. 22-23; and United Nations Development Programme - United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organisation, International Seminar on the Conservation of Cultural Property within the Urban Environment (UNDP-UNESCO, Lima, 1992).
10. G. Dix, "Conservation and Change in the City", Third World Planning Review 12, 4 (1990), pp. 385-406; M. Batisse, "The Struggle to Save Our World Heritage", Environment 34, 10 (1992), pp. 12-32; E. Booth, "Enhancement in Conservation Areas", The Planner 79, 4, pp. 22-23; and United Nations Development Programme -United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organisation, International Seminar on the Conservation of Cultural Property within the Urban Environment (UNDP-UNESCO, Lima, 1992).
11. In 1980, Bombay had some 40,000 shawl housing units, occupied by households of above 6.3 persons on average. See G. Dewan Verma, Institutional Arrangements for Housing Renewal: Case Studies and Lessons from the Indian Experience, Research Report 29 (Human Settlement Management Institute, New Delhi, 1995) and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (ed.), Rehabilitation of Inner City Areas: Feasible Strategies (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1986), pp. 3-34.
12. In 1980, Bombay had some 40,000 shawl housing units, occupied by households of above 6.3 persons on average. See G. Dewan Verma, Institutional Arrangements for Housing Renewal: Case Studies and Lessons from the Indian Experience, Research Report 29 (Human Settlement Management Institute, New Delhi, 1995) and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (ed.), Rehabilitation of Inner City Areas: Feasible Strategies (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1986), pp. 3-34.
13. In 1987, 41% of Shanghai's housing stock consisted of old, badly serviced terrace housing of the 1920s/1930s, with more than 214,700 households living in 23 urban renewal/rehabilitation areas. See D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Housing Renewal in Shanghai: the Problem and the Approach", IHS Newsletter 2, 2 (1987), p. 6 and Shanghai Municipal Government, Shanghai Urban Studies Project, Housing Renewal Report, Vols. 3 and 3a (Australian Development Assistance Bureau and the World Bank, Shanghai, 1986).
14. In 1987, 41% of Shanghai's housing stock consisted of old, badly serviced terrace housing of the 1920s/1930s, with more than 214,700 households living in 23 urban renewal/rehabilitation areas. See D. McCallum and F. Steinberg, "Housing Renewal in Shanghai: the Problem and the Approach", IHS Newsletter 2, 2 (1987), p. 6 and Shanghai Municipal Government, Shanghai Urban Studies Project, Housing Renewal Report, Vols. 3 and 3a (Australian Development Assistance Bureau and the World Bank, Shanghai, 1986).
15. J.M. Richards, "Old and New Elements at the Core", in J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert and E.N. Rogers (eds), The Heart of the City (Lund Humphries, London, 1952); G. Mukherji, "Urban Renewal: Need and Significance" and M.A. Muttalib, "Urban Renewal: the Emerging Philosophy", both in D. R. Prasad (ed.), Urban Renewal: the Indian Experience (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 29-35 and pp. 36-42; O. Graber, "Why History: the Meanings and Uses of Tradition", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 19-26. A.G. Krishna Menon, Cultural Identity & Urban Development, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 2 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989); and A.G. Krishna Menon and B.K. Thapar, Historic Towns & Heritage Zones, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 3 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1988).
16. J.M. Richards, "Old and New Elements at the Core", in J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert and E.N. Rogers (eds), The Heart of the City (Lund Humphries, London, 1952); G. Mukherji, "Urban Renewal: Need and Significance" and M.A. Muttalib, "Urban Renewal: the Emerging Philosophy", both in D. R. Prasad (ed.), Urban Renewal: the Indian Experience (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 29-35 and pp. 36-42; O. Graber, "Why History: the Meanings and Uses of Tradition", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 19-26. A.G. Krishna Menon, Cultural Identity & Urban Development, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 2 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989); and A.G. Krishna Menon and B.K. Thapar, Historic Towns & Heritage Zones, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 3 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1988).
17. J.M. Richards, "Old and New Elements at the Core", in J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert and E.N. Rogers (eds), The Heart of the City (Lund Humphries, London, 1952); G. Mukherji, "Urban Renewal: Need and Significance" and M.A. Muttalib, "Urban Renewal: the Emerging Philosophy", both in D. R. Prasad (ed.), Urban Renewal: the Indian Experience (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 29-35 and pp. 36-42; O. Graber, "Why History: the Meanings and Uses of Tradition", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 19-26. A.G. Krishna Menon, Cultural Identity & Urban Development, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 2 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989); and A.G. Krishna Menon and B.K. Thapar, Historic Towns & Heritage Zones, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 3 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1988).
18. J.M. Richards, "Old and New Elements at the Core", in J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert and E.N. Rogers (eds), The Heart of the City (Lund Humphries, London, 1952); G. Mukherji, "Urban Renewal: Need and Significance" and M.A. Muttalib, "Urban Renewal: the Emerging Philosophy", both in D. R. Prasad (ed.), Urban Renewal: the Indian Experience (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 29-35 and pp. 36-42; O. Graber, "Why History: the Meanings and Uses of Tradition", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 19-26. A.G. Krishna Menon, Cultural Identity & Urban Development, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 2 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989); and A.G. Krishna Menon and B.K. Thapar, Historic Towns & Heritage Zones, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 3 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1988).
19. J.M. Richards, "Old and New Elements at the Core", in J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert and E.N. Rogers (eds), The Heart of the City (Lund Humphries, London, 1952); G. Mukherji, "Urban Renewal: Need and Significance" and M.A. Muttalib, "Urban Renewal: the Emerging Philosophy", both in D. R. Prasad (ed.), Urban Renewal: the Indian Experience (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 29-35 and pp. 36-42; O. Graber, "Why History: the Meanings and Uses of Tradition", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 19-26. A.G. Krishna Menon, Cultural Identity & Urban Development, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 2 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989); and A.G. Krishna Menon and B.K. Thapar, Historic Towns & Heritage Zones, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 3 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1988).
20. J.M. Richards, "Old and New Elements at the Core", in J. Tyrwhitt, J.L. Sert and E.N. Rogers (eds), The Heart of the City (Lund Humphries, London, 1952); G. Mukherji, "Urban Renewal: Need and Significance" and M.A. Muttalib, "Urban Renewal: the Emerging Philosophy", both in D. R. Prasad (ed.), Urban Renewal: the Indian Experience (New Delhi, 1989), pp. 29-35 and pp. 36-42; O. Graber, "Why History: the Meanings and Uses of Tradition", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 19-26. A.G. Krishna Menon, Cultural Identity & Urban Development, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 2 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989); and A.G. Krishna Menon and B.K. Thapar, Historic Towns & Heritage Zones, Conservation of Immovable Property, No. 3 (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1988).
21. B.M. Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings (Butterworth, London, 1982); B.M. Feilden, Guidelines for Conservation: a Technical Manual (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989) and G.B. Dix, "A Sure and Proper Foundation - Conservation and the Future of Urban Design", in Planning and Conservation, Report of the Third International Congress on Architectural Conservation and Town Planning (The Heritage Trust, London, 1987).
22. B.M. Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings (Butterworth, London, 1982); B.M. Feilden, Guidelines for Conservation: a Technical Manual (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989) and G.B. Dix, "A Sure and Proper Foundation - Conservation and the Future of Urban Design", in Planning and Conservation, Report of the Third International Congress on Architectural Conservation and Town Planning (The Heritage Trust, London, 1987).
23. B.M. Feilden, Conservation of Historic Buildings (Butterworth, London, 1982); B.M. Feilden, Guidelines for Conservation: a Technical Manual (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage/INTACH, New Delhi, 1989) and G.B. Dix, "A Sure and Proper Foundation - Conservation and the Future of Urban Design", in Planning and Conservation, Report of the Third International Congress on Architectural Conservation and Town Planning (The Heritage Trust, London, 1987).
24. J. Abu-Lughod, "Preserving the Living Heritage of Islamic Cities", in Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Proceedings of Seminar One (Aga Khan Award for Architecture/Concept Media, Singapore, 1978) and T.J. Martin, Adaptive Use: Development Economics, Process and Profiles (Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC, 1978).
25. J. Abu-Lughod, "Preserving the Living Heritage of Islamic Cities", in Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Proceedings of Seminar One (Aga Khan Award for Architecture/Concept Media, Singapore, 1978) and T.J. Martin, Adaptive Use: Development Economics, Process and Profiles (Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC, 1978).
26. B.M. Feilden, "Architectural and Urban Conservation", Town Planning 56, 2 (1985), pp. 197-221.
27. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, The Urban Poor and the Rehabilitation of Inner City Areas, and Relocation Policies: Changing Approaches (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1991) and J.E. Hardoy, "The Inhabitants of Historical Centres: Who is Concerned About Their Plight?", Habitat International 7, 5/6 (1983), pp. 151-162.
28. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, The Urban Poor and the Rehabilitation of Inner City Areas, and Relocation Policies: Changing Approaches (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1991) and J.E. Hardoy, "The Inhabitants of Historical Centres: Who is Concerned About Their Plight?", Habitat International 7, 5/6 (1983), pp. 151-162.
29. ICOMOS, The Venice Charter (ICOMOS, Venice, 1994); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, Paris, 1972); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Recommendations Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (UNESCO, Nairobi, 1976); and International Commission on Monuments and Sites, The Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (ICOMOS, Toledo, 1986).
30. ICOMOS, The Venice Charter (ICOMOS, Venice, 1994); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, Paris, 1972); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Recommendations Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (UNESCO, Nairobi, 1976); and International Commission on Monuments and Sites, The Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (ICOMOS, Toledo, 1986).
31. ICOMOS, The Venice Charter (ICOMOS, Venice, 1994); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, Paris, 1972); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Recommendations Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (UNESCO, Nairobi, 1976); and International Commission on Monuments and Sites, The Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (ICOMOS, Toledo, 1986).
32. ICOMOS, The Venice Charter (ICOMOS, Venice, 1994); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, Paris, 1972); United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Recommendations Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (UNESCO, Nairobi, 1976); and International Commission on Monuments and Sites, The Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (ICOMOS, Toledo, 1986).
33. Abu-Lughod (1978), see note 8, and Andrew King, "The Politics of Position: Inventing the Past, Constructing the Present, Imagining the Future", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 9-18.
34. Abu-Lughod (1978), see note 8, and Andrew King, "The Politics of Position: Inventing the Past, Constructing the Present, Imagining the Future", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 2 (1993), pp. 9-18.
35. S. Cantacuzino, "Blueprint for Conservation in the Third World", Mimar 24 (1987), pp. 19-25; Feilden (1985), see note 9.
36. S. Cantacuzino, "Blueprint for Conservation in the Third World", Mimar 24 (1987), pp. 19-25; Feilden (1985), see note 9.
37. R. Lewcock, "Conservation in Islamic Cairo" and The Arab Bureau of Design and Technical Consultations/K. Abdel-Fattah and A.I. Abdelhalim, "The Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Historic Cairo" both in Aga Khan Award for Architecture, The Expanding Metropolis: Coping with the Urban Growth of Cairo, Proceedings of Seminar Nine (Aga Khan Award for Architecture/Concept Media, Singapore, 1984), pp. 49-53 and pp. 54-90.
38. R. Lewcock, "Conservation in Islamic Cairo" and The Arab Bureau of Design and Technical Consultations/K. Abdel-Fattah and A.I. Abdelhalim, "The Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Historic Cairo" both in Aga Khan Award for Architecture, The Expanding Metropolis: Coping with the Urban Growth of Cairo, Proceedings of Seminar Nine (Aga Khan Award for Architecture/Concept Media, Singapore, 1984), pp. 49-53 and pp. 54-90.
39. United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Plan of Action: Restoration and Preservation of the Historic City of Sana'a (Yemen Arab Republic) (UNESCO, Paris/Sana'a, 1982); R.B. Serjeant and R. Lewcock, Sana'a, An Arabian Islamic City (London, 1983); and W. Lingenau, "Sana'a, Arabische Republic Jemen - Plädoyer für eine alte Stadt", TRIALOG 8 (1985/86), pp. 6-13.
40. United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Plan of Action: Restoration and Preservation of the Historic City of Sana'a (Yemen Arab Republic) (UNESCO, Paris/Sana'a, 1982); R.B. Serjeant and R. Lewcock, Sana'a, An Arabian Islamic City (London, 1983); and W. Lingenau, "Sana'a, Arabische Republic Jemen - Plädoyer für eine alte Stadt", TRIALOG 8 (1985/86), pp. 6-13.
41. United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation, Plan of Action: Restoration and Preservation of the Historic City of Sana'a (Yemen Arab Republic) (UNESCO, Paris/Sana'a, 1982); R.B. Serjeant and R. Lewcock, Sana'a, An Arabian Islamic City (London, 1983); and W. Lingenau, "Sana'a, Arabische Republic Jemen -Plädoyer für eine alte Stadt", TRIALOG 8 (1985/86), pp. 6-13.
42. Ministry of Urban Development, National Housing Policy (Government of India, New Delhi, 1992), p. 3 (which states among its objectives "to promote vernacular architecture and to preserve the nation's rich heritage in the field of human settlements").
43. For the case of Old Delhi refer to Dewan Verma (1995) see note 4. In the case of the katras of Old Delhi, despite detailed preparation of an integrated rehabilitation project, this has been called off. For reference see Indian Human Settlements Programme, Renewal of Historic Housing Stock in Old Delhi: Action-Oriented Research Project for the Renewal of Katras (IHSP - Human Settlement Management Institute, New Delhi, 1988).
44. J.E. Hardoy and M. Gutman, "The Role of Municipal Government in the Protection of Historic Centres in Latin American Cities", Environment and Urbanization 3, 1 (1991), pp. 96-108.
45. UNCHS (1986), see note 4; PK. Muttagi, "Bombay: Redevelopment of Old and Dilapidated Areas" and S.P.A. Sundaram, "Bombay Island: Rehabilitation of Housing", both in Ravindra Prasad (ed.), (1989), see note 6, pp. 125-141 and pp. 142-150.
46. UNCHS (1986), see note 4; PK. Muttagi, "Bombay: Redevelopment of Old and Dilapidated Areas" and S.P.A. Sundaram, "Bombay Island: Rehabilitation of Housing", both in Ravindra Prasad (ed.), (1989), see note 6, pp. 125-141 and pp. 142-150.
47. S.S. Shafi, "Shajahanabad: the Walled City of Delhi" and M.N. Buch, "Shajahanabad: a Strategy for Urban Renewal", both in D. Ravindra Prasad (ed.) (1989), see note 6, pp. 163-174 and pp. 175-180; S.K. Saha, Conservation Based Development of Shahjahanabad: the Historic Capital City of India, UNCRD Research Report Series No. 9 (United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Nagoya, 1995); and E.F.N. Ribeiro "Urban Conservation and Rehabilitation in India: Tasks Ahead", in K. Singh and F. Steinberg (eds.), Urban India in Crisis (New Age International, New Delhi, 1995), pp. 409-419.
48. S.S. Shafi, "Shajahanabad: the Walled City of Delhi" and M.N. Buch, "Shajahanabad: a Strategy for Urban Renewal", both in D. Ravindra Prasad (ed.) (1989), see note 6, pp. 163-174 and pp. 175-180; S.K. Saha, Conservation Based Development of Shahjahanabad: the Historic Capital City of India, UNCRD Research Report Series No. 9 (United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Nagoya, 1995); and E.F.N. Ribeiro "Urban Conservation and Rehabilitation in India: Tasks Ahead", in K. Singh and F. Steinberg (eds.), Urban India in Crisis (New Age International, New Delhi, 1995), pp. 409-419.
49. S.S. Shafi, "Shajahanabad: the Walled City of Delhi" and M.N. Buch, "Shajahanabad: a Strategy for Urban Renewal", both in D. Ravindra Prasad (ed.) (1989), see note 6, pp. 163-174 and pp. 175-180; S.K. Saha, Conservation Based Development of Shahjahanabad: the Historic Capital City of India, UNCRD Research Report Series No. 9 (United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Nagoya, 1995); and E.F.N. Ribeiro "Urban Conservation and Rehabilitation in India: Tasks Ahead", in K. Singh and F. Steinberg (eds.), Urban India in Crisis (New Age International, New Delhi, 1995), pp. 409-419.
50. S.S. Shafi, "Shajahanabad: the Walled City of Delhi" and M.N. Buch, "Shajahanabad: a Strategy for Urban Renewal", both in D. Ravindra Prasad (ed.) (1989), see note 6, pp. 163-174 and pp. 175-180; S.K. Saha, Conservation Based Development of Shahjahanabad: the Historic Capital City of India, UNCRD Research Report Series No. 9 (United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Nagoya, 1995); and E.F.N. Ribeiro "Urban Conservation and Rehabilitation in India: Tasks Ahead", in K. Singh and F. Steinberg (eds.), Urban India in Crisis (New Age International, New Delhi, 1995), pp. 409-419.
51. Zhu Xijin, "An Opportunity for the Renewal of the Old City: Land Leases in the Renewal of Shanghai's Old Residential Districts", in M. Leaf (ed.), Inner City Neighbourhood Development, Proceedings of an International Workshop, Beijing, November 24-27 1992 (Centre for Human Settlements, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1993), pp. 66-75 and D. McCallum, "Renewal of Older Housing Areas in Shanghai: some Recent Small-Scale Projects", China City Planning Review (Beijing, 1993), pp. 13-20.
52. Zhu Xijin, "An Opportunity for the Renewal of the Old City: Land Leases in the Renewal of Shanghai's Old Residential Districts", in M. Leaf (ed.), Inner City Neighbourhood Development, Proceedings of an International Workshop, Beijing, November 24-27 1992 (Centre for Human Settlements, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1993), pp. 66-75 and D. McCallum, "Renewal of Older Housing Areas in Shanghai: some Recent Small-Scale Projects", China City Planning Review (Beijing, 1993), pp. 13-20.
53. E.G. Micaud, "Urbanization, Urbanism and Medina of Tunis", International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 9 (1978), pp. 431-447.
54. J. Pieper, "Three Cities of Nepal", in P. Oliver (ed.), Shelter, Sign and Symbol (Barrie & Jenkins, London, 1975), pp. 52-69; R.O.A. Becker-Ritterspach, "The Restoration of Bhaktapur", Unasylva 30, 121 (1978), pp. 2-10; and A. Haland, Bhaktapur - A Town Changing (Bhaktapur Development Project, Bhaktapur, 1982).
55. J. Pieper, "Three Cities of Nepal", in P. Oliver (ed.), Shelter, Sign and Symbol (Barrie & Jenkins, London, 1975), pp. 52-69; R.O.A. Becker-Ritterspach, "The Restoration of Bhaktapur", Unasylva 30, 121 (1978), pp. 2-10; and A. Haland, Bhaktapur - A Town Changing (Bhaktapur Development Project, Bhaktapur, 1982).
56. J. Pieper, "Three Cities of Nepal", in P. Oliver (ed.), Shelter, Sign and Symbol (Barrie & Jenkins, London, 1975), pp. 52-69; R.O.A. Becker-Ritterspach, "The Restoration of Bhaktapur", Unasylva 30, 121 (1978), pp. 2-10; and A. Haland, Bhaktapur - A Town Changing (Bhaktapur Development Project, Bhaktapur, 1982).
57. L. Kong and B.S.A. Yeoh, "Urban Conservation in Singapore: a Survey of State Policies and Popular Attitudes", Urban Studies 31, 2 (1994), pp. 247-265; Tan Teck Kiam, "State of the Art in Conservation: Singapore's Experience", paper presented at the Dialogue on Architectural Heritage among NGO's of ASEAN Countries, Indonesian National Heritage Trust and the Japan Foundation, Jakarta, 13-16 March (1991); Urban Re-Development Authority, "Implementing the Conservation Master Plan of Singapore", in Annual Report 1987-88 (URA, Singapore, 1987) and various leaflets of the Urban Re-Development Authority on its area conservation schemes.
58. L. Kong and B.S.A. Yeoh, "Urban Conservation in Singapore: a Survey of State Policies and Popular Attitudes", Urban Studies 31, 2 (1994), pp. 247-265; Tan Teck Kiam, "State of the Art in Conservation: Singapore's Experience", paper presented at the Dialogue on Architectural Heritage among NGO's of ASEAN Countries, Indonesian National Heritage Trust and the Japan Foundation, Jakarta, 13-16 March (1991); Urban Re-Development Authority, "Implementing the Conservation Master Plan of Singapore", in Annual Report 1987-88 (URA, Singapore, 1987) and various leaflets of the Urban Re-Development Authority on its area conservation schemes.
59. L. Kong and B.S.A. Yeoh, "Urban Conservation in Singapore: a Survey of State Policies and Popular Attitudes", Urban Studies 31, 2 (1994), pp. 247-265; Tan Teck Kiam, "State of the Art in Conservation: Singapore's Experience", paper presented at the Dialogue on Architectural Heritage among NGO's of ASEAN Countries, Indonesian National Heritage Trust and the Japan Foundation, Jakarta, 13-16 March (1991); Urban Re-Development Authority, "Implementing the Conservation Master Plan of Singapore", in Annual Report 1987-88 (URA, Singapore, 1987) and various leaflets of the Urban Re-Development Authority on its area conservation schemes.
60. In Bombay there are "Save Bombay" and "Bombay First". See also "A People's Movement", Architecture + Design 6, 1 (1989), pp. 109-111.
61. In Delhi there are the Delhi Conservation Society and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage at the national level. Refer also to "A People's Movement" (1989), see note 25; and M. Singh, "The INTACH Heritage", Architecture + Design 11, 3 (1994), p. 15.
62. In Delhi there are the Delhi Conservation Society and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage at the national level. Refer also to "A People's Movement" (1989), see note 25; and M. Singh, "The INTACH Heritage", Architecture + Design 11, 3 (1994), p. 15.
63. Singapore has the Singapore Heritage Society.
64. In Penang there is a Penang Heritage Trust. See also Khoo Si Nin, Streets of George Town - Penang, an Illustrated Guide to Penang's City Streets & Historic Attractions (Janus Print & Resources, Penang, 1993).
65. In Tunis there is the Association for the Safeguarding of the Medina.
66. Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH).
67. Indonesian National Heritage Trust.
68. INTACH, New Delhi has formulated in 1993 a Plan of Action Regarding the Preservation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage and Tourism. See also H. Burgess, "Tourism and the Preservation of Historic Cities: a Case Study of Old Jeddah, Saudi Arabia", in Arab Urban Development Institute, Preservation of Islamic Architectural Heritage (AUDI, Riyadh, 1988), pp. 123-135.
69. M. Gretchen (ed.), Pastel Portraits: Singapore's Architectural Heritage (Singapore Co-ordinating Committee, Singapore, 1984).
70. S. Burton, "History with a Bottom Line", Time (12 July 1993), pp. 40-41 and D. Kammeier, "Notes on Urban Conservation in Southeast Asia", TRIALOG No. 8 (1985/86), pp. 34-37.
71. S. Burton, "History with a Bottom Line", Time (12 July 1993), pp. 40-41 and D. Kammeier, "Notes on Urban Conservation in Southeast Asia", TRIALOG No. 8 (1985/86), pp. 34-37.
72. R.D.F. Bromley and G.A. Jones, "Conservation in Quito: Policies and Progress in the Historic Centre", Third World Planning Review 17, 1 (1995), pp. 41-.60.
73. A.I. Pinheiro and V. Del Rio, "Cultural Corridor: a Preservation District in Downtown Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 4, 11 (1993), pp. 51-64.
74. Department of Archaeology, The Conservation of the Galle Fort and its Environs, Ancient Ceylon No. 15 (Department of Archaeology, Colombo, 1992) and V. Dahanayake, "Integrating a Heritage Site into a Modern Living Environment - Galle Fort", paper presented at Organisation of World Heritage Cities Conference, Bergen, 28-30 June (1995).
75. Department of Archaeology, The Conservation of the Galle Fort and its Environs, Ancient Ceylon No. 15 (Department of Archaeology, Colombo, 1992) and V. Dahanayake, "Integrating a Heritage Site into a Modern Living Environment - Galle Fort", paper presented at Organisation of World Heritage Cities Conference, Bergen, 28-30 June (1995).
76. D. McCallum (1993), see note 21.
77. Dewan Verma (1995), see note 4.
78. The Arab Bureau for Design and Technical Consultations/K. Abdel-Fattah and A.I. Abdelhalim, "The Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Historic Cairo", in Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1984), see note 14.
79. Illustre Municipio de Quito, Dirección de Planificación, Diagnostico del Centro Historico (IMQ, Quito, 1992).
80. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (1982), see note 15.
81. B. Tyman and A. König, "Georgetown Penang - Denkmalpflege im Spannungsfeld von Kommunalpolitik und Wohnungswirtschaft", TRIALOG 35 (1992), pp. 18-20.
82. R. Mehrotra, "The Fort Area, Bombay", Indian Architect & Builder 7, 4 (1993), pp. 8-15.
83. N. Lichfield, Economics in Urban Conservation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989).
84. N. Smith and P. Williams, Gentrification of the City (Allen & Unwin, Boston, MA, 1986).