Australian biodiversity and marine protected areas

Ocean and Coastal Management

Volumn 33, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 113-132

  Kriwoken, Lome K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; BIODIVERSITY; MARINE PROTECTED AREAS;

CONSERVATION; ECOSYSTEMS; GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS; NATURAL RESOURCES; OCEANOGRAPHY;

MARINE BIOLOGY;

EID: 0030441289     PISSN: 09645691     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00047-6     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (61)

1. Australia's EEZ also includes the marine areas surrounding the following seven external territories: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Territory of Christmas Island; Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands Territory; Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Territory of Norfolk Island.
2. Australia supports over 4000 fish species. In comparison, England and northwest Europe support 396 fish species. See Paxton, J. R., Hoese, D. F. Allen, G. R. &Hanley, J. E., Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7: Pisces (Petromyzontidae to Carangidae). AGPS/ABRS, Canberra, 1989.
3. This is measured on the basis of species lists of vertebrates, swallowtail butterflies and higher plants. The other 11 countries are Brazil, China, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru and Zaire. See McNeely, J. A., Miller, K. R, Reid, W. V. Mittermeier, R. A. &Werner, T. B., Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. IUCN, WRI, CI, WWF-US, The World Bank, Gland, Switzerland 1988.
4. WRI, WCU and UNEP, Global Biodiversity Strategy: Guidelines for Action the Save, Study, and Use Earth's Biotic Wealth Sustainably and Equitably. World Resources Institute, The World Conservation Union and United Nations Environment Programme in consultation with Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1992.
5. See, for instance, IUCN, World Conservation Strategy, World Wildlife Fund, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1980;
6. and the World Commission on Environ-ment and Development, Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia, 1987.
7. Norse, E. A. (ed.), Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy for Building Conservation into Decision Making. Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1993.
8. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Convention on Biological Diversity. International Legal Materials, 31 (1992) 818. The full text of the CBD can be also found on the Internet at:http://life.anu.edu.au/biodiversity/bin21/bioconvention/bioconv.html.
9. The CBD defines in situ conservation (Article 8) as the '... the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties'. Ex situ conservation (Article 9) is defined as '... the conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats'. Protected areas are '... a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives'.
10. UNDP/CBD/COP 1/17: paragraph 5.5.3 of the Annex.
11. Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, Note by the Secretariat, CBD/SBSTTA/1/8, 4 August 1995.
12. For a history of GEF, see Sjoberg, H., From Idea to Reality: The Creation of the Global Environment Facility, Working Paper 10, GEF, Washington, D.C., 1994.
13. Global Environment Facility, Quarterly Operational Report, April 1995, GEF, Washington, D.C., 1995.
14. See Kriwoken, L. K., Assessment of the Patagonian Coastal Zone Management Plan, UNDP, GEF, Project Number ARG/92/G31. UNDP, New York, 1995.
15. Kelleher, G., Bleakley, C. &Wells, S., A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, Volumes I to IV. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, The World Bank and the World Conservation Union, Washington, D.C., 1995.
16. The full text of the Draft National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity can be found on the Internet at:http://www.erin.gov.au/life/generalinfo/biodstrategy/contents.html.
17. Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Draft National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity. DEST, Canberra, 1993. The text of the Strategy has now been finalised and it is expected that all Australian States and territories will sign the Strategy in 1996.
18. Australia, Ecologically Sustainable Development: A Commonwealth Discussion Paper. AGPS, Canberra, 1990.
19. Ecologically Sustainable Development: A Commonwealth Discussion Paper Ibid., p. i.
20. Ecologically Sustainable Development: A Commonwealth Discussion Paper Ibid.
21. Australia, National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development. AGPS, Canberra, 1992.
22. See the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment, AGPS, Canberra. 1992, Schedule 6, Biological Diversity.
23. Australia, Living on the Coast, The Commonwealth Coastal Policy. Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, Australia, 1995.
24. Australia, A Draft Policy for Commonwealth Responsibilities in the Coastal Zone. AGPS, Canberra, 1992.
25. IUCN, Proceedings of the 17th Session of the General Assembly of 1UCN and the 17th Tehnical Meeting, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1-10 February 1988. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1988.
26. IUCN, The World Conservation Strategy. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1980.
27. Salm, R. V. &Clark, J. R., Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1984.
28. Kelleher, G. and Kenchington, R., Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas. GBRMPA, Townsville, 1992.
29. McNeely, J. A. (ed.), Parks for Life. Report of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, 10-21 February 1992, IUCN, WWF, Gland, Switzerland, 1993.
30. Bridgewater, P. &Ivanovici, A. M., Achieving a representative system of marine and estuarine protected areas for Australia, In Protection of Marine and Estuarine Environments -A Challenge for Australians. Proceedings of the 4th Fenner Conference, Canberra, 9-11 October 1991, ed. A. M. Ivanovici, D. Tarte &M. Oison. Australian Committee for IUCN, The World Conservation Union, Occasional Paper No. 4., 1992. See also Kelleher et al., Ref. 15.
31. Kriwoken, L. K. &Haward, M., Marine and estuarine protected areas in Tasmania, Australia: the complexities of policy development. Ocean and Shoreline Management, 15 (1991) 143-163.
32. Kriwoken, L. K., The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: an assessment of zoning methodology for Australian marine and estuarine protected areas. Maritime Studies, 36 (Sept./Oct.) (1987) 12-21.
33. Kriwoken, L. K., Australian Marine Protected Area Policy: Towards a National System of Marine Biosphere Reserves. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, 1989.
34. Brunckhorst, D. J., Marine Protected Areas and Biosphere Reserves: "Towards a New Paradigm'. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency and supported by UNESCO, Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, 1994.
35. Kriwoken, L. K., Great Barrier Reef Marine Park intergovernmental relations. Marine Policy, 15 (1991) 349-362.
36. Fien, G., Gentle, T. &Hooy, T., Protecting Australia's marine and coastal environments: the role and achievements of the Australian Nature Conservation Agency. In Biodiversity -Broadening the Debate 2, Some Further Discussion Papers, ed. R. Longmore. ANCA, Canberra, 1994, pp. 24-55.
37. Rooney, W. S., Talbot, F. H. &Clark, S. S., Marine Reserves: The Development of Policy for Marine Reserves in Australia. Macquarie University, Sydney, 1978, 2 vols.
38. Ivanovici, A. (ed.), Inventory of Declared Marine and Estuarine Protected Areas in Australian Waters (Volumes 1 and 2). Special Publication 12. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, 1984.
39. ACIUCN, Australia's Marine and Estuarine Areas -A Policy for Protection, Occasional Paper No. 1. ACIUCN, Canberra, 1986.
40. Ivanovici, A., Tarte, D. &Oison, M. (eds), Protection of Marine and Estuarine Areas -A Challenge for Australians. Proceedings of the Fourth Fenner Conference on the Environment, 9-11 October 1991. ACIUCN, ANPWS, Canberra, 1993.
41. Ray, G. C. &McCormick-Ray, M. G., Marine and Estuarine Protected Areas: A Strategy for a National Representative System within Australian Coastal and Marine Environments. ANPWS, Canberra, 1992.
42. Hawke, R. J., Our Country, Our Future: Statement on the Environment. AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
43. Kelly, R., Ten Year Marine Conservation Initiative Announced. Media Release. Office of the Minister for the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories, Canberra, 20 August 1991.
44. Kriwoken, L. K., Developments in Australian marine environmental management: the Ocean Rescue 2000 Program, Paper presented at Coastal Zone Canada '94 Conference, Halifax, Canada, 1994.
45. Keating, P., Australia's Environment: A Natural Asset. Statement on the Environment. 21 December. Adelaide, Office of the Prime Minister of Australia, Canberra, 1992.
46. Australia, Implementation and Performance Plan For Ocean Rescue 2000, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, 1994, p. 3.
47. Implementation and Performance Plan for Ocean Rescue 2000 Ibid.
48. Implementation and Performance Plan for Ocean Rescue 2000 Ibid.
49. Implementation and Performance Plan for Ocean Rescue 2000 Ibid.
50. Implementation and Performance Plan for Ocean Rescue 2000 Ibid., p. 10.
51. Brunckhorst, D. J., Developing a nationwide system of marine protected areas -a proposed framework for a strategic approach. In Biodiversity Broadening the Debate 2, Some Further Discussion Papers, ed. R. Longmore. ANCA, Canberra, 1994, pp. 56-69.
52. Muldoon, J. (ed.), Towards a Marine Regionalisation for Australia. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Sydney, 4-6 March 1994. OR 2000, GBRMPA, Canberra, 1995.
53. See Kelleher et al., Ref. 15.
54. Zann, L. P., Our Sea, Our Future. Major Findings of the State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia, OR 2000, DEST, Canberra, 1995.
55. See Rooney et al., Ref. 37.
56. See Blake, S., Towards a national marine information system for Australia. Ocean &Coastal Management, this volume.
57. Ocean &Coastal Management Ibid., p. 21.
58. 'Regionalisations' is a term used by nature conservation agencies in the classification of environments or ecosystems as a basis for a national system of protected areas. For terrestrial protected areas, see Thackway, R. &Cresswell, I. D. (eds), An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: A Framework for Setting Priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, 1995. Regionalisations have now been developed for the planning of a national system of marine protected areas.
59. See Thackway, R., Cresswell, I. D. &McRae, D., The interim marine and coastal regionalisation for Australia project, paper presented to the Ocean Rescue 2000 Workshop, Marine Information User-Needs and Summary of Regionalisation Activities in Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Marine Laboratories, Hobart, 4 December 1995, OR 2000, Canberra, 1995.
60. Munasinghe, M. &McNeely, J. (eds), Protected Area Economics and Policy: Linking Conservation and Sustainable Development. WCU and The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1994.
61. See Kelleher et al., Ref. 15.