Debris deposits in the high Drakensberg, South Africa: Possible indicators for plateau, niche and cirque glaciation

Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband

Volumn 103, Issue , 1996, Pages 389-403

  Grab, Stefan Walter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIRQUE; CIRQUE GLACIATION; DEBRIS DEPOSIT; PALAEOENVIRONMENT; PLATEAU; QUATERNARY;

SOUTH AFRICA, DRAKENSBERG;

EID: 0030440894     PISSN: 00442798     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. BACKÉUS, I. (1989): Flarks in the Maloti. - Geogr. Ann. 71(A): 105-111.
2. BALLANTYNE, C. K. (1987): The present-day periglaciation of upland Britain. - In: BOARDMAN, J. (ed.): Periglacial Processes and Landforms in Britain and Ireland. - pp. 113-126; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. BARSCH, D. (1977): Nature and importance of mass-wasting by rock glaciers in alpine permafrost environments. - Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 2: 231-245.
4. _ (1988): Rockglaciers. - In: CLARK, M.J. (ed.): Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology. - pp. 69 -90; Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
5. _ (1992): Permafrost creep and rockglaciers. - Permafrost and Periglacial Proc. 3: 175-188.
6. BENEDICT, J.B., R.J. BENEDICT & D. SANVILLE (1986): Arapaho rock glacier, front range, Colorado, USA: a 25 year resurvey. - Arct. Alp. Res. 18: 349-352.
7. BUTZER, K. W. (1973): Pleistocene periglacial phenomena in southern Africa. - Boreas 2: 1-11.
8. CAILLEUX, A. & J. TRICART (1963): Initiation à lètude des sables et des galets. - Centre de Documentation Universitaire, Paris.
9. COSTIN, A.B., B.B. THOM, D.J. WIMBUSH & M. STUNER (1967): Nonsorted steps in the Mt. Kosciusko area, Australia. - Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 78: 979-992.
10. DAWSON, A.G., J.A. MATTHEWS & R.A. SHAKESBY (1986): A catastrophic landslide (sturzstrom) in Verkilsdalen, Rondane National Park, southern Norway. - Geogr. Ann. 49A: 167-177.
11. DEACON, H.J., J. DEACON, A. SCHOLTZ, J.F. THACKERAY, J. S. BRINK & J. C. VOGEL (1984): Correlation of palaeoenvironmental data from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of Boomplaas cave, southern Cape. - In: VOGEL, J. C. (ed.): Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere. - pp. 339-351; Balkema, Rotterdam.
12. EVANS, I.S. & N. Cox (1974): Geomorphometry and the operational definition of cirques. - Area 6: 150-153.
13. FRENCH, H. M. (1976): The periglacial environment. - 309 pp.; Longman Group Ltd., London.
14. GROOM, G.E. (1959): Niche glaciers in Bünsow Land, Vestspitsbergen. - J. Glaciol. 3: 368-384.
15. HALL, K. (1985): Some observations on ground temperatures and transport processes at a nivation site in northern Norway. - Nor. Geogr. Tidskr. 39: 27-37.
16. _ (1994): Cutbacks in the Natal Drakensberg - an hypothesis on their origin. - S. Afr. J. Sci. 90: 263-264.
17. HAMILTON, A. (1979): Aspects of the glaciation of Mt. Elgon, East Africa. - In: VAN ZINDEREN BAKKER, E.M. (ed.): Palaeoecol. Afr. 11: pp. 153-161; Balkema, Cape Town.
18. HARPER, G. (1969): Periglacial evidence in South Africa during the Pleistocene epoch. - Palaeoecol. Afr. 4: 71-91.
19. HARRIS, S.A. & C.A. GUSTAFSON (1993): Debris flow characteristics in an area of continuous permafrost, St. Elias Range, Yukon Territory. - Z. Geomorph. 37: 41-56.
20. HEIM, A. (1932): Bergsturz und Menschenleben. - 218 p.; Fretz und Wasmuth, Zürich.
21. HOWARD, W.R. (1985): Late Quaternary southern Indian ocean circulation. - S. Afr. J. Sci. 81: 253 -254.
22. HSÜ, K.J. (1975): Catastrophic debris streams (sturzstroms) generated by rockfalls. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 86: 129-140.
23. _ (1978): Albert Heim: observations on landslides and relevance to modern interpretations. - In: VOIGHT, B. (ed.): Rock Slides and Avalanches I: Natural Phenomena. - pp. 70-93; Elsevier, Amsterdam.
24. JOHNSON, P. G. (1981): The structure of a talus derived rock glacier as deduced from its hydrology. - Can. J. Earth Sci. 18: 1422-1430.
25. LINDSTRÖM, E. (1988): Are roches moutonnées mainly preglacial forms? - Geogr. Ann. 70A: 323 -331.
26. MARKER, M.E. (1991): The evidence for cirque glaciation in Lesotho. - Permafrost and Periglacial Proc. 2: 21-30.
27. MOON, B.P. & M. SELBY (1983): Rock mass strength and scarp forms in southern Africa. - Geogr. Ann. 65A: 135-145.
28. ONO, Y. & T. WATANABE (1986): A protalus rampart related to alpine debris flows in the Kuranosuke cirque, northern Japanese Alps. - Geogr. Ann. 68A: 213-223.
29. PARTRIDGE, T.C. (1993): Warming phases in southern Africa during the last 150000 years: an overview. - Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 101: 237-244.
30. PARTRIDGE, T.C., D.M. AVERY, G. A. BOTHA, J.S. BRINK, J. DEACON, R.S. HERBERT, R.R. MAUD, A. SCHOLTZ, L. SCOTT, A.S. TALMA & J.C. VOGEL (1990): Late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change in southern Africa. - S. Afr. J. Sci. 86: 302-306.
31. RAPP, A. & R. NYBERG (1981): Alpine debris flows in northern Scandinavia. - Geogr. Ann. 63A: 183-196.
32. SHAKESBY, R. A., A. G. DAWSON & J. A. MATTHEWS (1987): Rock glaciers, protalus ramparts and related phenomena, Rondane, Norway a continuum of large scale talus-derived landforms. - Boreas 16: 305-317.
33. STRÖMQUIST, L. (1985): Geomorphic impact of snowmelt on slope erosion and sediment production. - Z. Geomorph. N.F. 29: 129-138.
34. SUGDEN, D.E. & S.H. WATTS (1977): Tors, felsenmeer and glaciation in northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island. - Can. J. Earth Sci. 14: 2817-2823.
35. TALMA, A.S., J.C. VOGEL & T.C. PARTRIDGE (1974): Isotopic contents of some Transvaal speleothems and their palaeoclimatic significance. - S. Afr. J. Sci. 70: 135-140.
36. THORN, C. (1979): Ground temperatures and surficial transport in colluvium during snowpatch meltout; Colorado Front Range. - Arct. Alp. Res. 11: 41-52.
37. VAN ZINDEREN BARKER, E. M. (1975): Late Quaternary environmental changes in southern Africa. - Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 71: 141-152.
38. _ (1986): African climates and palaeoenvironments since Messinian times. - S. Afr. J. Sci. 82: 70-71.
39. VAN STEIJN, H. (1988): Debris flows involved in the development of Pleistocene stratified slope deposits. - Z. Geomorph. N.F. Suppl. 71: 45-58.
40. VARNES, D.J. (1978): Slope movement types and processes. - In: SCHUSTER, R. L. & R.J. KRIZEK (eds.): Landslides Analysis and Control. - Transport research board special report 176: 11-33; National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.
41. VOGEL, JC. (1985): Southern Africa at 18000 yr B.P. - S. Afr. J. Sci. 81: 250-251.
42. WHALLEY, W. B., G. R. DOUGLAS & A. JONSSON (1983): The magnitude and frequency of large rockslides in Iceland in the Postglacial. - Geogr. Ann. 65A: 99-110.
43. WHALLEY, W.B. & H.E. MARTIN (1992): Rock glaciers: 11 models and mechanisms. - Prog. Phys. Geogr. 16: 127-186.
44. WILSON, P. (1990): Morphology, sedimentological characteristics and origin of a fossil rock glacier on Muckish Mountain, Northwest Ireland. - Geogr. Ann. 72A: 237-247.
45. _ (1993): Description and origin of some talus-foot debris accumulations, Aghla Mountains, Co. Donegal, Ireland. - Permafrost and Periglacial Proc. 4: 231-244.