Ocean mixed layer radiant heating and solar penetration: A global analysis

Journal of Climate

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 2265-2280

  Ohlmann, J Carter ^a   Siegel, David A ^a   Gautier, Catherine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR/SEA INTERACTION; HEAT BUDGET; MIXED LAYER; OCEAN MIXED LAYER; SEA SURFACE; SOLAR RADIATION;

EID: 0030438978     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2265:OMLRHA>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Abbott, M. R., O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, H. R. Gordon, K. L. Carder, F. E. Müller-Karger, and W. E. Esaias, 1994: Ocean color in the 21st century: A strategy for a 20-year time series. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 17, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20 pp.
2. Austin, R. W., and T. J. Petzold, 1986: Spectral dependence of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of light in ocean waters. Opt. Eng., 25, 471-479.
3. Baker, K. S., and R. C. Smith, 1982: Bio-optical classification and model in natural waters, II. Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 500-509.
4. Barber, R. T., and F. P. Chavez, 1991: Regulation of primary productivity rate in the equatorial Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1803-1815.
5. Bates, J., and C. Gautier, 1989: Interaction between net shortwave flux and sea surface temperature. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 43-51.
6. Bishop, J. K. B., and W. B. Rossow, 1991: Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16839-16858.
7. Breon, F., 1992: Reflection of broken cloud fields - Simulation and parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1221-1232.
8. _, R. Frouin, and C. Gautier, 1994: Global shortwave energy budget at the earth's surface from ERBE observations. J. Climate, 7, 309-324.
9. Charlock, T. P., 1982: Mid-latitude model analysis of solar radiation, the upper layers of the sea, and seasonal climate. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8823-8930.
10. Denman, K. L., 1973: A time-dependent model of the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 173-184.
11. Esbensen, S. K., and Y. Kushnir, 1981: The heat budget of the global ocean: an atlas based on estimates from surface marine observations. Rep. 29, Climatic Research Institute and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 27 pp.
12. Feldman, G. C., and Coauthors, 1989: Ocean color: Availability of a global data set. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 70, 634-641.
13. Gautier, C., G. R. Diak, and S. Masse, 1980: A simple model to estimate incident solar radiation at the sea surface. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1005-1012.
14. Gordon, H. R., 1989: Can the Lambert-Beer law be applied to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of ocean water? Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1389-1409.
15. Jerlov, N. G., 1976: Marine Optics. Elsevier, 229 pp.
16. Katsaros, K. B., L. A. McMurdie, R. J. Lind, and J. E. DeVault, 1985: Albedo of a water surface, spectral variation, effects of atmospheric transmittance, sun angle and wind speed. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7313-7321.
17. King, M. D., L. F. Radke, and P. V. Hobbs, 1990: Determination of the spectral absorption of solar radiation by marine stratocumulus clouds from airborne measurements within clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 894-907.
18. Kraus, E. B., 1972: Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions. Oxford University Press. 275 pp.
19. _, and J. S. Turner, 1967: A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline: II. The general theory and its consequences. Tellus. 19, 98-106.
20. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper No. 13, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 173 pp.
21. _, R. Burgett, and T. P. Boyer, 1994: Salinity. Vol. 3. World Ocean Atlas 1994. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 99 pp.
22. _,_,and_, 1994: Temperature. Vol. 4, World Ocean Atlas 1994, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 117 pp.
23. Lewis, M. R., 1987: Phytoplankton and thermal structure in the tropical ocean. Oceanol. Acta, SP, 91-95.
24. _, M. E. Carr, G. C. Feldman, W. Esaias, and C. McClain, 1990: Influence of penetrating solar radiation on the heat budget of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 347, 543-545.
25. Martin, P., 1985: Simulation of the mixed layer at OWS November and Papa with several models. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 903-916.
26. Morel, A., 1988: Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case I waters). J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10749-10768.
27. _, and L. Prieur, 1977: Analysis of variations of ocean color. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 709-722.
28. _, and D. Antoine, 1994: Heating rate within the upper ocean in relation to its bio-optical state. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1652-1665.
29. Paulson, C. A., and J. J. Simpson, 1977: Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 953-956.
30. Payne, R. E., 1972: Albedo of the sea surface. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 959-970.
31. Price, J. F., R. A. Weller, and R. Pinkel, 1986: Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind-mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427.
32. Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G. J. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, 1995: Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: A missing physics? Science, 267, 499-503.
33. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, 1991: ISCCP cloud data products. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 2-20.
34. Sathyendranath, S., and T. Platt, 1988: The spectral irradiance field at the surface and in the interior of the ocean: A model for applications in oceanography and remote sensing. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9270-9280.
35. Schiffer, R. A., and W. B. Rossow, 1983: The international satellite cloud climatology project (ISCCP): The first project of the World Climate Research Programme. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sac., 64, 779-784.
36. Siegel. D. A., and T. D. Dickey, 1987a: On the parameterization of irradiance for open ocean photoprocesses. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14648-14662.
37. _, and _, 1987b: Observations of the vertical structure of the diffuse attenuation coefficient spectrum. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 547-563.
38. _, J. C. Ohlmann, L. Washburn, R. R. Bidigare, C. Nosse, E. Fields, and Y. Zhou, 1995: Solar radiation, phytoplankton pigments and radiant heating of the equatorial pacific warm pool. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4885-4891.
39. Simonot, J. Y., and H. LeTreut, 1986: A climatological field of mean optical properties of the world ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6642-6646.
40. Simpson, J. J., and C. A. Paulson, 1979: Mid-ocean observations of atmospheric radiation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 487-502.
41. _, and T. D. Dickey, 1981: The relationship between downward irradiance and upper ocean structure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 309-323.
42. Smith, R. C., and K. S. Baker, 1978: Optical classification of natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 23, 260-267.
43. _, and _, 1981: Optical properties of the clearest natural waters. Appl. Opt., 20, 177-184.
44. Spinhirne, J. D., and A. E. S. Green, 1978: Calculation of the relative influence of cloud layers on received ultraviolet and integrated solar radiation. Atmos. Environ., 12, 2449-2454.
45. Sprintall, J., and M. Tomczak, 1992: Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7305-7316.
46. Tanré, D., M. Herman, P. Y. Deschamps, and A. De Leffe, 1979: Atmospheric modeling for space measurements of ground reflectances, including bidirectional properties. Appl. Opt., 18, 3587-3594.
47. Wang, T., 1993: Satellite-derived long term net solar radiation over the global ocean surface: Its relationship to low frequency SST variation and El Niño. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, 98 pp.
48. Woods, J. D., and W. Barkmann, 1986: The response of the upper ocean to solar heating I: The mixed layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1-27.
49. _, _, and A. Horch, 1984: Solar heating of the oceans-diurnal, seasonal and meridional variation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 633-656. .
50. Zaneveld, J. R. V., and R. W. Spinrad, 1980: An arctangent model of irradiance in the sea. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4919-4922.