Statistical analysis of natural experiments in evolutionary biology: Comments on recent criticisms of the use of comparative methods to study adaptation

American Naturalist

Volumn 148, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 943-956

  Doughty, Paul ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; CHARACTER STATE; COMPARATIVE METHOD; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; NATURAL SELECTION;

EID: 0030437208     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/285965     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Armstrong, D. P., and M. Westoby. 1993. Seedlings from large seeds tolerate defoliation better: a test using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Ecology 74:1092-1100.
2. Arnold, E. N. 1994. Investigating the origins of performance advantage: adaptation, exaptation and lineage effects. Pages 123-168 in P. Eggleton and R. I. Vane-Wright, eds. Phylogenetics and ecology. Linnean Society Symposium Series no, 17. Academic Press, London.
3. _. 1995. Identifying the effects of history on adaptation: origins of different sand-diving techniques in lizards. Journal of Zoology (London) 235:351-388.
4. Bailey, R. C. 1992. Why we should stop trying to measure the cost of reproduction correctly. Oikos 65:349-352.
5. Bartholomew, G. A. 1987. Interspecific comparison as a tool for ecological physiologists. Pages 11-35 in M. E. Feder, A. F. Bennet, W. W. Burggren, and R. B. Huey, eds. New directions in ecological physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
6. Baum, D. A., and A. Larson. 1991. Adaptation reviewed: a phylogenetic methodology for studying character macroevolution. Systematic Zoology 40:1-18.
7. Bock, W. J. 1980. The definition and recognition of biological adaptation. American Zoologist 20: 217-227.
8. Brodie, E. D., III, A. J. Moore, and F. J. Janzen. 1995. Visualizing and quantifying natural selection. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10:313-318.
9. Brooks, D. R., and D. A. McLennan. 1991. Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior: a research program in comparative biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
10. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and P. H. Harvey. 1979. Comparison and adaptation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 205:547-565.
11. Coddington, J. A. 1988. Cladistic tests of adaptational hypotheses. Cladistics 4:3-22.
12. _. 1990. Bridges between evolutionary pattern and process. Cladistics 6:379-386.
13. Connor, E. F., and D. Simberloff. 1986. Competition, scientific method, and null models in ecology. American Scientist 75:155-162.
14. Cracraft, J. 1981. The use of functional and adaptive criteria in phylogenetic systematics. American Zoologist 21:21-36.
15. de Pinna, M. C. C., and L. O. Salles. 1990. Cladistic tests of adaptational hypotheses: a reply to Coddington. Cladistics 6:373-377.
16. Diamond, J. 1986. Overview: laboratory experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments. Pages 3-22 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds. Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York.
17. Donoghue, M. J. 1989. Phylogenies and the analysis of evolutionary sequences, with examples from seed plants. Evolution 43:1137-1156.
18. Dykhuizen, D. E. 1992. Experimental evolution: replicating history. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7:250-252.
19. Endler, J. A. 1986. Natural selection in the wild. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
20. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125:1-15.
21. Frumhoff, P. C., and H. K. Reeve. 1994. Using phylogenies to test hypotheses of adaptation: a critique of some current proposals. Evolution 48:172-180.
22. Garland, T., Jr., and S. C. Adolph. 1994. Why not to do two-species comparative studies: limitations on inferring adaptation. Physiological Zoology 67:797-828.
23. Garland, T., Jr., and C. M. Janis. 1993. Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals? Journal of Zoology (London) 229:133-151.
24. Garland, T., Jr., R. B. Huey, and A. F. Bennett. 1991. Phylogeny and thermal physiology in lizards: a reanalysis. Evolution 45:1969-1975.
25. Garland, T., Jr., A. W. Dickerman, C. M. Janis, and J. A. Jones. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42:265-292.
26. Gittleman, J. L., and M. Kot. 1990. Adaptation: statistics and a null model for estimating phylogenetic effects. Systematic Zoology 39:227-241.
27. Gittleman, J. L., and H.-K. Luh. 1992. On comparing comparative methods. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:393-404.
28. Gould, S. J., and E. S. Vrba. 1982. Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8:4-15.
29. Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, New York.
30. Huey, R. B. 1987. Phylogeny, history, and the comparative method. Pages 76-98 in M. E. Feder, A. F. Bennet, W. W. Burggren, and R. B. Huey, eds. New directions in ecological physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
31. Huey, R. B., and A. F. Bennett. 1987. Phylogenetic studies of coadaptation: preferred temperatures versus optimal performance temperatures of lizards. Evolution 41:1098-1115.
32. Huey, R. B., L. Partridge, and K. Fowler. 1991. Thermal sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster responds rapidly to laboratory natural selection. Evolution 41:751-756.
33. Lauder, G. V. 1981. Form and function: structural analysis in evolutionary morphology. Paleobiology 7:430-442.
34. _. 1982. Historical biology and the problem of design. Journal of Theoretical Biology 97:57-67.
35. Lauder, G. V., A. M. Leroi, and M. R. Rose. 1993. Adaptations and history. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8:294-297.
36. Leroi, A. M., M. R. Rose, and G. V. Lauder. 1994. What does the comparative method reveal about adaptation? American Naturalist 143:381-402.
37. Levins, R., and R. Lewontin. 1985. The dialectical biologist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
38. Lewin, R. 1983. Santa Rosalia was a goat. Science (Washington, D.C.) 221:636-639.
39. Losos, J. B. 1994a. Integrative approaches to evolutionary ecology: Anolis lizards as model systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:467-493.
40. _. 1994e. An approach to the analysis of comparative data when a phylogeny is unavailable or incomplete. Systematic Biology 43:117-123.
41. Losos, J. B., and D. B. Miles. 1994. Adaptation, constraint, and the comparative method: phylogenetic issues and methods. Pages 60-98 in P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly, eds. Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
42. Maddison, W. P. 1990. A model for testing the correlated evolution of two binary characters: are gains or losses concentrated on certain branches of a phylogenetic tree? Evolution 44:539-547.
43. Martins, E. P., and T. Garland, Jr. 1991. Phylogenetic analyses of the correlated evolution of continuous characters: a simulation study. Evolution 45:534-557.
44. McKitrick, M. C. 1993. Phylogenetic constraint in evolutionary theory: has it any explanatory power? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24:307-330.
45. McPeek, M. A. 1995a. Testing hypotheses about evolutionary change on single branches of a phylogeny using evolutionary contrasts. American Naturalist 145:686-703.
46. _. 19956. Morphological evolution mediated by behavior in the damselflies of two communities. Evolution 49:749-769.
47. McPeek, M. A., A. K. Schrot, and J. M. Brown. 1996. Adaptation to predators in a new community: swimming performance and predator avoidance in damselflies. Ecology 77:617-629.
48. Miles, D. B., and A. E. Dunham. 1993. Historical perspectives in ecology and evolutionary biology: the use of phylogenetic comparative analyses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24:587-619.
49. Pagel, M. D. 1994. Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies: a general method for the comparative analysis of discrete characters. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 255:37-45.
50. Purvis, A., and T. Garland, Jr. 1993. Polytomies in comparative analyses of continuous characters. Systematic Biology 42:569-575.
51. Purvis, A., J. L. Gittleman, and H.-K. Luh. 1994. Truth or consequences: effects of phylogenetic accuracy on two comparative methods. Journal of Theoretical Biology 167:239-300.
52. Qualls, C. P. 1995. The evolution of viviparity in the scincid lizard Lerista bouganvillii. Ph.D. diss. University of Sydney, Sydney.
53. Reeve, H. K., and P. W. Sherman. 1993. Adaptation and the goals of evolutionary research. Quarterly Review of Biology 68:1-32.
54. Reznick, D. A., H. Bryga, and J. A. Endler. 1990. Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a natural population. Nature (London) 346:357-359.
55. Ricklefs, R. E., and D. B. Miles. 1994. Ecological and evolutionary inferences from morphology: an ecological perspective. Pages 13-41 in P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly, eds. Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
56. Ridley, M. 1983. The explanation of organic diversity: the comparative method and adaptations for mating. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
57. Roff, D. A. 1992. The evolution of life histories: theory and analysis. Chapman & Hall, New York.
58. Rosenberg, A. 1994. Instrumental biology or the disunity of science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
59. Schluter, D., and J. D. McPhail. 1993. Character displacement and replicate adaptive radiation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6:197-200.
60. Shine, R. 1983. Reptilian viviparity in cold climates: testing the assumptions of an evolutionary hypothesis. Oecologia (Berlin) 57:397-405.
61. _. 1985. The evolution of viviparity in reptiles: an ecological analysis. Pages 605-698 in C. Gans and F. Billett, eds. Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 15. Wiley, New York.
62. _. 1987. Sexual selection in amphibians: a reply to Halliday and Verrell. Herpetological Journal 1:202-203.
63. Sillén-Tullberg, B., and A. P. Møller. 1993. The relationship between concealed ovulation and mating systems in anthropoid primates: a phylogenetic analysis. American Naturalist 141:1-25.
64. Sinervo, B., and P. Doughty. 1996. Interactive effects of offspring size and timing of reproduction on offspring reproduction: experimental, maternal, and quantitative genetic aspects. Evolution 50:1314-1327.
65. Sinervo, B., P. Doughty, R. B. Huey, and K. Zamudio. 1992. Allometric engineering: a causal analysis of natural selection on offspring size. Science (Washington, D.C.) 258:1927-1930.
66. Underwood, A. J. 1990. Experiments in ecology and management: their logics, functions and interpretations. Australian Journal of Ecology 15:365-389.
67. Wade, M. J., and S. Kalisz. 1990. The causes of natural selection. Evolution 44:1947-1955.
68. Walton, B. M. 1993. Physiology and phylogeny: the evolution of locomotor energetics in hylid frogs. American Naturalist 141:26-50.
69. Wanntorp, H.-E., D. R. Brooks, T. Nilsson, S. Nylin, F. Ronquist, S. C. Steams, and N. Wedell. 1990. Phylogenetic approaches in ecology. Oikos 57:119-132.
70. Williams, G. C. 1992. Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, Oxford.