Migration and remigration of male household heads in Turkey, 1963-1973

Economic Development and Cultural Change

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 31-67

  Tunali, Insan ^a,b  

^a KOÇ UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b The Economics Institute in Boulder   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN CAPITAL; MALE HOUSEHOLD HEAD; MIGRATION DETERMINANT; MIGRATION DETERMINANTS; REGIONAL ECONOMY; REMIGRATION DECISION; RETURN MIGRATION;

TURKEY;

EID: 0030437142     PISSN: 00130079     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/452257     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
2. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
3. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
4. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
5. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
6. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
7. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
8. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
9. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
10. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
11. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
12. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
13. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
14. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
15. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
16. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
17. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
18. See S. K. Kartal, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Yönleriyle Kentlileşme (Social dimensions of urbanization in Turkey) (Ankara: Yurt Yayinlari, 1983), p. 21. Various aspects of this process are addressed in P. E. Benedict, E. Tümertekin, and F. Mansur, eds., Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives (Leiden: Brill, 1974); S. Cerit, "Türkiye'de İller Arasi Göçler, 1950-1980" (Interprovincial migrations in Turkey, 1950-1980), Nüfusbilim Dergisi 8 (1986): 81-103; M. N. Danielson and R. Keleş, "Urbanization and Income Distribution in Turkey," in The Political Economy of Income Distribution in Turkey, ed. E. Özbudun and A. Ulusan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1980), pp. 269-309; A. Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1977), and "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey," Espace, Populations, Societies 1 (1985): 86-92; K. H. Karpat, The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); R. Keleş, "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Eǧilimleri" (Urbanization trends in Turkey), Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (1970): 41-83, and Urbanization in Turkey (New York: Ford Foundation, 1972); T. Kuran, "Internal Migration: The Unorganized Urban Sector and Income Distribution in Turkey, 1963-1973," in Özbudun and Ulusan, eds.; N, Levine, "Old Culture-New Culture: A Study of Migrants in Ankara, Turkey," Social Forces 51 (March 1972): 355-68; S. S. Lieberman, An Economic Approach to Differential Demographic Behavior in Turkey (New York: Garland, 1979); J. M. Munro, "Migration in Turkey," Economic Development and Cultural Change 22 (July 1974): 634-53; K. Tanfer, "Internal Migration in Turkey: Socioeconomic Characteristics by Destination and Type of Move, 1965-70," Studies in Comparative International Development 17 (Spring 1983): 76-111; B. Tekçe, "Urbanization and Migration in Turkey" (Ph.D. thesis, Princeton University, 1975); i̇. Tekeli and L. Erder, Yerleşme Yaptsinin Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler (Internal migrations as the adjustment process of the settlement structure) (Ankara: Hacettepe Universitesi Yayinlan, 1978) , and "Settlement Distribution and Structural Change in Turkish Agriculture: A Key to Migration Models and Policy," in Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, ed. J. Balan (Paris: Unesco, 1981), pp. 122-39; E. Tümertekin, Urbanization and Urban Functions in Turkey (Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1973); S. Yener, 1965-1970 Döneminde İller Arasi Göçler ve Göç Edenlerin Nitelikleri (Interprovincial moves during the 1965-70 period and the characteristics of the migrants) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teskilati, 1977).
19. See Keleş., "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Egilimleri," p. 45; Munro, pp. 640-41; and M. D. Rivkin, Area Development for National Growth: The Turkish Precedent (New York: Praeger, 1965), pp. 215-16.
20. See Keleş., "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Egilimleri," p. 45; Munro, pp. 640-41; and M. D. Rivkin, Area Development for National Growth: The Turkish Precedent (New York: Praeger, 1965), pp. 215-16.
21. See Keleş., "Türkiye'de Şehirleşme Egilimleri," p. 45; Munro, pp. 640-41; and M. D. Rivkin, Area Development for National Growth: The Turkish Precedent (New York: Praeger, 1965), pp. 215-16.
22. Unless stated otherwise, the numbers quoted in this section are from the yearbooks published by Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (State Institute of Statistics).
23. World Bank, Turkey: Policies and Prospects for Growth (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1986), p. 241.
24. The Harris-Todaro model, which treats migration as a rational response to expected real wage differentials, reigns as the most influential work to date. See M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review 59 (March 1969): 138-48 ; and J. Harris and M. P. Todaro, "Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis," American Economic Review 60 (March 1970): 126-42. This model exploits the idea of dualism and focuses on aggregate flows, mainly of the rural-to-urban variety. The need to explain moves that counter the dominant flow requires modifications in the Harris-Todaro model. A frequently employed formalization combines Sjaastad's human capital model of migration with Mortensen and McCall's job-search formulation to provide the microfoundation. The classic papers are L. A. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (October 1962): 80-93; D. T. Mortensen, "Job Search, the Duration of Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve," American Economic Review 60 (December 1970): 847-61; and J. J. McCall, "Economics of Information and lob Search," Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (February 1970): 113-26. A very readable synthesis may be found in J. Rothenberg, "On the Microeconomics of Internal Migration," in Internal Migration: A Comprehensive Perspective, ed. A. A. Brown and E. Neuberger (New York: Academic Press, 1977), pp. 183-205.
25. The Harris-Todaro model, which treats migration as a rational response to expected real wage differentials, reigns as the most influential work to date. See M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review 59 (March 1969): 138-48 ; and J. Harris and M. P. Todaro, "Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis," American Economic Review 60 (March 1970): 126-42. This model exploits the idea of dualism and focuses on aggregate flows, mainly of the rural-to-urban variety. The need to explain moves that counter the dominant flow requires modifications in the Harris-Todaro model. A frequently employed formalization combines Sjaastad's human capital model of migration with Mortensen and McCall's job-search formulation to provide the microfoundation. The classic papers are L. A. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (October 1962): 80-93; D. T. Mortensen, "Job Search, the Duration of Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve," American Economic Review 60 (December 1970): 847-61; and J. J. McCall, "Economics of Information and lob Search," Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (February 1970): 113-26. A very readable synthesis may be found in J. Rothenberg, "On the Microeconomics of Internal Migration," in Internal Migration: A Comprehensive Perspective, ed. A. A. Brown and E. Neuberger (New York: Academic Press, 1977), pp. 183-205.
26. The Harris-Todaro model, which treats migration as a rational response to expected real wage differentials, reigns as the most influential work to date. See M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review 59 (March 1969): 138-48 ; and J. Harris and M. P. Todaro, "Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis," American Economic Review 60 (March 1970): 126-42. This model exploits the idea of dualism and focuses on aggregate flows, mainly of the rural-to-urban variety. The need to explain moves that counter the dominant flow requires modifications in the Harris-Todaro model. A frequently employed formalization combines Sjaastad's human capital model of migration with Mortensen and McCall's job-search formulation to provide the microfoundation. The classic papers are L. A. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (October 1962): 80-93; D. T. Mortensen, "Job Search, the Duration of Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve," American Economic Review 60 (December 1970): 847-61; and J. J. McCall, "Economics of Information and lob Search," Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (February 1970): 113-26. A very readable synthesis may be found in J. Rothenberg, "On the Microeconomics of Internal Migration," in Internal Migration: A Comprehensive Perspective, ed. A. A. Brown and E. Neuberger (New York: Academic Press, 1977), pp. 183-205.
27. The Harris-Todaro model, which treats migration as a rational response to expected real wage differentials, reigns as the most influential work to date. See M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in
28. The Harris-Todaro model, which treats migration as a rational response to expected real wage differentials, reigns as the most influential work to date. See M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review 59 (March 1969): 138-48 ; and J. Harris and M. P. Todaro, "Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis," American Economic Review 60 (March 1970): 126-42. This model exploits the idea of dualism and focuses on aggregate flows, mainly of the rural-to-urban variety. The need to explain moves that counter the dominant flow requires modifications in the Harris-Todaro model. A frequently employed formalization combines Sjaastad's human capital model of migration with Mortensen and McCall's job-search formulation to provide the microfoundation. The classic papers are L. A. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (October 1962): 80-93; D. T. Mortensen, "Job Search, the Duration of Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve," American Economic Review 60 (December 1970): 847-61; and J. J. McCall, "Economics of Information and lob Search," Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (February 1970): 113-26. A very readable synthesis may be found in J. Rothenberg, "On the Microeconomics of Internal Migration," in Internal Migration: A Comprehensive Perspective, ed. A. A. Brown and E. Neuberger (New York: Academic Press, 1977), pp. 183-205.
29. The Harris-Todaro model, which treats migration as a rational response to expected real wage differentials, reigns as the most influential work to date. See M. P. Todaro, "A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," American Economic Review 59 (March 1969): 138-48 ; and J. Harris and M. P. Todaro, "Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis," American Economic Review 60 (March 1970): 126-42. This model exploits the idea of dualism and focuses on aggregate flows, mainly of the rural-to-urban variety. The need to explain moves that counter the dominant flow requires modifications in the Harris-Todaro model. A frequently employed formalization combines Sjaastad's human capital model of migration with Mortensen and McCall's job-search formulation to provide the microfoundation. The classic papers are L. A. Sjaastad, "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration," Journal of Political Economy 70 (October 1962): 80-93; D. T. Mortensen, "Job Search, the Duration of Unemployment, and the Phillips Curve," American Economic Review 60 (December 1970): 847-61; and J. J. McCall, "Economics of Information and lob Search," Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (February 1970): 113-26. A very readable synthesis may be found in J. Rothenberg, "On the Microeconomics of Internal Migration," in Internal Migration: A Comprehensive Perspective, ed. A. A. Brown and E. Neuberger (New York: Academic Press, 1977), pp. 183-205.
30. Models that formally incorporate the role of uncertainty into the analysis of migration include those by B. P. McCall and J. J. McCall, "A Sequential Study of Migration and Job Search," Journal of Labor Economics 5 (October 1987): 452-76; C. Pessino, "Sequential Migration Theory and Evidence from Peru," Journal of Development Economics 36 (July 1991): 55-87; and T. Vishwanath, "Information Flow, Job Search, and Migration," Journal of Development Economics 36 (July 1991): 313-35.
31. Models that formally incorporate the role of uncertainty into the analysis of migration include those by B. P. McCall and J. J. McCall, "A Sequential Study of Migration and Job Search," Journal of Labor Economics 5 (October 1987): 452-76; C. Pessino, "Sequential Migration Theory and Evidence from Peru," Journal of Development Economics 36 (July 1991): 55-87; and T. Vishwanath, "Information Flow, Job Search, and Migration," Journal of Development Economics 36 (July 1991): 313-35.
32. Models that formally incorporate the role of uncertainty into the analysis of migration include those by B. P. McCall and J. J. McCall, "A Sequential Study of Migration and Job Search," Journal of Labor Economics 5 (October 1987): 452-76; C. Pessino, "Sequential Migration Theory and Evidence from Peru," Journal of Development Economics 36 (July 1991): 55-87; and T. Vishwanath, "Information Flow, Job Search, and Migration," Journal of Development Economics 36 (July 1991): 313-35.
33. Elaborations on this model allow locational amenities to influence the migration decision. See P. E. Graves and P. D. Linneman, "Household Migration: Theoretical and Empirical Results," Journal of Urban Economics 6 (July 1979): 383-404; P. E. Graves, "Migration and Climate," Journal of Regional Science 20 (May 1980): 227-37, and "Migration with a Composite Amenity: The Role of Rents," Journal of Regional Science 23 (November 1983): 541-46; J. Roback, "Wages, Rents, and the Quality of Life," Journal of Political Economy 90 (December 1982): 1257-78.
34. Elaborations on this model allow locational amenities to influence the migration decision. See P. E. Graves and P. D. Linneman, "Household Migration: Theoretical and Empirical Results," Journal of Urban Economics 6 (July 1979): 383-404; P. E. Graves, "Migration and Climate," Journal of Regional Science 20 (May 1980): 227-37, and "Migration with a Composite Amenity: The Role of Rents," Journal of Regional Science 23 (November 1983): 541-46; J. Roback, "Wages, Rents, and the Quality of Life," Journal of Political Economy 90 (December 1982): 1257-78.
35. Elaborations on this model allow locational amenities to influence the migration decision. See P. E. Graves and P. D. Linneman, "Household Migration: Theoretical and Empirical Results," Journal of Urban Economics 6 (July 1979): 383-404; P. E. Graves, "Migration and Climate," Journal of Regional Science 20 (May 1980): 227-37, and "Migration with a Composite Amenity: The Role of Rents," Journal of Regional Science 23 (November 1983): 541-46; J. Roback, "Wages, Rents, and the Quality of Life," Journal of Political Economy 90 (December 1982): 1257-78.
36. Elaborations on this model allow locational amenities to influence the migration decision. See P. E. Graves and P. D. Linneman, "Household Migration: Theoretical and Empirical Results," Journal of Urban Economics 6 (July 1979): 383-404; P. E. Graves, "Migration and Climate," Journal of Regional Science 20 (May 1980): 227-37, and "Migration with a Composite Amenity: The Role of Rents," Journal of Regional Science 23 (November 1983): 541-46; J. Roback, "Wages, Rents, and the Quality of Life," Journal of Political Economy 90 (December 1982): 1257-78.
37. For evidence in favor of this characterization, see A. M. J. Yezer and L. Thurston, "Migration Patterns and Income Change: Implication for the Human Capital Approach to Migration," Southern Economic Journal 43 (April 1976): 693-702; J. Allen, "Information and Subsequent Migration: Further Analysis and Additional Evidence," Southern Economic Journal 45 (April 1979): 1274-84; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital," Population and Environment 4 (Spring 1981): 45-73; J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States," Demography 18 (February 1981): 85-101; H. W. Herzog and A. M. Schlottmann, "Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision," Southern Economic Journal 50 (July 1983): 43-56; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On?" Review of Economics and Statistics 65 (November 1983): 552-59; and Pessino.
38. For evidence in favor of this characterization, see A. M. J. Yezer and L. Thurston, "Migration Patterns and Income Change: Implication for the Human Capital Approach to Migration," Southern Economic Journal 43 (April 1976): 693-702; J. Allen, "Information and Subsequent Migration: Further Analysis and Additional Evidence," Southern Economic Journal 45 (April 1979): 1274-84; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital," Population and Environment 4 (Spring 1981): 45-73; J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States," Demography 18 (February 1981): 85-101; H. W. Herzog and A. M. Schlottmann, "Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision," Southern Economic Journal 50 (July 1983): 43-56; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On?" Review of Economics and Statistics 65 (November 1983): 552-59; and Pessino.
39. For evidence in favor of this characterization, see A. M. J. Yezer and L. Thurston, "Migration Patterns and Income Change: Implication for the Human Capital Approach to Migration," Southern Economic Journal 43 (April 1976): 693-702; J. Allen, "Information and Subsequent Migration: Further Analysis and Additional Evidence," Southern Economic Journal 45 (April 1979): 1274-84; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital," Population and Environment 4 (Spring 1981): 45-73; J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States," Demography 18 (February 1981): 85-101; H. W. Herzog and A. M. Schlottmann, "Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision," Southern Economic Journal 50 (July 1983): 43-56; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On?" Review of Economics and Statistics 65 (November 1983): 552-59; and Pessino.
40. For evidence in favor of this characterization, see A. M. J. Yezer and L. Thurston, "Migration Patterns and Income Change: Implication for the Human Capital Approach to Migration," Southern Economic Journal 43 (April 1976): 693-702; J. Allen, "Information and Subsequent Migration: Further Analysis and Additional Evidence," Southern Economic Journal 45 (April 1979): 1274-84; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital," Population and Environment 4 (Spring 1981): 45-73; J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States," Demography 18 (February 1981): 85-101; H. W. Herzog and A. M. Schlottmann, "Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision," Southern Economic Journal 50 (July 1983): 43-56; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On?" Review of Economics and Statistics 65 (November 1983): 552-59; and Pessino.
41. For evidence in favor of this characterization, see A. M. J. Yezer and L. Thurston, "Migration Patterns and Income Change: Implication for the Human Capital Approach to Migration," Southern Economic Journal 43 (April 1976): 693-702; J. Allen, "Information and Subsequent Migration: Further Analysis and Additional Evidence," Southern Economic Journal 45 (April 1979): 1274-84; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital," Population and Environment 4 (Spring 1981): 45-73; J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States," Demography 18 (February 1981): 85-101; H. W. Herzog and A. M. Schlottmann, "Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision," Southern Economic Journal 50 (July 1983): 43-56; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On?" Review of Economics and Statistics 65 (November 1983): 552-59; and Pessino.
42. For evidence in favor of this characterization, see A. M. J. Yezer and L. Thurston, "Migration Patterns and Income Change: Implication for the Human Capital Approach to Migration," Southern Economic Journal 43 (April 1976): 693-702; J. Allen, "Information and Subsequent Migration: Further Analysis and Additional Evidence," Southern Economic Journal 45 (April 1979): 1274-84; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital," Population and Environment 4 (Spring 1981): 45-73; J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States," Demography 18 (February 1981): 85-101; H. W. Herzog and A. M. Schlottmann, "Migrant Information, Job Search and the Remigration Decision," Southern Economic Journal 50 (July 1983): 43-56; J. Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On?" Review of Economics and Statistics 65 (November 1983): 552-59; and Pessino.
43. J. S. Cramer and G. Ridder, "Pooling States in the Multinomial Logit Model," Journal of Econometrics 47 (February/March 1991): 267-72.
44. Intercepts must be left unconstrained because the proportion of repeaters in a given sample may not be the same as the proportion of returners.
45. These intervals were selected largely as, a matter of convenience. One of the project objectives was the examination of the links between the migration decision and the earnings outcome (See L Tunah, "A General Structure for Models of Double Selection and an Application to a Joint Migration/Earnings Process with Remigration," in Research in Labor Economics, ed. R. Ehrenberg [Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1986], vol. 8, pt. B:235-282.) Since income data were available only for 1973, there was no room for flexibility in picking the end point of the migration intervals.
46. The evidence compiled by P. Brigg, "Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries," IBRD Working Paper No. 217 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C., 1973) from 27 field surveys of urban and rural communities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America indicates that, while factors such as "seeking education opportunities" and "accompanying family members" occasionally show up as primary reasons, economic motives predominate migration. This also emerges from an earlier survey conducted in Turkey (Vital Statistics from the Turkish Demographic Survey, 1966-67 [Ankara: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1970]), especially when males are considered. In the HIPS sample with which I worked, moves triggered by an educational motive could be identified. Such moves were very rare, mainly because the survey was administered to males who were 18 and older. Since none of these individuals was a household head, they were not included in the working samples. Moves triggered by family considerations could not be detected. This is not to deny the importance of such considerations in a broader context; see, e.g., O. Stark and R. E. B. Lucas, "Migration, Remittances, and the Family," Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 (April 1988): 465-81; M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, "Consumption Smoothing, Migration and Marriage: Evidence from India," Journal of Political Economy 97 (August 1989): 905-26; G. M. Shields and M. P. Shields, "Family Migration and Nonmarket Activities in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 38 (October 1989): 73-88.
47. The evidence compiled by P. Brigg, "Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries," IBRD Working Paper No. 217 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C., 1973) from 27 field surveys of urban and rural communities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America indicates that, while factors such as "seeking education opportunities" and "accompanying family members" occasionally show up as primary reasons, economic motives predominate migration. This also emerges from an earlier survey conducted in Turkey (Vital Statistics from the Turkish Demographic Survey, 1966-67 [Ankara: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1970]), especially when males are considered. In the HIPS sample with which I worked, moves triggered by an educational motive could be identified. Such moves were very rare, mainly because the survey was administered to males who were 18 and older. Since none of these individuals was a household head, they were not included in the working samples. Moves triggered by family considerations could not be detected. This is not to deny the importance of such considerations in a broader context; see, e.g., O. Stark and R. E. B. Lucas, "Migration, Remittances, and the Family," Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 (April 1988): 465-81; M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, "Consumption Smoothing, Migration and Marriage: Evidence from India," Journal of Political Economy 97 (August 1989): 905-26; G. M. Shields and M. P. Shields, "Family Migration and Nonmarket Activities in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 38 (October 1989): 73-88.
48. The evidence compiled by P. Brigg, "Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries," IBRD Working Paper No. 217 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C., 1973) from 27 field surveys of urban and rural communities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America indicates that, while factors such as "seeking education opportunities" and "accompanying family members" occasionally show up as primary reasons, economic motives predominate migration. This also emerges from an earlier survey conducted in Turkey (Vital Statistics from the Turkish Demographic Survey, 1966-67 [Ankara: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1970]), especially when males are considered. In the HIPS sample with which I worked, moves triggered by an educational motive could be identified. Such moves were very rare, mainly because the survey was administered to males who were 18 and older. Since none of these individuals was a household head, they were not included in the working samples. Moves triggered by family considerations could not be detected. This is not to deny the importance of such considerations in a broader context; see, e.g., O. Stark and R. E. B. Lucas, "Migration, Remittances, and the Family," Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 (April 1988): 465-81; M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, "Consumption Smoothing, Migration and Marriage: Evidence from India," Journal of Political Economy 97 (August 1989): 905-26; G. M. Shields and M. P. Shields, "Family Migration and Nonmarket Activities in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 38 (October 1989): 73-88.
49. The evidence compiled by P. Brigg, "Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries," IBRD Working Paper No. 217 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C., 1973) from 27 field surveys of urban and rural communities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America indicates that, while factors such as "seeking education opportunities" and "accompanying family members" occasionally show up as primary reasons, economic motives predominate migration. This also emerges from an earlier survey conducted in Turkey (Vital Statistics from the Turkish Demographic Survey, 1966-67 [Ankara: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1970]), especially when males are considered. In the HIPS sample with which I worked, moves triggered by an educational motive could be identified. Such moves were very rare, mainly because the survey was administered to males who were 18 and older. Since none of these individuals was a household head, they were not included in the working samples. Moves triggered by family considerations could not be detected. This is not to deny the importance of such considerations in a broader context; see, e.g., O. Stark and R. E. B. Lucas, "Migration, Remittances, and the Family," Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 (April 1988): 465-81; M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, "Consumption Smoothing, Migration and Marriage: Evidence from India," Journal of Political Economy 97 (August 1989): 905-26; G. M. Shields and M. P. Shields, "Family Migration and Nonmarket Activities in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 38 (October 1989): 73-88.
50. The evidence compiled by P. Brigg, "Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries," IBRD Working Paper No. 217 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C., 1973) from 27 field surveys of urban and rural communities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America indicates that, while factors such as "seeking education opportunities" and "accompanying family members" occasionally show up as primary reasons, economic motives predominate migration. This also emerges from an earlier survey conducted in Turkey (Vital Statistics from the Turkish Demographic Survey, 1966-67 [Ankara: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1970]), especially when males are considered. In the HIPS sample with which I worked, moves triggered by an educational motive could be identified. Such moves were very rare, mainly because the survey was administered to males who were 18 and older. Since none of these individuals was a household head, they were not included in the working samples. Moves triggered by family considerations could not be detected. This is not to deny the importance of such considerations in a broader context; see, e.g., O. Stark and R. E. B. Lucas, "Migration, Remittances, and the Family," Economic Development and Cultural Change 36 (April 1988): 465-81; M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, "Consumption Smoothing, Migration and Marriage: Evidence from India," Journal of Political Economy 97 (August 1989): 905-26; G. M. Shields and M. P. Shields, "Family Migration and Nonmarket Activities in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 38 (October 1989): 73-88.
51. Historically, the bulk of international migration has taken the form of tightly regulated flows, controlled by government agencies in the sending as well as the receiving country. Apart from the strict quotas that were in effect, prospective migrants had to meet certain criteria, including literacy, age, skill, and health requirements (N. Abadan-Unat, R. Keleş, R. Penninx, H. Van Renselaar, L. Van Velzen, and L. Yenisey, eds., Migration and Development [Ankara: Ajans-Türk Press, 1975], pp. 5-9). An extensive survey of the evidence on external migration from Turkey may be found in Ç. Key der and A. Aksu-Koç, "External Labor Migration from Turkey and Its Impact: An Evaluation of the Literature," Manuscript Report 185e (International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, 1988).
52. Historically, the bulk of international migration has taken the form of tightly regulated flows, controlled by government agencies in the sending as well as the receiving country. Apart from the strict quotas that were in effect, prospective migrants had to meet certain criteria, including literacy, age, skill, and health requirements (N. Abadan-Unat, R. Keleş, R. Penninx, H. Van Renselaar, L. Van Velzen, and L. Yenisey, eds., Migration and Development [Ankara: Ajans-Türk Press, 1975], pp. 5-9). An extensive survey of the evidence on external migration from Turkey may be found in Ç. Keyder and A. Aksu-Koç, "External Labor Migration from Turkey and Its Impact: An Evaluation of the Literature," Manuscript Report 185e (International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, 1988).
53. Details are reported in İ. Tunali, "Migration and Remigration as Interdependent Decisions: A Bivariate Probit Formulation," Department of Economics Working Paper no. 408 (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., May 1988).
54. The terminology is due to Da Vanzo and Morrison, who refer to factors that tie an individual to a particular place as "location-specific capital" (Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital"; and Da Vanzo and Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States").
55. The terminology is due to Da Vanzo and Morrison, who refer to factors that tie an individual to a particular place as "location-specific capital" (Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital"; and Da Vanzo and Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States").
56. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
57. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
58. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
59. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
60. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
61. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
62. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
63. J. C. Caldwell, African Rural Urban Migration: The Movement to Ghana's Towns (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969); E. S. Lee, "Migration in Relation to Education, Intellect and Social Structure," Population Index 36 (October-December 1970): 437-44; M. Levy and W. Wadycki, "Education and the Decision to Migrate: An Econometric Analysis of Migration in Venezuela," Econometrica 42 (March 1974): 377-88; Y. Mundlak, "Occupational Migration Out of Agriculture - a Cross-Country Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (August 1978): 392-98; R. Pryor, Jr., Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); W. J. House and H. Rempel, "The Determinants of Interregional Migrations in Kenya" World Development 8 (January 1980): 25-35; T. P. Schultz, "Lifetime Migration within Educational Strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a Logistic Model," Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (April 1982): 559-93, and "Notes on the Estimation of Migration Decision Functions," in Migration and the Labor Market in Development Countries, ed. R. H. Sabot (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982).
64. The same pattern is reported by J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, Migration Sequences: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On? (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 1982); and A. B. Simmons and R. G. Cardona, "Rural-Urban Migration: Who Comes, Who Stays, Who Returns? The Case of Bogotá, Colombia, 1929-1968," International Migration Review 6 (Spring 1972): 166-81.
65. The same pattern is reported by J. Da Vanzo and P. A. Morrison, Migration Sequences: Who Moves Back and Who Moves On? (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 1982); and A. B. Simmons and R. G. Cardona, "Rural-Urban Migration: Who Comes, Who Stays, Who Returns? The Case of Bogotá, Colombia, 1929-1968," International Migration Review 6 (Spring 1972): 166-81.
66. A detailed examination of the links between unemployment and migration is provided by J. Da Vanzo, "Does Unemployment Affect Migration? Evidence from Micro Data," Review of Economics and Statistics 60 (November 1978): 504-11.
67. There is international evidence in favor of what some authors have called bimodal selectivity in terms of occupation, whereby high migration propensities are attached to high-skill as well as no-skill groups - see M. J. Carvajal and D. T. Geithman, "An Economic Analysis of Migration in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 23 (October 1974): 105-22; T. G. McGee, "Rural-Urban Mobility in South and Southeast Asia: Different Formulations, Different Answers," in Human Migration: Patterns and Policies, ed. W. H. McNeil and R. S. Adams (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), pp. 199-224; Pryor; M. Lipton, "Migration from Rural Areas of Poor Countries: The Impact of Rural Productivity and Income Distribution," World Development 8 (January 1980): 1-23. My results also suggest the same pattern, since unemployment and lack of job security are common experiences of nonskilled individuals.
68. There is international evidence in favor of what some authors have called bimodal selectivity in terms of occupation, whereby high migration propensities are attached to high-skill as well as no-skill groups - see M. J. Carvajal and D. T. Geithman, "An Economic Analysis of Migration in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 23 (October 1974): 105-22; T. G. McGee, "Rural-Urban Mobility in South and Southeast Asia: Different Formulations, Different Answers," in Human Migration: Patterns and Policies, ed. W. H. McNeil and R. S. Adams (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), pp. 199-224; Pryor; M. Lipton, "Migration from Rural Areas of Poor Countries: The Impact of Rural Productivity and Income Distribution," World Development 8 (January 1980): 1-23. My results also suggest the same pattern, since unemployment and lack of job security are common experiences of nonskilled individuals.
69. There is international evidence in favor of what some authors have called bimodal selectivity in terms of occupation, whereby high migration propensities are attached to high-skill as well as no-skill groups - see M. J. Carvajal and D. T. Geithman, "An Economic Analysis of Migration in Costa Rica," Economic Development and Cultural Change 23 (October 1974): 105-22; T. G. McGee, "Rural-Urban Mobility in South and Southeast Asia: Different Formulations, Different Answers," in Human Migration: Patterns and Policies, ed. W. H. McNeil and R. S. Adams (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), pp. 199-224; Pryor; M. Lipton, "Migration from Rural Areas of Poor Countries: The Impact of Rural Productivity and Income Distribution," World Development 8 (January 1980): 1-23. My results also suggest the same pattern, since unemployment and lack of job security are common experiences of nonskilled individuals.
70. To check the validity of this interpretation, I included total labor market experience in the migration equations. Consistent with the human capital interpretation, the coefficient on experience was positive and statistically significant (P-value < .01). Both AGE and TEN lost their statistical significance. A detailed investigation of the migration-human capital link is undertaken by K. L. Shaw, "The Influence of Human Capital Investment on Migration and Industry Change," Journal of Regional Science 31 (November 1991): 397-416, who breaks specific human capital into three components: industry-specific, occupation-specific, and employer-specific. She finds that investment in industry and occupational skills decreases mobility during the initial years of attachment but eventually increases mobility. Her interpretation is that individuals begin to seek out new opportunities as the returns to their investment begin to fall. In my experimentations I detected mild nonlinearities of this sort in the 5-year samples but not in the 10-year samples.
71. This point is due to A. Bartel, "The Migration Decision: What Role Does Job Mobility Play?" American Economic Review 69 (December 1979): 775-86. Truncation of TEN by length of residence (DUR), and interaction of TEN by a transfer dummy - which was set equal to one if DUR > TEN and zero otherwise-did not alter the finding that migration and remigration probabilities increase with tenure. This suggests that both interpretations invoked in the text are valid.
72. Interprovince flow data are from İ. Tekeli, "Türkiyede Göç Vektörlerinin 1960-75 Döneminde Yönlülük Analizi ve Mekan Organizasyonunda Uyum Sürecinin Yönü" (Directional analysis of migration vectors during 1965-70 in Turkey and the direction of adjustment in settlement distribution), in Tekeli and Erder (n. 1 above), pp. 271-95.
73. See A. Schwartz, "Interpreting the Effect of Distance on Migration," Journal of Political Economy 81 (October 1973): 1977-88; and Yezer and Thurston (n. 8 above). A thorough discussion of the role distance plays in the human capital framework may be found in D. E. Clark and J. C. Cosgrove, "Amenities versus Labor Market Opportunities: Choosing the Optimal Distance to Move," Journal of Regional Science 31 (August 1991): 311-28.
74. See A. Schwartz, "Interpreting the Effect of Distance on Migration," Journal of Political Economy 81 (October 1973): 1977-88; and Yezer and Thurston (n. 8 above). A thorough discussion of the role distance plays in the human capital framework may be found in D. E. Clark and J. C. Cosgrove, "Amenities versus Labor Market Opportunities: Choosing the Optimal Distance to Move," Journal of Regional Science 31 (August 1991): 311-28.
75. This is a widely used measure of distance in regional sciences. See Gedik, "A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70" (n. 1 above).
76. The indexes are reported in B. Tolan, Türkiye'de İller İtibariyle Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Endeksi (1963-70) (Socioeconomic development indexes by province in Turkey [1963-70]) (Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlik Devlet Planlama Teşkilati, 1972).
77. Various channels through which age influences migration probabilities are examined by P. Lundborg, "An Interpretation of the Effects of Age on Migration: Nordic Migrants' Choice of Settlement in Sweden," Southern Economic Journal 58 (October 1991): 392-405. Lundborg finds that age interacts with wage, employment probability, and costs of migration. D. E. Clark and W. J. Hunter, "The Impact of Economic Opportunity, Amenities and Fiscal Factors of Age-Specific Migration Rates," Journal of Regional Science 32 (August 1992): 349-65, investigate the influence of explanatory variables on age-specific migration rates of white males over their life-cycle. They find that labor market factors figure in most significantly during the working years. Amenities have a larger influence on the middle-aged and older cohorts compared with younger ones.
78. Various channels through which age influences migration probabilities are examined by P. Lundborg, "An Interpretation of the Effects of Age on Migration: Nordic Migrants' Choice of Settlement in Sweden," Southern Economic Journal 58 (October 1991): 392-405. Lundborg finds that age interacts with wage, employment probability, and costs of migration. D. E. Clark and W. J. Hunter, "The Impact of Economic Opportunity, Amenities and Fiscal Factors of Age-Specific Migration Rates," Journal of Regional Science 32 (August 1992): 349-65, investigate the influence of explanatory variables on age-specific migration rates of white males over their life-cycle. They find that labor market factors figure in most significantly during the working years. Amenities have a larger influence on the middle-aged and older cohorts compared with younger ones.
79. See Karpat (n. 1 above); and Kartal (n. 1 above).
80. Using 5-year province-level figures, each year spent at the beginning-of-the-period locality will have a net contribution of (-0.0471) + (-0.0466) + (0.0263) = -0.0674 to the argument of the probability distribution assuming continual employment. Hence, it will take 0.54/0.0674 = 8 years to offset the contribution of RURAL to the argument. By including TEN into the example, I am assuming that the individual will stay employed in the same occupation.
81. k = 1.
82. Tolan (n. 25 above).
83. These calculations are based on rather extreme changes in the AIOD and DOD values. The AIOD variable has a mean value of 41 kilometers and range of 24-89 kilometers; furthermore, its frequency distribution is heavily skewed to the right. For the 1970-75 period, Gedik reports the mean distance traveled by out-migrants as 344 kilometers and the range as 67-934 kilometers ("A Causal Analysis of the Destination Choice of Village to Province-Center Migrants in Turkey, 1965-70," p. 117). The frequency distribution is once again heavily skewed to the right. Hence, for most individuals, the distance variables are likely to have a smaller impact on the migration decision than those suggested by my examples.
84. The last proposition is due to Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital" (n. 8 above); and Da Vanzo and Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States" (n. 8 above).
85. The last proposition is due to Da Vanzo, "Repeat Migration, Information Costs, and Location-Specific Capital" (n. 8 above); and Da Vanzo and Morrison, "Return and Other Sequences of Migration in the United States" (n. 8 above).
86. See Gedik, "Rural to Urban versus Urban to Urban Migration in Turkey" (n. 1 above); Kartal; Danielson and Keleş, (n. 1 above); and Tanfer (n. 1 above).
87. Evidence from diverse settings suggest that networks that develop over time influence the timing and directionality of migration flows and the likelihood of a successful move. See B. Banarjee, "Rural-Urban Migration and Family Ties: An Analysis of Family Considerations in Migration Behaviour in India," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 43 (November 1981): 321-56; J. E. Taylor, "Differential Migration, Networks, Information, and Risk," in Research in Human Capital and Development: Migration, Human Capital, and Development, ed. O. Stark and İ. Sirageldin (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1986), 4:147-71; Shields and Shields (n. 12 above). In the Turkish setting, this pattern is noted by Karpat; and Kartal. Two-thirds of the rural-urban migrants in the full ("Male Survey," HIPS, 1973) sample reported having relatives or fellow villagers at their destination. One-third of these stayed with relatives and acquaintances. Nearly one-third of all rural-urban migrants indicated that they hosted others from their village for prolonged periods of time.
88. Evidence from diverse settings suggest that networks that develop over time influence the timing and directionality of migration flows and the likelihood of a successful move. See B. Banarjee, "Rural-Urban Migration and Family Ties: An Analysis of Family Considerations in Migration Behaviour in India," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 43 (November 1981): 321-56; J. E. Taylor, "Differential Migration, Networks, Information, and Risk," in Research in Human Capital and Development: Migration, Human Capital, and Development, ed. O. Stark and İ. Sirageldin (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1986), 4:147-71; Shields and Shields (n. 12 above). In the Turkish setting, this pattern is noted by Karpat; and Kartal. Two-thirds of the rural-urban migrants in the full ("Male Survey," HIPS, 1973) sample reported having relatives or fellow villagers at their destination. One-third of these stayed with relatives and acquaintances. Nearly one-third of all rural-urban migrants indicated that they hosted others from their village for prolonged periods of time.
89. Tunali, "Migration and Remigration as Interdependent Decisions" (n. 14 above).