The environmental impact of mine wastes - Roles of microorganisms and their significance in treatment of mine wastes

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 41, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 67-108

  Ledin, M ^a   Pedersen, K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOREMEDIATION; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; MINE DRAINAGE; MINE WASTE; MINING WASTE;

EID: 0030435914     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0012-8252(96)00016-5     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Applegate, R.J. and Kraatz, M., 1991. Rehabilitation of Rum Jungle uranium mine. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 16-18, 1991, pp. 153-169.
2. Bak, F. and Pfennig, N., 1987. Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans sp. nov. by disproportionation of inorganic sulfur compounds. Arch. Microbiol., 147: 184-189.
3. Balins, J.K., Welch, D.E., Knapp, R.A., Ashley, C.F. and Maltby, J.W., 1991. Decommisioning of the Quirke mine uranium tailings basin to eliminate acid production. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 16-18, 1991, pp. 379-397.
4. Banks, M.K., Waters, C.Y. and Schwab, A.P., 1994. Influence of organic acids on leaching of heavy metals from contaminated mine tailings. J. Environ. Sci. Health (A), 29: 1045-1056.
5. Berthelin, J., 1983. Microbial weathering processes. In: W.E. Krumbein (Editor), Microbial Geochemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 223-262.
6. Beveridge, T.J., 1986. The immobilization of soluble metals by bacterial walls. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., 16: 127-139.
7. Birch, L. and Bachofen, R., 1990. Complexing agents from microorganisms. Experientia, 46: 827-834.
8. Blenkinsopp, S.A., Herman, D.C., McCready, R.G.L. and Costerton, J.W., 1992. Acidogenic mine tailings: The use of biofilm bacteria to exclude oxygen scientific note. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 34/35: 801-809.
9. Bossier, P., Hofte, M. and Verstraete, W., 1988. Ecological significance of siderophores in soil. In: K.C. Marshall (Editor), Advances in Microbial Ecology, 10. Plenum Press, NY, pp. 385-414.
10. Brierley, C.L. and Lanza, G.R., 1985. Microbial technology for aggregation and dewatering of phosphate clay slimes: implications on resource recovery. In: R.L. Tate III and D.A. Klein (Editors), Soil Reclamation Processes. M. Dekker, NY, pp. 243-277.
11. Brierley, C.L., 1990. Bioremediation of metal-contaminated surface and groundwaters. Geomicrobiol. J., 8: 201-223.
12. Brodie, G.A., 1993. Staged, aerobic constructed wetlands to treat acid drainage. Case history of Fahious impoundment 1 and overview of the Tennessee Valley Authority's program. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 157-165.
13. Brodie, G.A., Britt, C.R., Tomaszewski, T.M. and Taylor, H.N., 1993. Anoxic limestone drains to enhance performance of aerobic acid drainage treatment wetlands: Experiences of the Tennessee Valley authority. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 129-138.
14. Broman, P.G., Haglund, P. and Mattsson, E., 1991. Use of sludge for sealing purposes in dry covers - development and field experiences. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 16-18, 1991, pp. 515-527.
15. Broman, P.G. and Göransson, T., 1994. Decommissioning of tailings and waste rock areas at Stekenjokk, Sweden. In: Proc. Int. Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference and the Third International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Pittsburgh, PA, April 24-29, 1994.
16. Brynhildsen, L. and Rosswall, T., 1989. Effects of cadmium, copper, magnesium and zinc on the decomposition of citrate by a Klebsiella sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55: 1375-1379.
17. Cork, D.J., Jerger, D.E. and Maka, A., 1986. Biocatalytic production of sulfur from process waste streams. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 149-162.
18. Cundell, A.M., 1977. The role of microorganisms in the revegetation of strip-mined land in the Western United States. J. Range Manage., 30: 299-303.
19. Darnall, D.W., Greene, B., Henzl, M.T., Hosea, J.M., McPherson, R.A., Sneddon, J. and Alexander, M.D., 1986. Selective recovery of gold and other metal ions from an algal biomass. Environ. Sci. Technol., 20: 206-208.
20. Darnall, D.W., McPherson, R.M. and Gardea-Torresdey, J., 1989. Metal recovery from geothermal waters and groundwaters using immobilized algae. Biohydrometallurgy, pp. 341-348.
21. Dave, N.K. and Michelutti, R.E., 1991. Field evaluation of wet cover alternatives of high sulphide tailings. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Abatement of Acidic Drainage. Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 16-18, 1991, pp. 61-81.
22. Davison, J., 1993. Successful acid mine drainage and heavy metal site bioremediation. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 167-170.
23. Dugan, P.R., MacMillan, C.B. and Pfister, R.M., 1970a. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria indigenous to pH 2.8 acid mine water: Microscopic examination of acid streamers. J. Bacteriol., 101: 973-981.
24. Dugan, P.R., MacMillan, C.B. and Pfister, R.M., 1970b. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria indigenous to pH 2.8 acid mine water: Predominant slime-producing bacteria in acid streamers. J. Bacteriol., 101: 982-988.
25. Dugan, P.R., 1986. Microbiological desulfurization of coal and its increased monetary value. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 185-203.
26. Dvorak, D.H., Hedin, R.S., Edenborn, H.M. and Gustafson, S.L., 1991. Treatment of metal-contaminated water using bacterial sulfate reduction: Results from pilot-scale reactors. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 16-18, 1991, pp. 301-314.
27. Eger, P., Melchert, G., Antonson, D. and Wagner, J., 1993. The use of wetland treatment to remove trace metals from mine drainage. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 171-178.
28. Ehrlich, H.L., 1985. Bioleaching of silver from a sulfide ore by continuous feeding of lixiviant. Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., p. 238.
29. Ehrlich. H.L., 1986. What types of microorganisms are effective in bioleaching, bioaccumulation of metals, ore benefication, and desulfurization of fossil fuel? Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 227-237.
30. Ehrlich H.L., 1990. Geomicrobiology, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, NY.
31. Ekendahl, S., Arlinger, J., Ståhl, F. and Pedersen, K., 1994. Characterization of attached bacterial populations in deep granitic groundwater from the Stripa research mine with 16S-rRNA gene sequencing technique and scanning electron microscopy. Microbiology, 140: 1575-1583.
32. EPS, 1987. Mine and Mill Wastewater Treatment. Env. Canada Rep. EPS 2 MM 3, Dec. 87.
33. 4 sludges from uranium mine wastes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52: 262-268.
34. Ferris, F.G., Schultze, S., Witten, T.C., Fyfe, W.S. and Beveridge, T.J., 1989. Metal interactions with microbial biofilms in acidic and neutral pH environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55: 1249-1257.
35. Ferris, F.G., Shotyk, W. and Fyfe, W.S. 1993. Mineral formation and decomposition by microorganisms. In: T.J. Beveridge and R.J. Doyle (Editors), Metal Ions and Bacteria, 11. Wiley, New York, pp. 413-441.
36. Fresquez, P.R. and Aldon, E.F., 1986. Microbial re-establishment and the diversity of fungal genera in reclaimed coal mine spoils and soils. Reclam. Reveget. Res., 4: 245-258.
37. Frostman, T.M., 1993. A peat/wetland treatment approach to acidic mine drainage abatement. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 197-200.
38. Gadd, G.M., 1988. Accumulation of metals by microorganisms and algae. In: H.-J. Rehm and G. Reed (Editors), Biotechnology - a Comprehensive Treatise, 6b. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, pp. 401-433.
39. Gale, N.L., 1986. The role of algae and other microorganisms in metal detoxification and environmental clean-up. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 171-180.
40. Gee, A.R. and Dudeney, A.W.L., 1988. Adsorption and crystallisation of gold at biological surfaces. In: P.R. Norris and D.P. Kelly (Editors), Biohydrometallurgy. Sci. Technol. Lett., Kew, Surrey, pp. 437-451.
41. Ghiani, M., Loi, G., Passarini, N., Trois, P. and Rossi, G., 1993. Microbial purification technique of mineral dressing plants reject waters. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 11: 153-157.
42. Glombitza, F., Iske, U., Bullmann, M. and Ondruschka, J., 1992. Biotechnology based opportunities for environmental protection in the uranium mining industry. Acta Biotechnol., 12: 79-85.
43. Golovacheva, R.S. and Karavaiko, G.I., 1978. A new genus of thermophilic sporeforming bacteria, Sulfobacillus. Microbiology, 47: 815-822.
44. Goodman, A.E., Khalid, A.M. and Ralph, B.J., 1981. Microbial Ecology of Rum Jungle. Part 1. Environmental Study of Sulphidic Overburden Dumps, Environmental Heap-leach Piles and Tailings Dam Area. Aust. AEC AAEC/E531.
45. Gross, M.A., Formica. S.J., Gandy, L.C. and Hestir, J., 1993. A comparison of local waste materials for sulfate-reducing wetlands substrate. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 179-185.
46. Groudev, S.N., Genchev, F.N. and Gaidarjiev, S.S., 1978. Observations on the microflora in an industrial copper dump leaching operation. In: L.E. Murr, A.E. Torma and J.A. Brierley (Editors), Metallurgical Applications of Bacterial Leaching and Related Microbiological Phenomena. Academic Press, New York, pp. 253-274.
47. Groudev, S.N. and Groudeva, V.I., 1993. Microbial communities in four industrial copper dump leaching operations in Bulgaria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 11: 261-268.
48. Guay, R., Dufresne, S., Desjardins. E.R. and Gélinas, P., 1992. Microbiological modeling of acid mine drainage production in pyritic waste rock pile. Abstr. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., p. 344.
49. Hallbeck L, Pedersen K., 1991 Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of Gallionella ferruginea. J. Gen. Microbiol., 137: 2657-2661.
50. Harrison, Jr., A.P., 1978. Microbial succession and mineral leaching in an artificial coal spoil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 36: 861-869.
51. Harrison, A.P.J., 1984. The acidophilic thiobacilli and other acidophilic bacteria that share their habitat. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 131: 68-76.
52. Hedin, R.S. and Nairn, R.W., 1993. Contaminant removal capabilities of wetlands constructed to treat coal mine drainage. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publisher, Boca Raton, pp. 187-195.
53. Hendy, N.A., 1987. Isolation of thermophilic iron-oxidising bacteria from sulfidic waste rock. J. Ind. Microbiol., 1: 389-392.
54. Herrera, L., Hernandez, J. and Duarte, S., 1993. Sulfate elimination to improve water quality of mine process effluents. II. Hydrogen sulfide transport in biological reactors. Environ. Toxicol. Wat. Qual., 8: 409-424.
55. Hetrick, B.A.D., Wilson, G.W.T. and Figge, D.A.H., 1994. The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer amendments on establishment of vegetation in heavy metal mine spoil. Environ. Pollut., 86: 171-179.
56. Hughes, M.N. and Poole, R.K., 1989. Metals and Micro-organisms. Chapman and Hall, London.
57. Håkansson, K., 1991. Metals released from Mine Waste Deposits Redistribution and Fluxes through Geological Barriers. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, Diss., Linköping, Sweden.
58. Ishikawa, T., Murayama, T., Kawahara, I. and Imaizumi, T., 1983. In: A. Torma and C. Rossi (Editors), Recent Progress in Biohydrometallurgy. Proc. Int. Symp. Biohydrometallurgy, Cagliari, Italy, 1983, pp. 393-407.
59. Jackson, T.A., 1978. The biogeochemistry of heavy metals in polluted lakes and streams at Flin Flon, Canada, and a proposed method for limiting heavy-metal pollution of natural waters. Environ. Geol., 2: 173-189.
60. Jennett, J.C. and Wixson, B.G., 1975. The new lead belt: aquatic metal pathways - control. Proc. Int. Conf. Heavy Metals Environ. II, pp. 247-255.
61. Johnson, D.B., Kelso, W.I. and Jenkins, D.A., 1979. Bacterial streamer growth in a disused pyrite mine. Environ. Pollut., 18: 107-118.
62. Kalin, M., Cairns, J. and McCready, R., 1991. Ecological engineering methods for acid mine drainage treatment of coal wastes. Resour. Conserv. Recycling, 5: 265-275.
63. Karlsson, S., 1987. Influence of Hydrochemical Parameters on the Mobility and Redistribution of Metals from a Mine Waste Deposit. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, Diss., Linköping, Sweden.
64. Kauffman, J.W., Laughlin, W.C. and Baldwin, R.A., 1986. Microbiological treatment of uranium mine waters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 20: 243-248.
65. Kelly, D.P., 1988. Evolution of the understanding of the microbiology and biochemistry of the mineral leaching habitat. In: P.R. Norris and D.P. Kelly (Editors), Biohydrometallurgy. Sci. Technol. Lett., Kew, Surrey, pp. 3-14.
66. King, D.L., Simmler, J.J., Decker, C.S. and Ogg, C.W., 1974. Acid strip mine lake recovery. WPCF J., 46: 2301-2315.
67. Klein, D.A. and Tate III, R.L., 1985. General interactions of microbes in reclamation processes. In: R.L. Tate III and D.A. Klein (Editors), Soil Reclamation Processes. M. Dekker, NY, pp. 333-338.
68. Kleinmann, R.L. and Erickson, P.M., 1983. Control of acid drainage from coal refuse using anionic surfactants. USBM Rep. 8847, 20: 1-16.
69. Kleinmann, R.L.P., Crerar, D.A. and Pacelli, R.R., 1981. Biogeochemistry of acid mine drainage and a method to control acid formation. Min. Eng., 33: 300-305.
70. Konhauser, K.O., Fyfe, W.S., Ferris, F.G. and Beveridge, T.J., 1993. Metal Sorption and mineral precipitation by bacteria in two Amazonian river systems: Rio Solimões and Rio Negro, Brazil. Geology, 21: 1103-1106.
71. Konhauser, K.O., Fyfe, W.S., Schultze-Lam, S., Ferris, F.G. and Beveridge, T.J., 1994a. Iron phosphate precipitaion by epilithic microbial biofilms in Arctic Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 31: 1320-1324.
72. 2 precipitation in a solute-deficient river: Rio Negro, Brazil. Geology, 20: 227-230.
73. Konhauser, K.O., Schultze-Lam, S., Ferris, F.G., Fyfe, W.S., Longstaffe, F.J. and Beveridge, T.J., 1994b. Mineral precipitation by epilithic biofilms in the Speed River, Ontario, Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 549-553.
74. Krantz-Rülcker, C., Frändberg, E., Schnürer, J., 1995. Metal loading and enzymatic degradation of fungal cell walls and chitin. Biometals, 8: 12-18.
75. Krieg, N.R. and Holt, J.G., 1984. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
76. Kuenen, J.G. and Bos, P. 1989. Habitats and ecological niches of chemolitho(auto)trophic bacteria. In: H.G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (Editors), Autotrophic Bacteria. Springer, Berlin, pp. 53-80.
77. Lawrey, J.D., 1977. Soil fungal populations and soil respiration in habitats variously influenced by coal strip-mining. Environ. Pollut., 14: 195-205.
78. Liljemark, A., 1994. Metallāckage från gruvavfall i Falun (In Swedish). Examensarbete 20 p, Institutionen för analytisk kemi, Institutionen for geologi och geokemi, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm, Sweden.
79. Lundgren, T., 1990. Bersbo - the first full scale project in Sweden to abate acid mine drainage from old mining activities. In: Proc. Int. Conf. GAC-MAC, Vancouver, May 16-18, 1990.
80. Mann, H. and Fyfe, W.S., 1989. Metal uptake and Fe-, Ti-oxide biomineralization by acidophilic microorganisms in mine-waste environments, Elliot Lake, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 26: 2731-2735.
81. Mann, H., Fyfe, W.S., Kerrich, R. and Wiseman, M., 1989a. Retardation of toxic heavy metal dispersion from nickel-copper mine tailings, Sudbury District, Ontario: Role of acidophilic microorganisms: I. Biological pathway of metal retardation. Biorecovery, 1: 155-172.
82. Mann, H., Tazaki, K., Fyfe, W.S. and Wiseman, M., 1989b. Retardation of toxic heavy metal dispersion from nickel-copper mine tailings, Sudbury District, Ontario: Role of acidophilic microorganisms: II. Structure and microanalysis of bioprecipitants. Biorecovery, 1: 173-188.
83. Maree, J.P. and Strydom, W.F., 1987. Biological sulphate removal from industrial effluent in an upflow packed bed reactor. Water Res., 21: 141-146.
84. Miller, C.L., Landa, E.R. and Updegraff, D.M., 1987. Ecological aspects of microorganisms inhabiting uranium mill tailings. Microb. Ecol., 14: 141-155.
85. Mudder, T.I. and Whitlock, J.L., 1984. Biological treatment of cyanidation wastewaters. Miner. Metal Process., 1: 161-165.
86. Nawrot, J.R. and Klimstra, W.D., 1986. Wetland habitat reclamation: It's a wonder we have any. Miner. Matters, 8: 304-305.
87. NIVA, 1994. Vannfylling av Wallenberg gruve, Loekken (in Norwegian).
88. Norris, P.R., 1990. Acidohilic bacteria and their activity in mineral sulfide oxidation. In: H.L. Ehrlich and C.L. Brierley (Editors), Microbial Mineral Recovery. McGraw-Hill, NY, pp. 3-27.
89. Olson, G.J., Mcfeters, G.A. and Temple, K.L., 1981. Occurrence and activity of iron oxidizing and sulfur oxidizing microorganisms in alkaline coal strip mine spoils. Microb. Ecol., 7: 39-50.
90. Onysko, S.J., Kleinmann, R.L.P. and Erickson, P.M., 1984. Ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: inhibition with benzole acid, sorbic acid, and sodium lauryl sulfate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 48: 229-231.
91. Palmer, J.P., 1991. Techniques for reclaiming metalliferous tailings. In: M.C.R. Davies (Editor), Land Reclamation, 3. Elsevier, London, pp. 357-364.
92. Pedersen, K. and Karlsson, F., 1995. Investigations of Subterranean Microorganisms - Their Importance for Performance Assessment of Radioactive Waste Disposal. SKB Tech. Rep., 95-10. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Co., Stockholm.
93. Pesavento, B.G., 1987. Factors to be considered in the use of wetlands to treat acid mine drainage. In: Environ. Can. Acid Mine Drainage Symp., pp. 499-505.
94. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A., 1993. Microbiology. WCB, Dubuque, Iowa.
95. Pulford, I.D., 1991. A review of methods to control acid generation in pyritic coal mine waste. In: M.C.R. Davies (Editor), Land Reclamation. Elsevier, London, pp. 269-278.
96. Reeder, J.D., 1988. Transformations of nitrogen-15-labeled fertilizer nitrogen and carbon mineralization in incubated coal mine spoils and disturbed soil. J. Environ. Qual., 17: 291-298.
97. Ritcey, G.M., 1989. Effluent treatment for environmental control. Tailings management: problems and solutions in the mining industry. Process Metallurgy Report, 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 411-574.
98. Robertson, J.D., 1991. Subaqueous disposal of reactive mine waste: an overview of the practice with case studies. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 16-18, 1991, pp. 185-200.
99. Sandén, P., 1988. Dynamics of Metal Concentrations and Mass Transport in an Old Mining Area. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, Diss., Linköping, Sweden.
100. Sandén, P., 1994. Övervakning av ytvattenkemi i Bersbo. Rapport tran verksamheten 1993/1994. Manuskript (In Swedish). SMHI.
101. Seaker, E.M. and Sopper, W.E., 1988. Municipal sludge for minespoil reclamation: I. Effects on microbial populations and activity. J. Environ. Qual., 17: 591-597.
102. Silver, M. and Ritcey, G.M., 1985. Effects of iron-oxidizing bacteria and vegetation on acid generation in laboratory lysimeter tests on pyrite-containing uranium tailings. Hydrometallurgy, 15: 255-264.
103. Sneath, P.H.A., Mair, N.S., Sharp, M.E. and Holt, J.G., 1986. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore < MD.
104. Sobek, A.A., Benedetti, D.A. and Rastogi, V., 1990. Successful reclamation using controlled release bactericides: Two case studies. In: J. Skousen, J. Sencindiver and D. Samuels (Editor), Proc. 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition, Charleston, West Virginia, April 23-26, 1990, pp. 33-41.
105. Sopper, W.E., 1992. Reclamation of mine land using municipal sludge. In: R. Lal and B.A. Stewart (Editors), Advances in soil science, Soil Restoration, 17. Springer, New York, pp. 351-431.
106. Sorensen, D.L. and Fresquez, P.R., 1991. Nitrification potential in reclaimed coal mine spoils and soils in the semiarid southwest. J. Environ. Qual., 20: 279-285.
107. Staley, J.T., Bryant, M.P., Pfennig, N. and Holt, J.G., 1989. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 3. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
108. Sterritt, R.M. and Lester, L.N., 1979. The microbiological control of mine waste pollution. Minerals Environ., 1: 45-47.
109. Sundblad, B., Stiglund, Y. and Odenstedt, S., 1995. Efterbehandling Ranstad - utsläpps och recipientkontroll 1994 (In Swedish). Studsvik Report, Studsvik/ES-95/18.
110. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 1993. Gruvavfall från sulfidmalmsbrytning (in Swedish). Naturvårdsverket, SNV PM 4202, Solna, Sweden.
111. Tarleton, A.L., Lang, G.E. and Wieder, R.K., 1984. Removal of iron from acid mine drainage by Sphagnum peat: results from experimental laboratory microcosms. In: 1984 Symp. Surface Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington, December 2-7, 1984, pp. 413-420.
112. Tarutis, W.J. and Unz, R.F., 1989. Behavior of iron and manganese in the sediment of a wetland subjected to acid mine drainage. Biohydrometallurgy, pp. 349.
113. Taylor, B.E., Wheeler, M.C. and Nordstrom, D.K., 1984. Isotope composition of sulphate in acid mine drainage as measure of bacterial oxidation. Nature, 308: 538-540.
114. Thamdrup, B., Finster, K., Hansen, J.W. and Bak, F., 1993. Bacterial disportionation of elemental sulfur coupled to chemical reduction of iron and mangansese. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59: 101-108
115. Thompson, L.C., 1987. Microbial degradation of metal-cyanide complexes in mining waste. 193rd Am. Chem. Soc. Nat. Meet., Denver, Colorado, USA, April 5-10, 1987.
116. Topper, K.F. and Sabey. B.R., 1986. Sewage sludge as a coal mine spoil amendment for revegetation in Colorado. J. Environ. Qual., 15: 44-49.
117. Tuovinen, O.H., Niemela, S.I. and Gyllenberg, H.G., 1971. Effect of mineral nutrients and organic substances on the development of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 13: 517-527.
118. Tyler, G., 1974. Heavy metal pollution and soil enzymatic activity. Plant Soil, 41: 303-311.
119. Tyler, G., 1975. Heavy metal pollution and mineralization of nitrogen in forest soils. Nature, 255: 701-702.
120. Tyler, G., 1976. Heavy metal pollution, phosphatase activity and mineralization of organic phosphorous in forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem., 8: 327-332.
121. Ueki, K., Kotaka, K., Itoh, K. and Ueki, A., 1988. Potential availability of anaerobic treatment with digester slurry of animal waste for the reclamation of acid mine water containing sulfate and heavy metals. Hakko Kogaku Zasshi, 66: 43-50.
122. Ueki, K., Ueki, A., Itoh, K., Tanaka, T. and Satoh, A., 1991. Removal of sulfate and heavy metals from acid mine water by anaerobic treatment with cattle waste: Effects of heavy metals on sulfate reduction. J. Environ. Sci. Health (A), A26: 1471-1489.
123. Unz, R.F. and Wichlacz, P.L., 1982. A study of environmental factors affecting acid mine drainage treatment with rotating biological contactors: Phase II. NTIS Rep. Pb82 193251, March 82 (103).
124. Unz, R.F. and Dietz, J.M., 1986. Biological applications in the treatment of acidic mine drainages. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 163-170.
125. Visser, S., 1985. Management of microbial processes in surface mined land reclamation in Western Canada. In: R.L. Tate III and D.A. Klein (Editors), Soil Reclamation Processes. M. Dekker, New York, pp. 203-241.
126. Volesky, B., 1986. Biosorbent materials. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 121-126.
127. Walsh, F. and Mitchell, R., 1975. Mine drainage pollution reduction by inhibition of iron bacteria. Water Res., 9: 525-528.
128. Watzlaf, G.R., 1988. Chemical inhibition of iron-oxidizing bacteria in waste rock and sulfide tailings and effect on water quality. In: Proc. Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation Conf., Pittsburgh, Apr 19-21, 1988. U.S. Dep. Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington D.C., pp. 109-116.
129. Wichlacz, P.L. and Unz, R.F., 1981. Acidophilic, heterotrophic bacteria of acidic mine waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 41: 1254-1261.
130. Widdel, F. 1988. Microbiology and ecology of sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In: J.B. Zehnder (Editor), Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms. Wiley Series in Ecological and Applied Microbiology, Wiley, NY, pp. 469-585.
131. Wieder, R.K., 1993. Ion input-output budgets for five wetlands constructed for acid coal mine drainage treatment. Water Air Soil Pollut., 71: 231-270.
132. Williams, S.T., McNeilly, T. and Wellington, E.M.H., 1977. The decomposition of vegetation growing on metal mine waste. Soil Biol. Biochem., 9: 271-275.
133. Witthar, S.R., 1993. Wetland water treatment systems. In: G.A. Moshiri (Editor), Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 147-155.
134. Wood, J.M. and Wang, H.K., 1985. Strategies for microbial resistance to heavy metals. In: W. Stumm (Editor), Chemical Processes in Lakes. Wiley, NY, pp. 81-98.
135. Wullstein, L.H., 1980. Nitrogen fixation acetylene reduction associated with rhizo sheaths of Indian rice grass used in stabilization of the slick-rock, Colorado tailings pile. J. Range Manage., 33: 204-206.
136. Yates, J.R. and Holmes, D.S., 1986. Molecular probes for the identification and quantitation of microorganisms found in mines and mine tailings. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16: 301-310.