Status of thermobarometry in granitic batholiths

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences

Volumn 87, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 125-138

  Anderson, J Lawford ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Barometry; Granites; Thermometry

Indexed keywords

EMPLACEMENT CONDITIONS; GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY; GRANITE; P/T CONDITIONS;

EID: 0030432556     PISSN: 02635933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0263593300006544     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Aaue, J. J. & Brimhall, G. H. 1988. Magmatic arc asymmetry and distribution of anomalous plutonic belts in the batholiths of California: effects of assimilation, crustal thickness, and depth of crystallization. BULL GEOL SOC AM 100, 912-27.
2. Andersen, D. J., Bishop, F. C. & Lindsley, D. H. 1991. Internally consistent solution models for Fe-Mg-Mn-Ti oxides: Fe-Mg-Ti oxides and olivine. AM MINERAL 76, 427-44.
3. Andersen, D. J., Lindsley, D. H. & Davidson, P. M. 1993. QUILF: a Pascal program to assess equilibria among Fe-Mg-Mn-Ti oxides, pyroxenes, olivine, and quartz. COMPUT GEOSCI 19, 1333-50.
4. Andersen, D. J. & Lindsley, D. H. 1988. Internally consistent solution models for Fe-Mg-Mn-Ti oxides: Fe-Ti oxides. AM MINERAL 73, 714-26.
5. Anderson, J. L. 1980. Mineral equilibria and crystallization conditions in the late Precambrian Wolf River rapakivi massif, Wisconsin. AM J SCIENCE 280, 289-332.
6. Anderson, J. L. 1983. Proterozoic anorogenic granite plutonism of North America. MEM GEOL SOC AM 161, 133-52.
7. Anderson, J. L. 1988. Core complexes of the Mojave-Sonoran Desert: conditions of plutonism, mylonitization, and decompression. In Ernst, W. G. (ed.) Metamorphism and crustal evolution of the western United States, Rubey Volume VII, 503-25. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
8. Anderson, J. L. 1992. Compositional variation within the high-Mg, tonalitic Mount Stuart batholith, north Cascades, Washington. GEOL SOC AM ABSTR PROGRAM 24, 3.
9. Anderson, J. L. & Bender, E. E. 1989. Nature and origin of Proterozoic A-type granitic macmatism in the southwestern United States. LITHOS 23, 19-52.
10. Anderson, J. L. & Morrison, J. 1992. The role of anorogenic granites in the Proterozoic crustal development of North America. In Condie, K. C. (ed.) Proterozoic crustal evolution, 263-99. New York: Elsevier.
11. Anderson, J. L. & Paterson, S. R. 1991. Emplacement of the Cretaceous Mt. Stuart Batholith, central Cascades, Washington. GEOL SOC AM ABSTR PROGRAM 23, A387.
12. Anderson, J. L. & Rowley, M. C. 1981. Synkinematic intrusion of two-mica and associated metaluminous granitoids, Whipple Mountains, California. CAN MINERAL 19, 83-101.
13. Anderson, J. L. & Smith, D. R. 1995. The effect of temperature and oxygen fuaacity on Al-in-hornblende barometry. AM MINERAL 80, 549-59.
14. Anderson, J. L. & Thomas, W. M. 1985. Proterozoic anorogenic two-mica granites: Silver Plume and St. Vrain batholiths of Colorado. GEOLOGY 13, 177-80.
15. Anderson, J. L., Barth, A. P. & Young, E. D. 1988. Mid-crustal roots of Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. GEOLOGY 16, 366-9.
16. Anderson, J. L., Barth, A. P., Young, E. D., Davis, M. J., Farber, D., Hayes, E. M. & Johnson, K. A. 1992. Plutonism across the Tujunga-North American terrane boundary: a middle to upper crustal view of two juxtaposed arcs. In Bartholomew, M. J., Hyndman, D. W., Mogk, D. W. & Mason, R., (eds) Characterization and comparison of ancient and Mesozoic continental margins, 205-30. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
17. 2 (CFAST); implications for garnet mixing models. J GEOL 95, 635-45.
18. Barth, A. P. 1989. Mesozoic rock units in the upper plate of the Vincent thrust fault, San Gabriel Mountains, southern California. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southern California.
19. Barth, A. P. 1990. Mid-crustal emplacement of Mesozoic plutons, San Gabriel Mountains, California, and implications for the geologic history of the San Gabriel Terrane. In Anderson, J. L. (ed.) The nature and origin of cordilleran magmatism. GEOL SOC AM MEM. 174, 33-45.
20. Barth, A. P., Wooden, J. L., Tosdal, R. M. & Morrison, J. 1995. Crustal contamination in the petrogenesis of a calc-alkalic rock series: Josephine Mountain intrusion, California. BULL GEOL SOC AM 107, 201-12.
21. Beckerman, G. M., Robinson, J. P. & Anderson, J. L. 1982. The Teutonia batholith: a large intrusive complex of Jurassic and Cretaceous age in the eastern Mojave Desert, California. In Frost, E. G. & Martin, D. L. (eds) Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Colorado River region, California, Arizona, and Nevada, 205-221. San Diego: Cordilleran Publishers.
22. 2. J PETROL 29, 445-522.
23. Berman, R. G. 1990. Mixing properties of Ca-Ma-Fe-Mn garnets. AM MINERAL 75, 328-44.
24. 2+ and Mg between coexisting ilmenite and pyroxene with applications to geothermometry. AM J SCI 280, 46-77.
25. Blundy, J. D. & Holland, T. J. B. 1990. Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 104, 208-24.
26. Bohlen, S. R. & Boettcher, A. L. 1981. Experimental investigation and geological application of orthopyroxene barometry. AM MINERAL 66, 951-64.
27. Bohlen, S. R. & Lindsley, D. H. 1987. Thermometry and barometry of igneous and metamorphic rocks. ANNU REV EARTH PLANET SCI 15, 397-420.
28. Bohlen, S. R., Essene, E. J. & Boettcher, A. L. 1980. Reinvestigation and application of olivine-quartz-orthopyroxene barometry. EARTH PLANET SCI LETT 47, 1-10.
29. Bohlen, S. R., Boettcher, A. L., Wall, V. J. & Clemens, J. D. 1983. Stability of phlogopite-quartz and sanidine-quartz: a model for melting in the lower crust. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 83, 270-7.
30. Brown, W. L. & Parsons, I. 1981. Towards a more practical two-feldspar thermometer. AM MINERAL 70, 356-61.
31. Buddington, A. L. & Lindsley, D. H. 1964. Iron-titanium oxide minerals and synthetic equivalents. J PETROL 5, 310-57.
32. Carmichael, I. S. E. 1991. The redox states of basic and silicic magmas: a reflection of their source regions? CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 106, 129-41.
33. 2. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 49, 89-114.
34. Chipera, S. J. & Perkins, D. 1988. Evaluation of biotite-garnet geothermometers: application to the English River subprovince, Ontario. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 98, 40-8.
35. Chou, I.-M. 1978. Calibration of oxygen buffers at elevated P and T using the hydrogen fugacity sensor. AM MINERAL 63, 690-703.
36. 2O: new data and a reappraisal of phase relations to 1-5 GPa. AM MINERAL 80, 982-97.
37. 2O activities, and thermobarometry. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 108, 472-84.
38. Cotkin, S. J. & Medaris, L. G. 1993. Evaluation of the crystallization conditions for the calc-alkaline Russian Peak intrusive complex, Klamath Mountains, Northern California. J PETROL 34, 543-71.
39. Cullers, R. L., Griffin, T., Bickford, M. E. & Anderson, J. L. 1992. Origin and chemical evolution of the 1360 Ma-old San Isabel batholith, Wet Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.: A mid-crustal granite of anorogenic affinities. BULL GEOL SOC AMER 104, 316-28.
40. Cullers, R. L., Stone, J., Anderson, J. L., Sassarini, N. & Bickford, M. E. 1993. Petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic Oak Creek and West McCoy Gulch plutons, Colorado: an example of cumulate unmixing of mid-crustal, two mica granite of anorogenic affinity. PRECAMBRIAN RES 62, 139-69.
41. Cygan, G. L., Chou, I.-Ming & Sherman, D. M. 1991. Reassessment of the annite breakdown reaction using new hydrothermal experimental techniques. EOS, TRANS AM GEOPHYS UNION 72, 313.
42. Czamanske, G. K., Ishihara, S. & Atkin, S. A. 1981. Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleocene batholith in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis. J GEOPHYS RES 86, 10 431-69.
43. 2. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 117, 229-40.
44. 2+ between coexisting garnet and biotite. AM MINERAL 59, 201-3.
45. Dasgupta, S., Sengupta, P., Guha, D. & Fukuoka, M. 1991. A refined garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometer and its application in amphibolites and granulites. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 109, 130-7.
46. Davidson, P. M. & Lindsley, D. H. 1985. Thermodynamic analysis of quadrilateral pyroxene. Part II. Model calibration from experiments and applications to geothermometry. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 91, 390-404.
47. 2. AM MINERAL 74, 18-30.
48. Davidson, P. M. & Mukhopadhyay, D. K. 1984. Ca-Fe-Mg olivines: phase relations and a solution model. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 86, 256-63.
49. Dawes, R. L. & Evans, B. W. 1991. Mineralogy and geothermobarometry of magmatic epidote-bearing dikes, Front Range, Colorado. BULL GEOL SOC AM 103, 1017-31.
50. Elkins, L. T. & Grove, T. L. 1990. Ternary feldspar experiments and thermodynamic models. AM MINERAL 75, 544-59.
51. Ellis, D. J. & Green, D. H. 1979. An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 71, 13-22.
52. Emslie, R. F. & Stirling, J. A. R. 1993. Rapakivi and related granitoids of the Nain plutonic suite: geochemistry, mineral assemblages, and fluid equilibria. CAN MINERAL 31, 821-47.
53. Essene, E. J. 1982. Geologic thermometry and barometry. In Ferry, J. M. (ed.) Characterization of metamorphism through mineral equilibria. MINERAL SOC AM REV MINERAL 10, 153-206.
54. Essene, E. J. 1989. The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks. In Daly, J. S., Cliff, R. A. & Yardley, B. W. D. (eds) Evolution of metamorphic belts. SPEC PUBL GEOL SOC LONDON 43, 1-44.
55. Ewart, A., Hildreth, W. & Carmichael, I. S. E. 1975. Quaternary acid magmas in New Zealand. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 51, 1-27.
56. Ferry, J. M. & Spear, F. S. 1978. Experimental calibration of the partitioning of Fe and Mg between biotite and garnet. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 66, 113-7.
57. Fonarev, V. I. & Konilov, A. N. 1986. Experimental study of Fe-Mg distribution between biotite and orthopyroxene at P = 490 MPa. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 93, 227-35.
58. Frost, B. R. 1991. Introduction to oxygen fugacity and its petrologic importance. In Lindsley, D. H. (ed.) Oxide minerals. MINERAL SOC AM REV MINERAL 25, 1-9.
59. Frost, B. R. & Lindsley, D. H. 1992. Equilibria among Fe-Ti oxides, pyroxenes, olivine, and quartz: part II. Application. AM MINERAL 77, 1004-20.
60. Frost, B. R., Lindsley, D. H. & Andersen, D. J. 1988. Fe-Ti oxide-silicate equilibria: assemblages with fayalitic olivine. AM MINERAL 73, 727-40.
61. Fuhrman, M. L. & Lindsley, D. H. 1988. Ternary feldspar modeling and themometry. AM MINERAL 73, 201-15.
62. Fuhrman, M. L., Frost, B. R. & Lindsley, D. H. 1988. Crystallization conditions of the Sybille monzosyenite, Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming. J PETROL 29, 699-729.
63. Ganguly, J. & Saxena, S. 1984. Mixing properties of aluminosilicate garnets: constraints from natural and experimental data, and applications to geothermo-barometry. AM MINERAL 69, 88-97.
64. Ghent, E. D. & Stout, M. Z. 1981. Geobarometry and geothermometry of plagioclase-biotite-garnet-muscovite assemblages. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 76, 92-7.
65. Ghiorso, M. S. 1990. Thermodynamic properties of hematite-ilmenite-geikielite solid solutions. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 104, 645-67.
66. Ghiorso, M. S. & Sack, R. O. 1991. Fe-Ti oxide thermometry: thermodynamic formulation and estimation of intensive variables in silicic magmas. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 108, 485-510.
67. Gordon, T. M. 1992. Generalized thermobarometry; solution of the inverse chemical equilibrium problem using data for individual species. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 56, 1793-800.
68. Graham, C. M. & Powell, R. 1984. A garnet-hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona schist, southern California: J METAMORPH GEOL 2, 13-31.
69. Green, N. L. & Usdansky, S. I. 1986. Ternary-feldspar mixing relations and thermobarometry. AM MINERAL 71, 1100-8.
70. Green, T. H. & Adam, J. 1991. Assessment of the garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange thermometer using new experimental data. J METAMORPH PETROL 9, 341-7.
71. Hammarstrom, J. M. & Zen, E-an. 1986. Aluminum in hornblende, an empirical igneous geobarometer. AM MINERAL 71, 1297-313.
72. Harley, S. L. 1984. Comparison of the garnet-orthopyroxene geobarometer with recent experimental studies and applications to natural assemblages. J PETROL 25, 697-712.
73. Harrison, T. M. & Watson, E. B. 1984. The behavior of apatite during crustal anatexis: equilibrium and kinetic considerations. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 48, 1467-77.
74. Haselton, H. T., Hovis, G. L., Hemingway, B. S. & Robie, R. A. 1983. Calorimetric investigation of the excess entropy of mixing in analbite-sanidine solid solutions: lack of evidence for Na, K short-range order and implications for two-feldspar thermometry. AM MINERAL 68, 398-413.
75. Hayes, E. M. 1992. Petrology of Jurassic plutons and older crystalline units, the Cargo Muchacho Mountains, southeastern California. M.S. Thesis, University of Southern California.
76. Helgeson, H. C., Delaney, J. M., Nesbitt, H. W. & Bird, D. K. 1978. Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. AM J SCI 278A, 1-229.
77. Hodges, K. V. & Crowley, P. D. 1985. Error estimation and empirical geothermobarometry for pelitic systems. AM MINERAL 70, 702-9.
78. Hodges, K. V. & McKenna, L. W. 1987. Realistic propagation of uncertainties in geologic thermobarometry. AM MINERAL 72, 671-80.
79. 5 triple point at Mt. Moosilauke, New Hampshire. AM MINERAL 67, 1118-34.
80. Hoisch, T. D. 1991. Equilibria with the mineral assemblage quartz = muscovite + biotite +garnet+ plagioclase. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 108, 43-54.
81. Holland, T. & Blundy, J. 1994. Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 116, 433-47.
82. Hollister, L. S., Grissom, G. C., Peters, E. K., Stowell, H. H. & Sisson, V. B. 1987. Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. AM MINERAL 72, 231-9.
83. Indares, A. & Martignole, J. 1985. Biotite-garnet geothermometry in the granulite facies: the influence of Ti and Al in biotite. AM MINERAL 70, 272-8.
84. Ishihara, S. 1977. The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. MIN GEOL 27, 293-305.
85. Johnson, M. C. & Rutherford, M. J. 1989. Experimental calibration of an aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley caldera (California) volcanic rocks. GEOLOGY 17, 837-41.
86. Kohn, M. J. & Spear, F. S. 1989. Empirical calibration of geobarometers for the assemblage garnet + hornblende + plagioclase + quartz. AM MINEAL 74, 77-84.
87. Kohn, M. J. & Spear, F. S. 1990. Two new geobarometers for garnet amphibolites, with applications to southeastern Vermont. AM MINERAL 75, 89-96.
88. Kohn, M. J. & Spear, F. S. 1991a. Error propagation for barometers: 1. Accuracy and precision of experimentally located end-member reactions. AM MINERAL 76, 128-37.
89. Kohn, M. J. & Spear, F. S. 1991b. Error propagation for barometers: 2. Application to rocks. AM MINERAL 76, 138-47.
90. Koziol, A. M. 1990. Activity-composition relationships of binary Ca-Fe and Ca-Mn garnets determined by reversed, displaced equilibrium experiments. AM MINERAL 75, 319-27.
91. 5-quartz geobarometer. AM MINERAL 73, 216-23.
92. Kretz, R. 1982. Transfer and exchange equilibria in a portion of the pyroxene quadrilateral as deduced from natural and experimental data. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM. ACTA 46, 411-22.
93. 2+ between calcic pyroxene and hornblende. CAN MINERAL 16, 533-7.
94. Kullerud, K. 1995. Chlorine, titanium, and barium rich biotites: factors controlling biotite composition and implications for garnet-biotite geothermometry. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 120, 42-59.
95. 2 and applications. J PETROL 29, 93-114.
96. Lindsley, D. H. 1983. Pyroxene thermometry. AM MINERAL 68, 477-93.
97. Lindsley, D. H. & Frost, B. R. 1992. Equilibria among Fe-Ti oxides, pyroxenes, olivine, and quartz: part I. Theory. AM MINERAL 77, 987-1003.
98. Lindsley, D. H. & Spencer, K. J. 1982. Fe-Ti oxide geothermometry: reducing analyses of coexisting Ti-magnetite (Mt) and ilmenite (Ilm). EOS, TRANS AM GEOPHYS UNION 63, 471.
99. Lindsley, D. H., Frost, B. R., Andersen, D. J. & Davidson, P. J. 1990. Fe-Ti oxide equilibria: assemblages with orthopyroxene. In Spencer, R. J. & Chou, I.-M (eds) Fluid-mineral interactions. SPEC PUBL GEOCHEM SOC 2, 103-19.
100. Luhr, J. F., Carmichael, I. S. E. & Varekamp, J. C. 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: mineralogy and petrology of the anhydrite-bearing pumices. J VOLCANOL GEOTHERM RES 23, 69-108.
101. Ludington, S. 1978. The biotite-apatite geothermometer revisited. AM MINERAL 63, 551-3.
102. Massonne, H. J. & Schreyer, W. 1987. Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting assemblage with K-feldspar, phlogopite, and quartz. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 96, 212-24.
103. Mayo, D. P. 1994. Estimating crystallization conditions in metaluminous granodiorite using microtextures and equilibria involving mafic silicates and oxides. GEOL SOC AM ABSTR PROGRAM 26, 71.
104. McKenna, L. W. & Hodges, K. V. 1988. Accuracy versus precision in locating reaction boundaries: implications for the garnet-plagioclase-aluminum silicate-quartz geobarometer. AM MINERAL 73, 1205-8.
105. Miller, C. F., Stoddard, E. F., Bradfish, L. J. & Dollase, W. A. 1981. Composition of plutonic muscovite: genetic implications. CAN MINERAL 19, 25-34.
106. Munoz, J. L. & Ludington, S. D. 1974. Fluoride-hydroxyl exchange in biotite. AM MINERAL 274, 396-413.
107. Munoz, J. L. & Swenson, A. 1981. Chloride-hydroxyl exchange in biotite and estimation of relative HCL/HF activities in hydrothermal fluids. ECON GEOL 76, 2212-21.
108. Myers, J. & Eugster, H. P. 1983. The system Fe-Si-O: oxygen buffer calibrations to 1500°K. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 82, 75-90.
109. Nabelek, C. R. & Lindsley, D. H. 1985. Tetrahedral Al in amphibole: a potential thermometer for some mafic rocks. GEOL SOC AM ABSTR PROGRAM 17, 673.
110. 5-quartz geobarometer. In Newton, R. C. (ed.) Thermodynamics of minerals and melts, 131-47. New York: Springer Verlag.
111. O'Neil, J. R. 1986. Theoretical and experimental aspects of isotopic fractionation. In Valley, J. W., Taylor, H. P. & O'Neil, J. R. (eds) Stable isotopes in high-temperature geologic processes. MINERAL SOC AM REV MINERAL 167, 1-40.
112. Paterson, S. R., Miller, R. B., Anderson, J. L., Lund, S., Bendixen, J., Taylor, N. & Fink, T. 1994. Emplacement and evolution of the Mt. Stuart batholith. In Swanson, D. A. & Haugerud, R. A. (ed.) Geologic field trips of the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 2. GEOL SOC AM GUIDE 2F1-47.
113. Pease, V., Foster, D., Wooden, J., O'Sullivan, P. & Argent, J. 1995. Tertiary plutonism and extension in the Sacramento Mountains, SE California, U.S.A. EOS, TRANS AM GEOPHYS UNION 76, 639.
114. Perkins, D. & Vielzeuf, D. 1992. Experimental investigation of Fe-Mg distribution between olivine and clinopyroxene: implications for mixing properties of Fe-Mg in clinopyroxene and garnet-clinopyroxene thermometry. AM MINERAL 77, 774-83.
115. Perkins, D., Essene, E. J. & Wall, V. J. 1987. THERMO: a computer program for calculation of mixed volatile equilibria. AM MINERAL 72, 446-7.
116. Perchuck, L. L. & Lavrent'eva, I. V. 1983. Experimental investigation of exchange equilibria in the system cordierite-garnet-biotite. In Saxena, S. K. (ed.) Kinetics and equilibrium in mineral systems, 199-239. New York: Springer Verlag.
117. Perchuck, L. L., Aranovich, L. Y., Podlesskii, K. K., Lavrant'eva, I. V., Gerasimov, V. Y., Fed'kin, V. V., Kitsul, V. I., Karsakov, L. P. & Berdnikov, N. V. 1985. Precambrian granulites of the Aldan shield, eastern Siberia, USSR. J METAMORPH GEOL 3, 265-310.
118. Poli, S. & Schmidt, M. W. 1992. A comment on 'calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer'. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 111, 273-82.
119. Powell, R. & Evans, J. A. 1983. A new geobarometer for the assemblage biotite-muscovite-chlorite-quartz. J METAMORPH GEOL 1, 331-6.
120. Powell, R. E. & Holland, T. J. B. 1988. An internally consistent dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program. J METAMORPH GEOL 6, 173-204.
121. Rutherford, M. J. & Hill, P. M. 1993. Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: an experimental study applied to the 1980-1986 Mount St. Helens eruption. J GEOPHYS RES 98, 19667-85.
122. Sack, R. O. & Ghiorso, M. S. 1991. An internally consistent model for the thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg titanomagnetite-aluminate spinels. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 106, 474-505.
123. Schmidt, M. W. 1992. Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 110, 304-10.
124. Schmidt, M. W. 1993. Phase relations and compositions in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental study at 650°C. AM J SCI 293, 1011-60.
125. Sengupta, P., Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharya, P. K. & Mukherjee, M. 1990. An orthopyroxene-biotite geothermometer and its application in crustal granulates and mantle-derived rocks. J METAMORPH GEOL 8, 191-7.
126. Smith, J. V. 1974. Feldspar minerals. Heidelberg: Springer.
127. Spear, F. S. 1980. NaSi=CaAl exchange equilibrium between plagioclase and amphibole, an empirical model. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 72, 33-41.
128. Spear, F. S. 1981. Amphibole-plagioclase equilibria: an empirical model for the reaction albite + tremolite = edenite + 4 quartz. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 77, 355-64.
129. Spear, F. S. 1993. Metamorphic phase equilibria and pressure-temperature time paths. MINERAL SOC MONOGR.
130. 3+ contents in amphiboles. COMPUT GEOSCI 10, 317-25.
131. Spear, F. S., Selverstone, J., Hickmott, D., Crowley, P. & Hodges, K. 1984. P-T paths from garnet zoning: A new technique for deciphering tectonic processes in crystalline terranes. GEOLOGY 12, 87-90.
132. Speer, J. A. 1987. Evolution of magmatic AFM mineral assemblages in granitoid rocks: the hornblende + melt = biotite reaction in the Liberty Hill pluton, South Carolina. AM MINERAL 72, 863-78.
133. Spencer, J. J. & Lindsley, D. H. 1981. A solution model for coexisting iron-titanium oxides. AM MINERAL 66, 1189-202.
134. Stormer, J. C. 1975. A practical two-feldspar thermometer. AM MINERAL 60, 667-74.
135. Stormer, J. C. 1983. The effects of recalculation on estimates of temperature and oxygen fugacity from analyses of multicomponent iron-titanium oxides. AM MINERAL 68, 586-94.
136. Thomas, W. M. & Ernst, W. G. 1990. The aluminum content of hornblende in calc-alkaline granitic rocks: a mineralogic barometer calibrated experimentally to 12 kbars. In Spencer, R. J. & Chou, I.-M. (ed) Fluid-mineral interactions: a tribute to H. P. Engster. GEOCHEM SOC SPEC PUBL 2, 59-63.
137. Valley, J. W. & Essene, E. J. 1980. Calc-silicate reactions in Adirondack marbles: the role of fluids and solid solution. BULL GEOL SOC AM 91, 114-7.
138. Velde, B. 1965. Phengitic micas: synthesis, stability, and natural occurrence. AM J SCI 263, 886-913.
139. Vielzeuf, D. & Clemens, J. D. 1992. The fluid absent melting of phlogopite + quartz: experiments and models. AM MINERAL 77, 1206-22.
140. Watson, E. B. & Harrison, T. M. 1983. Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and compositional effects in a variety of crustal magma types. EARTH PLANET SCI LETT 64, 295-304.
141. Wells, P. R. A. 1977. Pyroxene thermometry in simple and complex systems: CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 62, 129-139.
142. 8 between coexisting microcline and plagioclase and its effect on geothermometric calculations. AM MINERAL 62, 687-91.
143. Williams, M. L. & Grambling, J. A. 1990. Manganese, ferric iron, and the equilibrium between garnet and biotite. AM MINERAL 75, 886-908.
144. Wones, D. R. 1981. Mafic silicates as indicators of intensive parameters in granitic magmas. MIN GEOL 31, 191-212.
145. Wones, D. R. 1989. Significance of the assemblage titanite + magnetite + quartz in granitic rocks. AM MINERAL 74, 744-9.
146. Wones, D. R. & Eugster, H. P. 1965. Stability of biotite: experiment, theory, and application. AM MINERAL 50, 1228-72.
147. Wood, B. J. & Banno, S. 1973. Garnet-orthopyroxene and orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene relationships in simple and complex systems. CONTRIB MINERAL PETROL 42, 109-27.
148. Wyllie, P. J. 1984. Constraints imposed by experimental petrology on possible and impossible maga sources and products. PHIL TRANS R SOC LONDON A310, 439-56.
149. Young, E. D. 1990. Geothermobarometric and geochemical studies of two crystalline terrains of the eastern Mojave Desert, USA. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southern California.
150. Zen, E-an. 1985. An oxygen buffer for some peraluminous granites and metamorphic rocks. AM MINERAL 70, 65-73.
151. Zen, E-An. 1988. Phase relations of peraluminous granitic rocks and their petrogenetic implications. ANNU REV EARTH PLANET SCI 16, 21-51.
152. Zen, E-an & Hammarstrom, J. M. 1984a. Magmatic epidote and its petrologic significance. GEOLOGY 12, 515-8.
153. Zen, E-an & Hammarstrom, J. M. 1984b. Mineralogy and a petrogenetic model for the tonalite pluton at Bushy Point, Revillagigedo Island, Ketchikan 1° × 2° quadrangle, southeastern Alaska, U.S. GEOL SURVEY CIRC 939, 118-23.
154. Zhu, C. & Sverjensky, D. A. 1991. Partitioning of F-Cl-OH between minerals and hydrothermal fluids. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 55, 1837-58.