The socioeconomic development levels of the people of Amazonian Brazil - 1970 and 1980

Journal of Developing Areas

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 293-316

  Haller, Archibald O ^a   Torrecilha, Ramon S ^b   Del Peloso Haller, Maria Cristina ^d   Tourinho, Manoel M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United States)

^c Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias do Para   (Brazil)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FRONTIER REGION; INVESTMENT IMPACT; RURAL ECONOMY; SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;

BRAZIL, AMAZON; BRAZIL, AMAZONIA;

EID: 0030431426     PISSN: 0022037X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Stephen G. Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
2. Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon.
3. Stephen G. Bunker, "Modes of Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Progressive Underdevelopment of an Extreme Periphery: The Brazilian Amazon: 1600-1980," American Journal of Sociology 89 (March 1984): 1017-64;
4. Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon.
5. Anna C. Roosevelt, "Secrets of the Forest," Sciences (November/December 1992): 22-28.
6. Charles R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962).
7. See Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon, p. 145.
8. See Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon, p. Ibid., p. 47.
9. Celso Furtado, Formação Econômica do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Civilização Brasileira, 1959).
10. Anna Luiza Ozorio de Almeida, The Colonization of the Amazon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).
11. See Ann Fabian, "History for the Masses: Commercializing the Western Past," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Past, ed. William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 223.
12. Bunker, Underdeveloping the Amazon.
13. Thomas D. Hall, "Incorporation into the World System: A Critique," American Sociological Review 51 (June 1986): 390-402.
14. See de Almeida, Colonization of the Amazon.
15. Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, Contested Frontiers in Amazonia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
16. Joe Foweraker, The Struggle for Land: A Political Economy of the Pioneers in Brazil from 1930 to the Present Day (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
17. Dennis J. Mahar, Frontier Development Policy in Brazil: A Study of Amazonia (New York: Praeger, 1979).
18. Maxine L. Margolis, The Moving Frontier: Social and Economic Change in a Southern Brazilian Community (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1973).
19. See Hall, "Incorporation into the World System."
20. Archibald O. Haller, "A Socioeconomic Regionalization of Brazil," Geographical Review 72 (October 1982): 450-64.
21. Archibald O. Haller and Hélcio U. Saraiva, "The Income Effects of Education in a Developing Country: Brazil - 1973 and 1982," Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 11 (1992): 295-336:
22. Emile Durkheim, Suicide, a Study in Sociology (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, [1897], 1951).
23. See Schmink and Wood, Contested Frontiers in Amazonia.
24. See Bunker, "Modes of Extraction";
25. See Bunker, " idem, Underdeveloping the Amazon.
26. See Haller, "Socioeconomic Regionalization of Brazil";
27. See Haller, idem, "The Socioeconomic Macroregions of Brazil - 1970" (Nagoya, Japan: United Nations Center for Regional Development, 1983).
28. Janet D. Henshall and Richard P. Momsen, A Geography of Brazilian Development (London: Bell, 1974).
29. See Haller, "Socioeconomic Regionalization of Brazil";
30. See Haller, idem, "Socioeconomic Macroregions of Brazil."
31. See Haller, "Socioeconomic Regionalization of Brazil";
32. See Haller, idem, "Socioeconomic Macroregions of Brazil."
33. All original data, coded in Portuguese, were provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). A few of the município boundaries for 1970 and 1980 differ from each other. In Brazil, new municípios come into existence by binary fission. The data for 1980 municípios that were officially formed from those of 1970 were reaggregated by our research team so as to maintain comparability. Município boundaries of 1970 and 1980 were reconciled using documents published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE 1990, 1984, 1980, 1968), which present the legal delineation of each município.
34. Jae-on Kim and Charles W. Mueller, Introduction to Factor Analysis: What It Is and How to Do It (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1978);
35. Jae-on Kim and Charles W. idem, Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1978).
36. See Irma Adelman and Cynthia Taft Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973);
37. Felix Paukert, "Income Distribution at Different Levels of Development: A Survey of Evidence," International Labour Review 108 (August-September 1973): 97-119;
38. World Bank, Social Indicators of Development 1989 (Baltimore, MD, and London: Johns Hopkins University Press for the World Bank, 1989).
39. Archibald O. Haller and Hélcio U. Saraiva, "Status Measurement and the Variable Discrimination Hypothesis in an Isolated Brazilian Region," Rural Sociology 37 (September 1972): 325-51.
40. The classical works on tests of validity and reliability are Donald T. Campbell and Donald W. Fiske, "Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix," Psychological Bulletin 56 (1959): 81-105;
41. Jum C. Nunnally, Psychometric Theory (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 75-102 and 172-234. Validity deals with the extent to which an instrument is successful in measuring variations of a phenomenon. Reliability deals with the measurement consistency of the instrument.
42. At that time Eletrobras kept the records on all production and consumption of electricity for each município in Brazil - then over 4,000 - except for that produced by mechanical generators held by private parties.
43. Actually, only old Goiás divided itself into two - Goiás and Tocantíns.
44. Note, too, that the five SED macroregions were identified by research using 1970 data; whereas the constitution was promulgated 18 years later. Evidently, macroregional boundaries change slowly, if at all.
45. The average factor weight for Set B is .839, very close to the .858 of Set A.
46. See appendix table 1 for the correlation coefficients, means, standard deviations, and skewness coefficients for Set D; and appendix table 2 for further details of the principal component analysis of the set.
47. See Kim and Mueller, Introduction to Factor Analysis;
48. See Kim and Mueller, idem, Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues.
49. See Kim and Mueller, Introduction to Factor Analysis;
50. See Kim and Mueller, idem, Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues.
51. n. When calculated, these range from .09174 to .12353. In the present case, the factor weights and the factor score coefficients are perfectly correlated, so it makes no difference which was used. See SPSSX Inc.: 1988; Kim and Mueller, Introduction to Factor Analysis;
52. Kim and Mueller, idem, Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues.
53. Set A of the table. See Haller, "Socioeconomic Regionalization of Brazil";
54. Haller, idem, "Socioeconomic Macroregions of Brazil."
55. See appendix tables 1 and 2 for further details.
56. See de Almeida, Colonization of the Amazon.
57. We omit Tocantíns's capital because the state had not yet separated from Goías.
58. 2 = .18).
59. See Schmink and Wood, Contested Frontiers in Amazonia.
60. See Schmink and Wood, Contested Frontiers in Amazonia.
61. D. L. Skole, W. H. Chomentowski, W. A. Sales, and A. D. Nobre, "Physical and Human Dimensions of Deforestation in Amazonia," BioScience 44 (May 1994): 314-22.
62. See Haller and Saraiva, "Income Effects of Education."
63. mu scores for the municípios of Legal Amazonia (1970 boundaries) may be obtained by writing to the senior author.