The implementation of British agricultural policy in Palestine in the 1930s

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 211-250

  El Eini, Roza I M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL HISTORY; AGRICULTURAL POLICY; BRITISH POLICY; HISTORICAL STUDY; PALESTINE; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 0030428539     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209608701127     Document Type: Article

References (309)

1. Palestine: A Statement of Policy by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, Cmd. 3692 (London, 1930; hereafter, Passfield WP).
2. A. Granott, The Land System in Palestine (London, 1952), p.34.
3. G.S. Blake, Mineral Resources in Palestine and Trans-Jordan (Jerusalem, 1930), p.4.
4. E. Mills, Census of Palestine, 1931, Vol.1, Palestine, Part I (Alexandria, 1930, p.289.
5. Ibid., p.317.
6. Ibid., p.282-8.
7. 'Preliminary Note in Forest Policy', by G.N. Sale, Conservator of Forests, September 1936: PRO/CO733/330/7/75097.
8. Palestine Royal Commission Report, Cmd. 5479 (London, 1937; hereafter, Peel Report), p.153.
9. Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the Year 1936, Colonial No. 129 (London, 1937; hereafter, AR), pp.1-3.
10. Census of Palestine, 1931, Vol.I, p.298. See table in A Survey of Palestine Prepared for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Vol.I (Jerusalem, 1946; hereafter, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), p.422.
11. Census of Palestine, 1931, Vol.I, p.298. See table in A Survey of Palestine Prepared for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Vol.I (Jerusalem, 1946; hereafter, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), p.422.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., Vol.II, p.282.
14. Naval Intelligence Division, Palestine and Trans-Jordan (London, 1943; hereafter, NID), p.239.
15. M. Brown, 'Agriculture', in Sa'id B. Himadeh (ed.), Economic Organization of Palestine (Beirut, 1938), p.111.
16. Fellaheen (fellah - singular) - peasants; Peel Report, p.153.
17. Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries Report for the Years 1927 to 1930, by E.R. Sawer (Jerusalem, 1931; annual report, titles vary; hereafter, AR, Dept. of Agric.), pp.7 and 130.
18. Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939 (Chapel Hill and London, 1984), p.14.
19. Ibid., pp.5 and 20-1; Granott, op. cit., pp.73-5.
20. Ibid., pp.5 and 20-1; Granott, op. cit., pp.73-5.
21. Stein, op. cit., p.69.
22. Bernard Wasserstein, 'British Officials and the Arab-Jewish Conflict in Palestine, 1917-1929' (Oxford University D.Phil, thesis, 1974), p.110.
23. AR. Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.3.
24. Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929, Cmd. No. 3530 (London, 1930; hereafter, Shaw Report).
25. Report of a Committee on the Economic Conditions of Agriculturists in Palestine and Fiscal Measures of Government in Relation Thereto (Palestine, 1930; hereafter, Johnson-Crosbie Report).
26. Palestine: Report on Immigration, Land Settlement and Development, Cmd. 3686 (London, 1930; hereafter, Hope-Simpson Report).
27. Report by Mr. C.F. Strickland of the Indian Civil Service on the Possibility of Introducing Agricultural Cooperation in Palestine (London, 1930; hereafter, Strickland Report).
28. Lewis French, First Report on Agricultural Development and Land Development in Palestine (Palestine, 1931; hereafter, French Report), and Supplementary Report on Agricultural Development and Land Settlement in Palestine (Palestine, 1932; hereafter, French Supplementary Report).
29. Lewis French, First Report on Agricultural Development and Land Development in Palestine (Palestine, 1931; hereafter, French Report), and Supplementary Report on Agricultural Development and Land Settlement in Palestine (Palestine, 1932; hereafter, French Supplementary Report).
30. AR, Dept. of Agriculture, 1927-30, p.3.
31. Hope-Simpson Report, pp.38-60 and 87-90.
32. Sir John Hope-Simpson to Lord Passfield, Secretary of State for the Colonies (hereafter, S. of S. Cols.; Passfield: 1st Baron, Sidney James Webb, S. of S. Cols.,1929-31), personal and confidential, 18 Aug. 1930, App. II: PRO/CAB27/427; 'Reports on Cab. Comm. of Policy in Palestine', confidential and personal (301), 30, 15 Sept. 1930.
33. Shaw Report, p.164; Minutes of First Meeting of the Committee held in the Room of S. of S. Cols., CO Cabinet, Palestine Committee, 1 May 1930: PRO/CAB27/423.
34. Shaw Report, p.113; Palestine Royal Commission, Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, Col. No. 133 (London, 1937; hereafter, Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission), p.15. 1 metric dunam = 1,000 square metres. Before 1928, land was measured in Turkish dunams (1 Turkish dunam = 919.3 square metres).
35. Shaw Report, p.113; Palestine Royal Commission, Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, Col. No. 133 (London, 1937; hereafter, Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission), p.15. 1 metric dunam = 1,000 square metres. Before 1928, land was measured in Turkish dunams (1 Turkish dunam = 919.3 square metres).
36. Stein, op. cit., p.209; and NID, p.240.
37. Shaw Report, p.123.
38. Ibid, pp.122-3 and 166.
39. Lister G. Hopkins, 'Population', in Himadeh, op. cit., p.16; Shaw Report, pp,123 and 166.
40. Lister G. Hopkins, 'Population', in Himadeh, op. cit., p.16; Shaw Report, pp,123 and 166.
41. Stein, op. cit., for a detailed account of the land issue.
42. Ibid., pp.86-7; P. Ofer, 'The Role of the High Commissioner in British Policy in Palestine: 1928-1931' (London University, Ph.D. thesis, 1971); Conclusions of the Cabinet Meeting, 2 April 1930: PRO/CAB23/63 1883.
43. Ibid., pp.86-7; P. Ofer, 'The Role of the High Commissioner in British Policy in Palestine: 1928-1931' (London University, Ph.D. thesis, 1971); Conclusions of the Cabinet Meeting, 2 April 1930: PRO/CAB23/63 1883.
44. Hope-Simpson to Passfield, 15 Sept. 1930, op. cit.
45. Article 2, Mandate for Palestine, Cmd. 1708 (London, 1922).
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., Article 6.
48. Ibid., Article 11.
49. M. Orts, Minutes of the Seventeenth (Extraordinary) Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, League of Nations (Geneva, 1930; hereafter, P.M.C. Session, L. of N.), p.87; Palestine Post, 24 Aug. 1933.
50. M. Orts, Minutes of the Seventeenth (Extraordinary) Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission, League of Nations (Geneva, 1930; hereafter, P.M.C. Session, L. of N.), p.87; Palestine Post, 24 Aug. 1933.
51. P.M.C., 17th Session, p.153.
52. Hope-Simpson Report, p.142.
53. Palestine: Draft Statement by British Accredited Representative for Circulation to P.M.C., C.P. 151 (30), Cabinet, Report, Proceedings and Memoranda, Cabinet Committee on Palestine, P.C. (30) Series, 9 May 1930: PRO/CAB27/423.
54. Hope-Simpson Report, pp.142 and 149.
55. ESCO Foundation for Palestine, Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab and British Policies, Vol.2 (New Haven, 1947; hereafter, ESCO), pp.648-9.
56. E.g., 'Land and Agricultural Development in Palestine', Jewish Agency for Palestine, confidential (memorandum), not for publication, July 1930: CZA/23979.
57. Stein, op. cit., pp.80-1, and ch.6; Gabi Sheffer, 'Policy Making and British Policies in Palestine, 1929-1939' (Oxford University, D.Phil., 1970); Y. Haim, Zionist Attitudes Towards the Palestinian Arabs, 1936-1939 (Michigan, 1980).
58. Stein, op. cit., pp.80-1, and ch.6; Gabi Sheffer, 'Policy Making and British Policies in Palestine, 1929-1939' (Oxford University, D.Phil., 1970); Y. Haim, Zionist Attitudes Towards the Palestinian Arabs, 1936-1939 (Michigan, 1980).
59. Stein, op. cit., pp.80-1, and ch.6; Gabi Sheffer, 'Policy Making and British Policies in Palestine, 1929-1939' (Oxford University, D.Phil., 1970); Y. Haim, Zionist Attitudes Towards the Palestinian Arabs, 1936-1939 (Michigan, 1980).
60. Hope-Simpson Report, pp.21-2.
61. Observations on the Report of Sir John Hope-Simpson and on the Government's Declaration of Policy', Jewish Agency, n.d.: CZA/24/10072.
62. Peel Report, p.51.
63. Hope-Simpson Report, p.23; Stein, op. cit., ch.3 and p.105.
64. Hope-Simpson Report, p.23; Stein, op. cit., ch.3 and p.105.
65. Correspondence with the Arab Palestine Delegation and the Zionist Organization, Cmd. 1700 (including Statement of Policy, London, June 1922; hereafter, Churchill White Paper).
66. Conversation with Sir John Hope Simpson on 3 July 1930, signed by Werner Senator, Political Dept., Jewish Agency: CZA/24/5622.
67. D. Horowitz, 'The Economic Capacity of Absorption (Material for the Royal Commission)', Institute of Economic Research of the Jewish Agency (Tel-Aviv, Sept. 1936): CZA/S90/1022.
68. Memo. by the Secretary of State for the Colonies [hereafter, S. of S. Cols.] on Future Policy in Palestine, Secret P.P.C. (30)1, Cabinet Committee on Policy in Palestine (meeting, 30 July 1930), n.d.: PRO/CAB27/427.
69. Chancellor to Passfield, confidential despatch, secret, C.P. 108(30), 17 Nov. 1930: PRO/PREM1/102.
70. French Report; and French Supplementary Report.
71. French Report.
72. High Commissioner (hereafter, H.C.) to S. of S. Cols., telegram, 9 April 1931: PRO/CO733/210/15A/87402/1.
73. Ibid.
74. Hope-Simpson Report, pp.141-53.
75. Ibid., p.144.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid., p.153.
78. Stein, op. cit., p.108.
79. Passfield WP, para.22.
80. Chancellor to the S. of S. Cols., telegram, 29 June 1930: PRO/CO733/192/12/77304.
81. Johnson-Crosbie Report; and Strickland Report.
82. Cabinet Committee on Policy in Palestine, 'Composition and Terms of Reference, Memoranda', secret, P.P.C. (30)1, 30 July 1930: PRO/CAB27/427.
83. Hansard, 5th Series, House of Commons (hereafter, Hansard, H. of C), Vol.245, 17 Nov. 1930, Cols.77-210.
84. Ibid., Vol.248, cols.751-7 (MacDonald Letter), para.11; Sheffer, p.82.
85. O.G.R. Williams, Assistant Secretary, CO, to A.P. Waterfield, Treasury, 24 Oct. 1930: PRO/CO733/194/9/77402.
86. French Report, and French Supplementary Report; also, PRO/CO733/214/5-11.
87. Charles P. Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929-1939 (London, 1973), 'Policy in Palestine, Draft Statement of Decisions of H.MG.', n.d. (1933?): PRO/CO733/230/7/17249/2.
88. Charles P. Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929-1939 (London, 1973), 'Policy in Palestine, Draft Statement of Decisions of H.MG.', n.d. (1933?): PRO/CO733/230/7/17249/2.
89. Memo. by the S. of S. Cols., Cabinet, Palestine, 25 Feb. 1932(?): PRO/CO733/215/2/ 97050/9.
90. Stein, op. cit., p.146; Committee on Policy in Palestine, 'Report of the Palestine Sub-Committee', secret, P.P.C. (30)5, Cabinet, n.d. (1030?): PRO/CAB27/427.
91. Stein, op. cit., p.146; Committee on Policy in Palestine, 'Report of the Palestine Sub-Committee', secret, P.P.C. (30)5, Cabinet, n.d. (1030?): PRO/CAB27/427.
92. Stein, op. cit., p.146; Memo. No. 11, Palestine Royal Commission: Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, Col. No. 133 (London,1937).
93. Stein, op. cit., p.146; Memo. No. 11, Palestine Royal Commission: Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, Col. No. 133 (London,1937).
94. 'Second Report of Cab. Comm. on Policy in Palestine', quotation (not signed), CO Mins., n.d. (1932): PRO/CO733/214/10/97049; Lord Advocate to Dr. Chaim Weizmann, enclosed in Memo. to S. of S. Cols., 25 Feb. 1932: PRO/CO733/208/11/87333; Extract of O'Donnell Commission Report, 1931 (hereafter, Extract of O'Donnell Report), para.93: PRO/CO733/208/11/87333.
95. Hope-Simpson Report, p.142.
96. Arthur Ruppin, Three Decades in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1936); J. Elazari-Volcani, 'Jewish Colonization in Palestine', in H. Viteles (ed.), 'Palestine: a Decade of Development', in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.164 (Nov. 1932), pp.84-9.
97. Arthur Ruppin, Three Decades in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1936); J. Elazari-Volcani, 'Jewish Colonization in Palestine', in H. Viteles (ed.), 'Palestine: a Decade of Development', in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.164 (Nov. 1932), pp.84-9.
98. Report of the Experts to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, 1st Oct. 1928 (hereafter, Report to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission), pp.50, 58-9 and 67: ISA/A/231/32/4; Hope-Simpson Report, p.42.
99. Report of the Experts to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, 1st Oct. 1928 (hereafter, Report to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission), pp.50, 58-9 and 67: ISA/A/231/32/4; Hope-Simpson Report, p.42.
100. Report of the Experts to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, 1st Oct. 1928 (hereafter, Report to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission), pp.50, 58-9 and 67: ISA/A/231/32/4; Hope-Simpson Report, p.42.
101. 'Note of an Interview with Mr. F. Skevington', Palestine, n.d. (1933): PRO/CO733/215/12/ 97054/1.
102. Wauchope to Malcolm MacDonald, S. of S. Cols., despatch, 27 July 1935: PRO/CO733/273/ 6/75080.
103. CO Min. by H. Downie, 20 Jan. 1932: PRO/CO733/214/4/97047.
104. 'Report of the General Agricultural Council for the Years 1931 and 1932', in AR Dept. of Agric., 1932, p.10.
105. CO Min. by Williams, 27 Jan. 1932: PRO/CO733/214/4/97047.
106. F.A. Stockdale, Min.., 29 Jan. 1932, in ibid.
107. D. Weintraub, M. Lissak and Y. Azmon, Moshava. Kibbutz and Moshav (United States, 1969); and D. Horowitz, Jewish Colonization in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1937).
108. D. Weintraub, M. Lissak and Y. Azmon, Moshava. Kibbutz and Moshav (United States, 1969); and D. Horowitz, Jewish Colonization in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1937).
109. Johnson-Crosbie Report, p.1; and Census for Palestine, 1931, Vol.1, p.289.
110. Johnson-Crosbie Report, p.1; and Census for Palestine, 1931, Vol.1, p.289.
111. Brown, op. cit., p.210.
112. AR. Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.5.
113. 'Note from the Director of the Department of Education', Hope-Simpson Report, p.80.
114. Peel Report, p.337; Hope-Simpson Report, p.80.
115. Peel Report, p.337; Hope-Simpson Report, p.80.
116. Ibid., p.79-80.
117. S. Schama, Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel (New York, 1978).
118. For population numbers, Hopkins, op. cit., p.16; for list of schools, see Brown, p.187.
119. E.R. Sawer, Director of Agric. and Forests, to Chief Secretary, 28 July 1931, Enclosure I, copy in despatch to J.H. Thomas, S. of S. Cols., 24 Oct. 1931: PRO/CO733/210/11/87394.
120. Hope-Simpson Report, pp.76, 79-80; also, AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.6.
121. Hope-Simpson Report, pp.76, 79-80; also, AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.6.
122. Extract of O'Donnell Commission Report, 1931: PRO/CO733/208/11/87333; 'Memo. Embodying the Views of the S. of S.'s Agricultural Adviser, Mr F.A. Stockdale, in Williams to the Secretary, Treasury, draft despatch, 29 Jan. 1932: ibid.
123. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.6.
124. H.C. Luke (Officer Administering the Government; hereafter, OAG) to Sir Sidney Webb, S. of S. Cols., despatch, 19 June 1929: PRO/CO733/173/12/67349; CO Min. by Mayler, 5 July 1929: ibid.; the balance of the bequest was invested and the LP3,000 income went towards the school's annual maintenance; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.1, p.347.
125. Luke to S. of S. Cols., 19 June 1929, op. cit.
126. 'Kadoorie Agricultural School, Tulkarm Syllabus', Dept. of Agric., Govt. of Palestine, Enclosure, E.R. Sawer to Chief Secretary, 28 July 1931, op. cit.
127. Memo. for the Palestine Royal Commission, p.27.
128. Ibid.
129. Hopkins, op. cit., p.16.
130. Peel Report, p.388.
131. Mlle. Dannevig, P.M.C. 32nd (Extraordinary) Session, L. of N. (Agenda, 1937), p.12.
132. Peel Report, p.337.
133. Brown, op. cit., p.188.
134. 'Report on the Possibilities of Technical and Artistic Crafts Education for Palestine', by A. Stewart, copy, 8 July 1929, in Chancellor to Passfield, 21 Sept. 1929: PRO/CO733/176/9/67463.
135. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.347.
136. Brown, op. cit., p.191.
137. Hope-Simpson Report, p.149.
138. J. Hathorn-Hall, O.A.G., to Philip Cunliffe-Lister, S. of S. Cols., despatch, 12 Nov. 1934: PRO/CO733/268/37621. The number of demonstration plots varied from year to year, depending on the Agricultural Department's plans and the availability of farmers willing to give over part of their lands for demonstration work (see Dept. of Agric.'s annual reports).
139. 'Note on the Steps Taken by the Palestine Government Since 1930 to Assist Agricultural Development and Settlement'. Enclosed with secret despatch from Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936: PRO/CO733/318/875543; also, Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, pp.27-29; and Wauchope to MacDonald, 27 July 1935, op. cit.; Extract of O'Donnell Commission Report, 1931, on agriculture.
140. 'Note on the Steps Taken by the Palestine Government Since 1930 to Assist Agricultural Development and Settlement'. Enclosed with secret despatch from Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936: PRO/CO733/318/875543; also, Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, pp.27-29; and Wauchope to MacDonald, 27 July 1935, op. cit.; Extract of O'Donnell Commission Report, 1931, on agriculture.
141. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1938, p.18.
142. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1937, p.12.
143. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.6.
144. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1937, p.12.
145. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.345.
146. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.8.
147. Compiled from the Palestine Blue Books, Government of Palestine; and the Palestine Commercial Bulletin, Dept. of Customs, Excise and Trade, Palestine.
148. Compiled from the Palestine Blue Books, Government of Palestine; and the Palestine Commercial Bulletin, Dept. of Customs, Excise and Trade, Palestine.
149. 'Notes on the Steps Taken ...', Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936, op. cit.
150. AR, 1936, p.283.
151. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.327.
152. Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.32.
153. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.328-31.
154. The 1930 census was part of a World Agricultural Census, AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.13; Brown, op. cit., p.171.
155. The 1930 census was part of a World Agricultural Census, AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.13; Brown, op. cit., p.171.
156. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.327.
157. 'Report by F.A. Stockdale on his visit to Palestine and Trans-Jordan' (1935), p.44; 'Artificial Insemination of Livestock in Palestine', report by Dr H.P. Fox, 1936: PRO/CO733/325/4/75626; and 'Report on Egg Production in Palestine and on International Trade in Fresh Eggs', by the Poultry Committee, sub-committee of the Committee on Agricultural Economics and Marketing of the Palestine Government, Bulletin of the Palestine Economic Society, Vol.V, No.4 (1932).
158. 'Report by F.A. Stockdale on his visit to Palestine and Trans-Jordan' (1935), p.44; 'Artificial Insemination of Livestock in Palestine', report by Dr H.P. Fox, 1936: PRO/CO733/325/4/75626; and 'Report on Egg Production in Palestine and on International Trade in Fresh Eggs', by the Poultry Committee, sub-committee of the Committee on Agricultural Economics and Marketing of the Palestine Government, Bulletin of the Palestine Economic Society, Vol.V, No.4 (1932).
159. 'Report by F.A. Stockdale on his visit to Palestine and Trans-Jordan' (1935), p.44; 'Artificial Insemination of Livestock in Palestine', report by Dr H.P. Fox, 1936: PRO/CO733/325/4/75626; and 'Report on Egg Production in Palestine and on International Trade in Fresh Eggs', by the Poultry Committee, sub-committee of the Committee on Agricultural Economics and Marketing of the Palestine Government, Bulletin of the Palestine Economic Society, Vol.V, No.4 (1932).
160. Compiled from: Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.34; 'Note on the Ssteps Taken...', Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936, op. cit.; and AR, Dept. of Agric., 1938-39, p.19.
161. Compiled from: Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.34; 'Note on the Ssteps Taken...', Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936, op. cit.; and AR, Dept. of Agric., 1938-39, p.19.
162. Compiled from: Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.34; 'Note on the Ssteps Taken...', Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936, op. cit.; and AR, Dept. of Agric., 1938-39, p.19.
163. Ibid.
164. Peel Report, p.270.
165. Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.34.
166. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1938-39, p.20.
167. Notes Furnished by Various Officers of the Dept. of Agric. for a Survey of Agricultural and Veterinary Research Throughout the Empire, compiled by the CO, HMSO (London, 1937).
168. Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.34; Brown, op. cit., p.209.
169. Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, p.34; Brown, op. cit., p.209.
170. Extract of O'Donnell Commission Report, 1931, para.93.
171. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.6.
172. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.343.
173. Based on AR, Dept. of Agric., for the 1930s.
174. Brown, op. cit., p.194.
175. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.318.
176. Brown, op. cit., p.194.
177. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.6.
178. Memo. for the Palestine Royal Commission, p.33.
179. 'The Locust Destruction Ordinance, 193', Enclosure I, in Young to Passfield, 25 April 1931: PRO/CO733/202/7/87108.
180. The main source used here was Memo. No.9. 'Description of measures being taken by Government', Memo. for Palestine Royal Commission, pp.27-33.
181. Wauchope to Cunliffe-Lister, despatch, 15 April 1931, op. cit.
182. AR, Dept. of Agriculture, 1938-39, p.22.
183. Report on Experimental Consignment of Plums and Apricots from Palestine, Empire Marketing Board, Experimental Consignments, Report No.9: PRO/CO733/164/1/67014.
184. 'Half Our Earners in Agriculture, Industry Growing Productiveness', A. Ruppin, 'Analysis of Census Figures', Palestine Post, 22 May 1931; on Jewish mixed farms, see D. Horowitz, 'Memo. on the Condition of Mixed Farming', Institute of Economic Research of the Jewish Agency (Tel-Aviv, Feb. 1938): CZA/S90/106.
185. 'Half Our Earners in Agriculture, Industry Growing Productiveness', A. Ruppin, 'Analysis of Census Figures', Palestine Post, 22 May 1931; on Jewish mixed farms, see D. Horowitz, 'Memo. on the Condition of Mixed Farming', Institute of Economic Research of the Jewish Agency (Tel-Aviv, Feb. 1938): CZA/S90/106.
186. 'Note on the...', Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 22 April 1936, op. cit.
187. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1937, p.19.
188. Ibid.; AR, Dept. of Agric., 1935, p.8.
189. Ibid.; AR, Dept. of Agric., 1935, p.8.
190. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1937, p.8.
191. Ibid., p.19.
192. AR, Dept. of Agric., 1938, p.18.
193. Ibid., p.9.
194. Ibid.
195. 'Report on Further Experimental Consignments of Potatoes from Palestine', Empire Marketing Board, Experimental Consignments, Report No.8: PRO/CO733/164/1/67014.
196. Wauchope to Cunliffe-Lister, despatch and Enclosure, 25 Nov. 1933: PRO/CO733/229/ 14/17235 (Pt.2); and F.A. Stockdale, CO Min., 26 Nov. 1934: PRO/CO733/250/12/37235.
197. G.L.M. Clauson, CO Min. 6 Dec. 1933: PRO/CO733/229/14/17235.
198. Governor of Cyprus to Cunliffe-Lister, 15 Jan. 1934: PRO/CO733/250/12/37235.
199. Governor of Cyprus to Cunliffe-Lister, confidential, 12 May 1934: PRO/CO733/250/ 12/37235.
200. Wauchope to Cunliffe-Lister, confidential 'D', 18 Aug. 1934: PRO/CO733/250/12/37235.
201. H.I. Becket, CO Min., 13 Dec. 1934: PRO/CO733/250/12/37235.
202. 'Note on the ...', 22 April 1936, op. cit.
203. Ibid.
204. Chancellor to Passfield, 23 Sept. 1929: PRO/CO733/164/1/67014; and AR, Dept. of Agric., 1927-30, p.38.
205. Ibid., p.39.
206. Ibid., p.47.
207. N. Gross, 'Ha-Pardassot 'ad 1939 - Ha-Emnam Sipur Hatslaha?', Proceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Jewish Studies, Division B, Vol.II, The History of the Jewish People, (Modern Times), World Union of Jewish Studies (in Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1986), p.122.
208. Ibid.
209. J. Dawson Shepherd, M.J. Goldschmidt and J.D. Oppenheim, Report on the Duty of Water Investigations on Citrus Cultivation at Gan Moshe, Near Rishon le Tsiyon During the Years 1931-1932, Dept. of Development (Jerusalem, 1932). For citrus export figures of Palestine, 1921-1940, see table in Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1940 (Jerusalem, 1940), p.74.
210. J. Dawson Shepherd, M.J. Goldschmidt and J.D. Oppenheim, Report on the Duty of Water Investigations on Citrus Cultivation at Gan Moshe, Near Rishon le Tsiyon During the Years 1931-1932, Dept. of Development (Jerusalem, 1932). For citrus export figures of Palestine, 1921-1940, see table in Statistical Abstract of Palestine, 1940 (Jerusalem, 1940), p.74.
211. H. Clark Powell, The Citrus Industry in Palestine', Leaflet Series IV, Horticulture, No.9; and Knowles A. Ryerson, in Report to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, Vol.I, 1 Oct. 1928, pp.382-3.
212. H. Clark Powell, The Citrus Industry in Palestine', Leaflet Series IV, Horticulture, No.9; and Knowles A. Ryerson, in Report to the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, Vol.I, 1 Oct. 1928, pp.382-3.
213. Young to Cunliffe-Lister, despatch, 6 Jan. 1933: PRO/CO733/228/3/17205; Young to Cunliffe-Lister, confidential despatch, Feb. 1933: PRO/CO733/228/3/17205; and J. Elazari-Volcani and A.G. Turner to Director of Agriculture, 23 Sept. 1931: ISA/A/231/32/4, Vol.1.
214. Ibid.
215. Ibid.
216. Minutes of Conference at Government House on Saturday, 24 Dec. 1932: ISA/A/231/32/4, Vol.1.
217. 'Notes on Rehovoth' in 'Scheme on Citrus Research at the Experimental Stations of the Jewish Agency', Publications by the Agricultural Research Station, Rehovoth: ISA/A/39/34/14; and S. Katz and Joseph Ben David, 'Scientific Research and Agricultural Innovation in Israel', MINERVA, Vol.XIII, No.2 (Israel, Summer 1975).
218. Hope-Simpson Report, p.149; O'Donnell Commission Report, para.18, in Young to Cunliffe-Lister, 6 Jan. 1933: PRO/CO733/228/3/17205; French Supplementary Report, App.V.
219. Hope-Simpson Report, p.149; O'Donnell Commission Report, para.18, in Young to Cunliffe-Lister, 6 Jan. 1933: PRO/CO733/228/3/17205; French Supplementary Report, App.V.
220. M. Nurock, Acting Chief Secretary, to the Dir. of Agric. and Forests, confidential, 6 April 1932, and Downie to Secretary, Treasury, copy, 2 Feb. 1933: PRO/CO733/228/3/17205.
221. 'Note by the Treasurer', 24 Feb. 1939: ISA/M/113/37.
222. Young to Cunliffe-Lister, 6 Jan. 1933: PRO/CO733/228/3/17205.
223. Ibid.
224. Y. Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929-1939: From Riots to Rebellion (London, 1977).
225. Sawer to Chief Secretary, 22 Feb. 1929, Enclosure 1 to despatch from Young to Passfield, 6 May 1931: PRO/CO733/203/1/87114/1.
226. Jean Gottmann, Etudes sur l'état d'Israel et le Moyen Orient (Paris, 1959) (in French), p.33.
227. Sawer to Chief Secretary, 22 Feb. 1929, op. cit.
228. J. Metzer and O. Kaplan, 'Jointly but Severally: Arab-Jewish Dualism and Economic Growth in Mandatory Palestine', The Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, Research Paper Series, No. 180 (Jerusalem, 1985), p.342.
229. 'Report of the Irrigation Committee', (Sawer, Chairman; F. Pudsey [Head of Public Works Department]; and Shepherd [Irrigation Officer], secretary), Nov. 1929, Enclosure II to despatch, Young to Passfield, 6 May 1931: PRO/CO733/203/1/87114/1.
230. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.395 and 399; Memorandum on the Water Resources of Palestine, Government of Palestine (presented by the Government of Palestine, to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, July 1947), (Jerusalem, 1947; hereafter, Water Resources Memo.), p.4; Brown, op. cit., p.201.
231. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.395 and 399; Memorandum on the Water Resources of Palestine, Government of Palestine (presented by the Government of Palestine, to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, July 1947), (Jerusalem, 1947; hereafter, Water Resources Memo.), p.4; Brown, op. cit., p.201.
232. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.395 and 399; Memorandum on the Water Resources of Palestine, Government of Palestine (presented by the Government of Palestine, to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, July 1947), (Jerusalem, 1947; hereafter, Water Resources Memo.), p.4; Brown, op. cit., p.201.
233. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.395 and 399; Memorandum on the Water Resources of Palestine, Government of Palestine (presented by the Government of Palestine, to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, July 1947), (Jerusalem, 1947; hereafter, Water Resources Memo.), p.4; Brown, op. cit., p.201.
234. Horowitz, Jewish Colonisation in Palestine, op. cit., p.28.
235. Ormsby-Gore, S. of S. Cols., P.M.C. 32nd (Extraordinary) Session, L. of N. (1937), p.177.
236. Hope-Simpson Report, p.82.
237. Shepherd, 'Interim Report No.1. Irrigation Service', enclosed with Luke to Passfield, 29 July 1929: PRO/CO733/174/9/67391; CO Min. by Hathorn-Hall, 10 Aug. 1929 in ibid.
238. 'Report of the Irrigation Committee'.
239. 'Palestine: First Report of the Director of Development': PRO/CO733/214/9/97049; Summary by Downie, CO, 3 June 1932; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.390.
240. Ibid., p.393.
241. 'Report of the Irrigation Committee'.
242. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.389-90; H.I. Shuval (ed.), Water Quality Management Under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel, a Case Study (London, 1980).
243. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.389-90; H.I. Shuval (ed.), Water Quality Management Under Conditions of Scarcity: Israel, a Case Study (London, 1980).
244. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.416.
245. Ibid., p.390.
246. Ibid., p.416.
247. Sawer to Chief Secretary, 22 Feb. 1929, op. cit.
248. 'Report of the Irrigation Committee'.
249. H.H. Trusted, O.A.G., to Cunliffe-Lister, secret, 25 May 1933: PRO/CO733/241/12/17413.
250. 'MacDonald Letter', 13 Feb. 1931, para.10-11, in Passfield to H.C., draft, 26 June 1931: PRO/CO733/211/1A/87402/3.
251. Williams to Waterfield, 24 Oct. 1931: PRO/CO733/194/9/77402.
252. Hope-Simpson Report, p.87.
253. Hathorn-Hall, CO Min., 10 Aug. 1929: PRO/CO733/174/9/67391.
254. D.G. Harris (Irrigation Adviser), 'Note on the Proposed Irrigation Ordinance', 8 Feb. 1935, Enclosure to H.C. to S. of S. Cols., confidential, 10 April 1935: PRO/CO733/284/3/75314.
255. Clause 6, ibid.; see Article 11, Mandate for Palestine, Cmd. 1785 (London, 1922).
256. 'Note on the Proposed Irrigation Ordinance'.
257. Ibid.
258. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.391.
259. Harris in 'Supplementary Memo. by the Irrigation Adviser', 14 Aug. 1935, Enclosure, Hathorn-Hall to Williams, 27 Dec. 1935: PRO/CO733/303/6/75314.
260. Trusted (Attorney-General), 'Memo. Explanation of the Underground Water Ordinance, 1935', in ibid.; Water Resources Memo., pp.1-2.
261. 'Memo. Explanation of the Underground Water Ordinance'.
262. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.I, p.394 and table on p.422; W.C. Lowdermilk, Palestine: Land of Promise (London, 1944); Don Peretz, The West Bank: History, Politics, Society and Economy (United States, 1986), pp.115-16.
263. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.I, p.394 and table on p.422; W.C. Lowdermilk, Palestine: Land of Promise (London, 1944); Don Peretz, The West Bank: History, Politics, Society and Economy (United States, 1986), pp.115-16.
264. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.I, p.394 and table on p.422; W.C. Lowdermilk, Palestine: Land of Promise (London, 1944); Don Peretz, The West Bank: History, Politics, Society and Economy (United States, 1986), pp.115-16.
265. Water Resources Memo., pp.1-2.
266. MacDonald to H.C., copy, confidential, 27 June 1935: PRO/CO733/284/3/75314.
267. French to O.A.G., copy, 16 Nov. 1931, Enclosure to H.C. to S. of S. Cols., despatch, 12 Dec. 1931: PRO/CO733/213/6/97032; G.S. Blake, Geology and Water Resources of Palestine (Jerusalem, 1928).
268. E.g., Hope-Simpson Report, p.86.
269. A. Ruppin, 'Possibilities of the Expansion of the Jewish Agricultural Settlement in Palestine', Institute of Economic Research of the Jewish Agency, 1936: CZA/S90/765; and The Hope-Simpson Report, Jewish Agency, n.d. (1930?). See also table in Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.1, p.422.
270. A. Ruppin, 'Possibilities of the Expansion of the Jewish Agricultural Settlement in Palestine', Institute of Economic Research of the Jewish Agency, 1936: CZA/S90/765; and The Hope-Simpson Report, Jewish Agency, n.d. (1930?). See also table in Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.1, p.422.
271. A. Ruppin, 'Possibilities of the Expansion of the Jewish Agricultural Settlement in Palestine', Institute of Economic Research of the Jewish Agency, 1936: CZA/S90/765; and The Hope-Simpson Report, Jewish Agency, n.d. (1930?). See also table in Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Vol.1, p.422.
272. Committee on Village Water Supplies, Trusted to Cunliffe-Lister, secret, 25 May 1933: PRO/CO733/241/12/17413; CO Min. by A.C.C. Parkinson, 14 Jan. 1932: PRO/CO733/213/6/97032.
273. H.C. to Parkinson, draft, confidential, 29 Jan. 1935: PRO/CO733/271/7/75056.
274. Williams to H.C., draft telegram, 2 Aug. 1933: PRO/CO733/241/17413.
275. Shepherd, 'Programme for Underground Water Investigations in Palestine', n.d., Enclosure, Trusted to Cunliffe-Lister, 25 May 1933: PRO/CO733/241/12/17413.
276. Brown, op. cit., p.119; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry; p.399.
277. Brown, op. cit., p.119; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry; p.399.
278. 'Water Survey Ordinance, 1937', Enclosure I, Battershill, O.A.G. to Ormsby-Gore, despatch, 13 Nov. 1937: PRO/CO733/353/10/75720.
279. Peel Report, pp.247-8.
280. AR, 1938, p.87; Palestine Partition Commission Report, Cmd. 5854 (London, 1938; hereafter, Woodhead Report).
281. AR, 1938, p.87; Palestine Partition Commission Report, Cmd. 5854 (London, 1938; hereafter, Woodhead Report).
282. Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, p.65; H. Luke and E. Keith-Roach, The Handbook of Palestine and Trans-Jordan (London, 1934), p.304.
283. Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, p.65; H. Luke and E. Keith-Roach, The Handbook of Palestine and Trans-Jordan (London, 1934), p.304.
284. Ibid.
285. Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, p.65, Opinion by the Acting Attorney General with Regard to Irrigation Rights Under the "Auja Concession'", Enclosure, Young to Passfield, 6 May 1931, op. cit.; 'Draft Irrigation Ordinance', ibid.: PRO/CO733/207/10/87290.
286. Peel Report, p.258; Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, pp.65-7.
287. Peel Report, p.258; Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, pp.65-7.
288. Ibid., 'Memoranda on a Proposal Laid before the Royal Commission for the Creation of Public Utility Companies to Undertake Large-Scale Irrigation Development Schemes, 1937': PRO/CO733/345/10/75550.
289. Ibid., 'Memoranda on a Proposal Laid before the Royal Commission for the Creation of Public Utility Companies to Undertake Large-Scale Irrigation Development Schemes, 1937': PRO/CO733/345/10/75550.
290. Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, pp.65-7.
291. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.402.
292. Peel Report, p.261.
293. Memoranda for Palestine Royal Commission, p.67.
294. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, pp.344 and 400.
295. 'Forward' in Water Resources Memo.; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.410.
296. 'Forward' in Water Resources Memo.; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.410.
297. Ibid., p.403; Anti-Malarial Work and Drainage Works by Jewish Bodies, Memorandum Submitted to the Palestinian Royal Commission on Behalf of the Jewish Agency. Dec. 1936: CZA/5269.
298. Ibid., p.403; Anti-Malarial Work and Drainage Works by Jewish Bodies, Memorandum Submitted to the Palestinian Royal Commission on Behalf of the Jewish Agency. Dec. 1936: CZA/5269.
299. Stein, op. cit., p.145.
300. Ibid., pp.146 and 156-8.
301. 'Policy in Palestine, Draft Statement of Decisions of H.M.G.', n.d. (1933?), op. cit.; AR, Dept. of Agric., 1931 and 1932, p.3.
302. 'Policy in Palestine, Draft Statement of Decisions of H.M.G.', n.d. (1933?), op. cit.; AR, Dept. of Agric., 1931 and 1932, p.3.
303. Extract of O'Donnell Report; in April 1936, on Stockdale's advice, a separate Department of Forests was established, Department of Forests, Report on the Period 1936-1939, (Jerusalem, 1940), introductory pages.
304. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, p.345.
305. Peel Report, p.267.
306. Report of the Department of Agriculture, 1927-1930, p.8.
307. Peel Report, p.269; AR, 1937, p.5. N.T. Gross, 'The Economic Policy of the Mandatory Government of Palestine', Research in Economic History, Vol.9 (1984), p.173.
308. Peel Report, p.269; AR, 1937, p.5. N.T. Gross, 'The Economic Policy of the Mandatory Government of Palestine', Research in Economic History, Vol.9 (1984), p.173.
309. Peel Report, p.269; AR, 1937, p.5. N.T. Gross, 'The Economic Policy of the Mandatory Government of Palestine', Research in Economic History, Vol.9 (1984), p.173.