-
1
-
-
22844452693
-
A Midsummer Night's Dream, act 4, scene 1, line 33
-
S Wells and G Taylor, eds
-
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, act 4, scene 1, line 33, in S Wells and G Taylor, eds, William Shakespeare: The Complete Works, 1988, p 326.
-
(1988)
William Shakespeare: The Complete Works
, pp. 326
-
-
Shakespeare, W.1
-
3
-
-
0346794925
-
-
Ames, Iowa
-
According to John T Schlebecker, Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607-1972, Ames, Iowa, 1975, p 183, the first silo was built in the USA in 1873, by the 1890s most dairy farmers used silage, and by 1914 it was becoming popular in cattle feeding areas. I am grateful to Dr Douglas E Bowers, head of the Agricultural and Rural History Section in the United States Department of Agriculture, for providing me with this and many other references.
-
(1975)
Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607-1972
, pp. 183
-
-
Schlebecker, J.T.1
-
7
-
-
22844433206
-
Vanishing meadows
-
A Colston and J Best, 'Vanishing meadows', Natural World, No 32, 1991, pp 22-24;
-
(1991)
Natural World
, vol.32
, pp. 22-24
-
-
Colston, A.1
Best, J.2
-
9
-
-
22844451162
-
Crofters' care makes isles a haven for corncrakes
-
10 August
-
am grateful to Caroline Steel of The Wildlife Trusts for this reference. For the corncrake, see also John Arlidge, 'Crofters' care makes isles a haven for corncrakes,' The Independent, 10 August 1994, p 5, which reported that farmers in the Western Isles of Scotland were being paid up to £50 per hectare by various conservation bodies to delay harvesting hay meadows until 1 August in order to allow corncrake chicks to fledge before the grass was cut. Many of those on the island of Tiree were reported to use the money to pay for baling their silage.
-
(1994)
The Independent
, pp. 5
-
-
Arlidge, J.1
-
10
-
-
22844440096
-
The agricultural lessons of "the Eighties"
-
3rd ser
-
J Wrightson, 'The agricultural lessons of "the Eighties"', JRASE, 3rd ser, 1, 1890, p 285.
-
(1890)
JRASE
, vol.1
, pp. 285
-
-
Wrightson, J.1
-
13
-
-
22844439225
-
Grassland
-
R J Halley and R J Soffe, eds
-
J S Brockman, 'Grassland', in R J Halley and R J Soffe, eds, The Agricultural Notebook, 18th ed, 1992, pp 198-200.
-
(1992)
The Agricultural Notebook, 18th Ed
, pp. 198-200
-
-
Brockman, J.S.1
-
18
-
-
85037710358
-
-
it may be worth noting that G Barker, Prehistoric Farming in Europe, 1985, p 48 denies that silage was made in the prehistoric period.
-
(1985)
Prehistoric Farming in Europe
, pp. 48
-
-
Barker, G.1
-
20
-
-
22844441427
-
The conservation of grass
-
H I Moore, 'The conservation of grass', JRASE, 133, 1972, p 29.
-
(1972)
JRASE
, vol.133
, pp. 29
-
-
Moore, H.I.1
-
21
-
-
22844450088
-
On the feeding qualities of the natural and artificial grasses in different states of dryness
-
new ser
-
James F W Johnston, 'On the feeding qualities of the natural and artificial grasses in different states of dryness', Trans Highland and Agricultural Soc, new ser, 9, 1843, pp 60-61.
-
(1843)
Trans Highland and Agricultural Soc
, vol.9
, pp. 60-61
-
-
Johnston, J.F.W.1
-
27
-
-
0012730286
-
Report on the practice of ensilage, at home and abroad
-
2nd ser
-
H M Jenkins, 'Report on the practice of ensilage, at home and abroad', JRASE, 2nd ser, 20, 1884, pp 129-37;
-
(1884)
JRASE
, vol.20
, pp. 129-137
-
-
Jenkins, H.M.1
-
28
-
-
22844432132
-
History of the maize crop in N W Europe
-
E S Bunting, ed, Ely
-
E S Bunting, 'History of the maize crop in N W Europe', in E S Bunting, ed, Production and Utilisation of the Maize Crop, Ely, 1980, pp 3-13.
-
(1980)
Production and Utilisation of the Maize Crop
, pp. 3-13
-
-
Bunting, E.S.1
-
29
-
-
22844450869
-
-
Jenkins ('Practice of ensilage', p 136) points out that, ironically, it was a dry season which prompted French interest in ensilage, whereas 'the moving force with us has been a succession of wet seasons.'
-
Practice of Ensilage
, pp. 136
-
-
Jenkins1
-
30
-
-
22844452337
-
The history of the silo
-
nd, c
-
The first silo in the USA appears to have been built in 1873, at Spring Grove, Illinois, by Fred L Hatch, who had read a translation of Vilmorin-Andrieux's paper while a student at the University of Illinois. However, Goffart's book was perhaps more influential, because it was translated and published in 1879 by Mr J B Brown, president of the New York Plow Co, and mailed to hundreds of his customers in the USA as an advertisement for his firm. See Lyman Carrier, 'The history of the silo', Jnl American Society of Agronomy, nd, c 1920, p 181;
-
(1920)
Jnl American Society of Agronomy
, pp. 181
-
-
Carrier, L.1
-
31
-
-
22844451282
-
-
Washington
-
United States Department of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1899, Washington, 1900, p 617;
-
(1900)
Yearbook, 1899
, pp. 617
-
-
-
32
-
-
22844449450
-
-
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
-
Anon, The First Vertical Silo, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 1969. I am indebted to Dr Bowers for all of these sources.
-
(1969)
The First Vertical Silo
-
-
-
35
-
-
22844449877
-
-
at about the same time, M J Sutton claimed to have been 'the medium of first placing ensilage obtained from France before agriculturalists at the Smithfield Cattle Show': see Sutton, Permanent and Temporary Pastures, 3rd ed, 1886, p 108.
-
(1886)
Permanent and Temporary Pastures, 3rd Ed
, pp. 108
-
-
Sutton1
-
36
-
-
22844450306
-
-
Although it is worth noting that Sutton (Permanent and Temporary Pastures, 5th ed, 1895, p 122) claimed that silage was made in Canada 'long before it became familiar to farmers in Great Britain'.
-
(1895)
Permanent and Temporary Pastures, 5th Ed
, pp. 122
-
-
-
37
-
-
22844443620
-
On straw chaff
-
2nd ser
-
S Jonas, 'On straw chaff', JRASE, 2nd ser, 6, 1870, pp 119-21;
-
(1870)
JRASE
, vol.6
, pp. 119-121
-
-
Jonas, S.1
-
38
-
-
22844442220
-
-
Marlborough
-
Jonas's career is outlined in R Brigden, Victorian Farms, Marlborough, 1986, pp 231-2.
-
(1986)
Victorian Farms
, pp. 231-232
-
-
Brigden, R.1
-
39
-
-
0012711563
-
Report on the agriculture of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
-
2nd ser
-
J Wrightson, 'Report on the agriculture of the Austro-Hungarian Empire', JRASE, 2nd ser, 10, 1874, p 351;
-
(1874)
JRASE
, vol.10
, pp. 351
-
-
Wrightson, J.1
-
40
-
-
22844438657
-
-
according to Primrose McConnell, The Agricultural Notebook, 1st ed, 1883, p 120, 'Ensilage is a system of preserving hay or green fodder, originally introduced from Hungary.'
-
(1883)
The Agricultural Notebook, 1st Ed
, pp. 120
-
-
McConnell, P.1
-
44
-
-
22844438774
-
-
From 1875 to 1883 the rainfall in June, July and August was above the 1915-50 average in every year except 1876, and in 1879 it was 186 per cent of the average, according to H H Lamb, Climate: Present, Past and Future, ii, 1977, P 623.
-
(1977)
Climate: Present, Past and Future
, vol.2
, pp. 623
-
-
Lamb, H.H.1
-
45
-
-
22844434559
-
-
Woods, Ensilage, pp 28-9 and 37-9.
-
Ensilage
, pp. 28-29
-
-
Woods1
-
50
-
-
0012689729
-
On the chemistry of ensilage
-
2nd ser
-
A Voelcker, 'On the chemistry of ensilage', JRASE. 2nd ser, 20, 1884, pp 482-504.
-
(1884)
JRASE
, vol.20
, pp. 482-504
-
-
Voelcker, A.1
-
54
-
-
22844439224
-
Experiments in making ensilage during the wet season of 1888
-
2nd ser
-
H Kains-Jackson, 'Experiments in making ensilage during the wet season of 1888', JRASE, 2nd ser, 25, 1889, p 281
-
(1889)
JRASE
, vol.25
, pp. 281
-
-
Kains-Jackson, H.1
-
57
-
-
0347273423
-
-
Taunton
-
Lawes first wrote to The Times and The Agricultural Gazette about silage in 1882, exhibiting no great enthusiasm for it, again in 1884 ('So long as the making of ensilage is confined to the wealthy, and to enthusiastic amateurs, no harm can be done...'), and in the season 1884-5 conducted a series of experiments on which he reported to The Agricultural Gazette: see G V Dyke, John Bennet Lawes: The Record of his Genius, Taunton, 1991, pp 239, 240, 248, 296, 326-7.
-
(1991)
John Bennet Lawes: The Record of His Genius
, pp. 239
-
-
Dyke, G.V.1
-
58
-
-
22844448994
-
-
These reports were subsequently reprinted, with minor alterations, as a pamphlet (Sir J B Lawes and J H Gilbert, Experiments on Ensilage, conducted at Rothamsted, season 1884-5, 1886), which concluded, inter alia, that silage was 'a very good food' for milking cows and fattening oxen, but that the output per acre would be less than that of roots, and that the area under cleaning crops would be reduced, so reducing the area suitable for growing grain crops (pp 55-8).
-
(1886)
Experiments on Ensilage, Conducted at Rothamsted, Season 1884-5
-
-
Lawes, J.B.1
Gilbert, J.H.2
-
59
-
-
22844438656
-
-
BPP, 1884-5, LXXXIV, Return of the Replies to Questions relating to Silos and Ensilage, put by the Agricultural Department, Privy Council Office, to persons who have silos in Great Britain; with their Observations thereon, pp 295 et seq.
-
Return of the Replies to Questions Relating to Silos and Ensilage, Put by the Agricultural Department, Privy Council Office, to Persons Who Have Silos in Great Britain; with Their Observations Thereon
, pp. 295
-
-
-
60
-
-
22844432014
-
-
note
-
Not that the commission was overloaded with practical farmers, although among its members were the agricultural writer Faunce de Laune, James Howard, who originally suggested the production of the Jenkins report, the silage enthusiasts Henry Kains-Jackson and Stanhope Tollemache, and Lords Drogheda and Egerton, landowners.
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
22844447759
-
The silo and silage-stack competition, 1885-6
-
2nd ser
-
The Judges, 'The silo and silage-stack competition, 1885-6', JRASE, 2nd ser, 22, 1886, pp 259-311.
-
(1886)
JRASE
, vol.22
, pp. 259-311
-
-
-
63
-
-
22844451391
-
-
See the references in Table 1 (note a)
-
See the references in Table 1 (note a).
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
22844444297
-
-
note
-
The sources of the statistics are given in Table 1 (note a). I am most grateful to Ms Kate Templeton for her help with the production of these figures.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
22844431894
-
The silage content of tower silos and silage clamps
-
The weight of a cubic foot of silage depends upon its composition (ie whether it is made from grass, grass and legumes, cereals and legumes, maize, or arable by-products such as cereals), moisture content, and degree of compaction, which increases as the depth of the silo and the effective weight applied to it increases. Thus A Amos, 'The silage content of tower silos and silage clamps', JRASE, 84, 1923, pp 50-60, found that for silage made from oats and tares, material with a high dry-matter content (37.4 per cent) taken from the top of a silo weighed 20.7 lbs per cubic foot, whereas material with a lower dry-matter content (27.5 per cent) taken from 20 feet from the top of a silo weighed 56.7 lbs per cubic foot. Having considered various types of silage made in several different years, he concluded that for a fairly typical moisture content of about 30 per cent, for both tower silos and clamps, a figure of 40 lbs per cubic foot could be used for converting a volume of silage to a weight.
-
(1923)
JRASE
, vol.84
, pp. 50-60
-
-
Amos, A.1
-
68
-
-
22844440634
-
-
The same figure was given for grass silage in McConnell, Agricultural Notebook, 12th ed, 1953, p 708, and it is the one used for the appropriate calculations in this paper. In his first edition McConnell equates 4 tons of silage with one of hay (p 120).
-
(1953)
Agricultural Notebook, 12th Ed
, pp. 708
-
-
McConnell1
-
70
-
-
22844435754
-
Annual report of the consulting chemist
-
2nd ser
-
J A Voelcker, 'Annual report of the consulting chemist', JRASE, 2nd ser, XXI, 1885, p 337. Subsequent annual volumes contain similar reports, except for the volumes for 1890 and 1895. The 1891 volume contains 2 reports.
-
(1885)
JRASE
, vol.21
, pp. 337
-
-
Voelcker, J.A.1
-
73
-
-
22844445353
-
-
Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys, No 2
-
R H B Jesse, A Survey cf the Agriculture of Sussex, Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys, No 2, 1960, p 125;
-
(1960)
A Survey Cf the Agriculture of Sussex
, pp. 125
-
-
Jesse, R.H.B.1
-
74
-
-
22844438655
-
-
nd, c
-
R P Wright, ed, The Standard Cyclopaedia of Modern Agriculture, V, nd, c 1910, p 59.
-
(1910)
The Standard Cyclopaedia of Modern Agriculture
, vol.5
, pp. 59
-
-
Wright, R.P.1
-
77
-
-
22844437766
-
Supply of silos by the Food Production Department
-
Anon, 'Supply of silos by the Food Production Department', Jnl Board of Agriculture, 25, 1918, pp 149-52;
-
(1918)
Jnl Board of Agriculture
, vol.25
, pp. 149-152
-
-
-
78
-
-
22844443378
-
-
Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys
-
W B Mercer, A Survey of the Agriculture of Cheshire, Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys, No 4, 1963, p81;
-
(1963)
A Survey of the Agriculture of Cheshire
, vol.4
, pp. 81
-
-
Mercer, W.B.1
-
79
-
-
22844448448
-
-
Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys
-
H W Gardner, A Survey of the Agriculture of Hertfordshire, Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys, No 5, 1967, p 58.
-
(1967)
A Survey of the Agriculture of Hertfordshire
, vol.5
, pp. 58
-
-
Gardner, H.W.1
-
83
-
-
22844447757
-
The digestibility of oat and tare silage
-
See, for example, T B Wood and H E Woodman, 'The digestibility of oat and tare silage', J Ag Science, 11, 1921, pp 304-9;
-
(1921)
J Ag Science
, vol.11
, pp. 304-309
-
-
Wood, T.B.1
Woodman, H.E.2
-
84
-
-
22844443258
-
A study of the process of making clamp silage
-
A Amos and H E Woodman, 'A study of the process of making clamp silage', J Ag Science, 15, 1925, pp 444-54;
-
(1925)
J Ag Science
, vol.15
, pp. 444-454
-
-
Amos, A.1
Woodman, H.E.2
-
85
-
-
22844438003
-
The nutritive value of stack silage
-
H E Woodman, 'The nutritive value of stack silage', J Ag Science, 15, 1925, pp 327-33;
-
(1925)
J Ag Science
, vol.15
, pp. 327-333
-
-
Woodman, H.E.1
-
86
-
-
22844452691
-
Crops for ensilage
-
A W Oldershaw, 'Crops for ensilage', JRASE, 84, 1923, pp 39-49;
-
(1923)
JRASE
, vol.84
, pp. 39-49
-
-
Oldershaw, A.W.1
-
87
-
-
22844437200
-
The comparative cost of mangolds and silage
-
H W Kersey and C S Orwin, 'The comparative cost of mangolds and silage', JRASE, 86, 1925, pp 48-58.
-
(1925)
JRASE
, vol.86
, pp. 48-58
-
-
Kersey, H.W.1
Orwin, C.S.2
-
88
-
-
22844437543
-
The conservation of grassland herbage
-
See, for example, S J Watson, 'The conservation of grassland herbage', JRASE, 95, 1934, pp 103-16;
-
(1934)
JRASE
, vol.95
, pp. 103-116
-
-
Watson, S.J.1
-
89
-
-
0012689236
-
The chemical composition of grass silage
-
S J Watson, idem, 'The chemical composition of grass silage', J Ag Science, 27, 1937, pp 1-42;
-
(1937)
J Ag Science
, vol.27
, pp. 1-42
-
-
Watson, S.J.1
-
93
-
-
22844442337
-
-
The first edition of this work, which was published in 1926, was based on a series of articles in the Journal of the Ministry written by Amos and Woodman, who, as footnote 48 indicates, were among the leading research workers on silage at that time: Jesse, Agriculture of Sussex, p 125;
-
Agriculture of Sussex
, pp. 125
-
-
Jesse1
-
95
-
-
22844451598
-
Recent developments in silage making
-
F H Garner, 'Recent developments in silage making', JRASE, 103, 1942, p 164;
-
(1942)
JRASE
, vol.103
, pp. 164
-
-
Garner, F.H.1
-
96
-
-
22844452579
-
The feeding of livestock
-
W Godden, 'The feeding of livestock', JRASE, 106, 1945, p 48.
-
(1945)
JRASE
, vol.106
, pp. 48
-
-
Godden, W.1
-
98
-
-
22844432131
-
Silage for self-sufficiency
-
Eric Rea, 'Silage for self-sufficiency', JRASE, 110, 1949, pp 28-9.
-
(1949)
JRASE
, vol.110
, pp. 28-29
-
-
Rea, E.1
-
99
-
-
22844451597
-
-
note
-
The capital cost of towers was thought to be too great for them to be given equal emphasis. I am grateful to Mr Victor Burke, of Rattery, Devon, who was employed by a War Ag in 1947-8, for this information.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
22844438116
-
-
M McG Cooper, Competitive Farming, 1956, p 35. Cooper was professor of agriculture first at Wye College and then at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
-
(1956)
Competitive Farming
, pp. 35
-
-
Cooper, M.McG.1
-
104
-
-
0011492339
-
Images of the rural in popular culture
-
B Short, ed
-
The programme's objectives were 10 per cent education, 15 per cent information, and the rest entertainment. I am grateful to Godfrey Baseley, the first producer of The Archers, for this information. See also S Laing, 'Images of the rural in popular culture', in B Short, ed, The English Rural Community: Image and Analysis, 1992, p 145.
-
(1992)
The English Rural Community: Image and Analysis
, pp. 145
-
-
Laing, S.1
-
105
-
-
22844438113
-
-
the Caine Committee
-
BPP, 1958/9, VIII, Report of the Committee on Grassland Utilisation (the Caine Committee), p 321. The figures are given on pp 55-6 in the original pagination of the report.
-
Report of the Committee on Grassland Utilisation
, pp. 321
-
-
-
107
-
-
22844440936
-
-
BPP, 1958/9, VIII, pp 48-62.
-
BPP, 1958/9, VIII, pp 48-62.
-
-
-
-
108
-
-
22844434557
-
-
University of Bristol, Report no 125, Newton Abbot
-
J Bradley, Co-operation: A Report on an Experiment in setting up co-operative Groups for the Purpose of making grass Silage, University of Bristol, Report no 125, Newton Abbot, 1961, pp 1 and 38-9. I am most grateful to Mr Geoffrey Hearnden of Bridford for providing this reference for me and discussing the project.
-
(1961)
Co-operation: A Report on An Experiment in Setting Up Co-operative Groups for the Purpose of Making Grass Silage
, pp. 1
-
-
Bradley, J.1
-
109
-
-
22844434250
-
-
University of Exeter, Department of Economics (Agricultural Economics) Report No 138
-
V H Beynon, Grassland Management: An Economic Study in Devon, University of Exeter, Department of Economics (Agricultural Economics) Report No 138, 1963, p 6.
-
(1963)
Grassland Management: An Economic Study in Devon
, pp. 6
-
-
Beynon, V.H.1
-
111
-
-
22844443848
-
The agriculture of Warwickshire
-
C Higgs, 'The agriculture of Warwickshire', JRASE, 123, 1962, pp 73-4;
-
(1962)
JRASE
, vol.123
, pp. 73-74
-
-
Higgs, C.1
-
114
-
-
22844439327
-
-
Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys
-
W Harwood Long, A Survey of the Agriculture of Yorkshire, Royal Agricultural Society of England, County Agricultural Surveys, No 6, 1969, p 140.
-
(1969)
A Survey of the Agriculture of Yorkshire
, vol.6
, pp. 140
-
-
Harwood Long, W.1
-
121
-
-
22844448991
-
Experiences of a Scotsman on the Essex clays
-
3rd ser
-
P McConnell, 'Experiences of a Scotsman on the Essex clays', JRASE, 3rd ser, 2, 1891, p 321.
-
(1891)
JRASE
, vol.2
, pp. 321
-
-
McConnell, P.1
-
122
-
-
22844438434
-
Silage on the farm: Experience and experiment
-
H I Moore, 'Silage on the farm: experience and experiment', JRASE, 116, 1955, p 60.
-
(1955)
JRASE
, vol.116
, pp. 60
-
-
Moore, H.I.1
-
126
-
-
22844440095
-
-
New York
-
W H Jordan, director of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, made the same point in The Feeding of Animals, New York, 1903, p 219,
-
(1903)
The Feeding of Animals
, pp. 219
-
-
Jordan, W.H.1
-
132
-
-
22844446039
-
Suggestions for stock-feeding in the winter of 1893-4
-
3rd ser
-
in the 1880s Clare Sewell Read, 'Suggestions for stock-feeding in the winter of 1893-4', JRASE, 3rd ser, 4, 1893, p 469, passed all his silage through the chaff-cutter with straw, and then added shredded roots and cake to it before feeding: an early version of complete-diet feeding perhaps?
-
(1893)
JRASE
, vol.4
, pp. 469
-
-
Read, C.S.1
-
145
-
-
22844442578
-
-
The Judges, 'The silo', p 306;
-
The Silo
, pp. 306
-
-
-
147
-
-
22844441768
-
-
see footnote 24 above
-
see footnote 24 above.
-
-
-
-
153
-
-
22844431771
-
-
am grateful to Geoffrey Hearnden of Bridford, one of the farmers involved in this experiment, for supplying me with this reference, and for pointing out that it is easier to make silage in large quantities than in small. The same point is made in Mercer, Agriculture of Cheshire, p 83.
-
Agriculture of Cheshire
, pp. 83
-
-
Mercer1
-
158
-
-
22844444295
-
-
by 1944, according to C Culpin, Farm Machinery, 2nd ed, 1944, p 221, there were a million silos in the USA.
-
(1944)
Farm Machinery, 2nd Ed
, pp. 221
-
-
Culpin, C.1
-
163
-
-
22844451389
-
-
BPP, 1958/9, VIII, pp 53, 57
-
BPP, 1958/9, VIII, pp 53, 57.
-
-
-
-
183
-
-
22844443257
-
-
The decrease in the number of farm workers was seen, at the time, as a reason for the adoption of silage in the 1920s: 'Ensilage not only compares favourably with root-growing in labour costs, but...facilitates the destruction of weeds, partly because these are smothered under the dense foliage and subsequently cut and ensiled before their seeds are shed, and partly because the crop is cleared from the field in early summer, and the land consequently can be broken up in hot weather by steam or tractor and the perennial weeds quickly destroyed' (H Hunter, ed, Bailliere's Encyclopaedia of Scientific Agriculture, 1931, p 284).
-
(1931)
Bailliere's Encyclopaedia of Scientific Agriculture
, pp. 284
-
-
Hunter, H.1
-
185
-
-
22844445036
-
-
Cmnd 7644
-
H Kornberg, Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. Seventh Report: Agriculture and Pollution, Cmnd 7644, 1979, p 10. The figures given are for sales of pesticides by UK manufacturers for home and export use, all at 1976 values, and they show an increase in herbicide sales from about £10 million in 1958 to about £80 million in 1976. However, no figures are quoted for consumption within the UK only (the problems of finding such data are discussed on p 9 of the report), although it is stated that roughly half of all pesticides were sold at home in 1976. The MAFF Annual Review of Agriculture gives no separate figures for expenditure on pesticides before 1983 (prior to that they were included with veterinary and electricity costs and rates) and no separate figures for herbicides at all.
-
(1979)
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. Seventh Report: Agriculture and Pollution
, pp. 10
-
-
Kornberg, H.1
-
188
-
-
22844438654
-
-
Figures for the years up to 1945 are for Great Britain, and are taken from MAFF, A Century of Agricultural Statistics, pp 120-21.
-
A Century of Agricultural Statistics
, pp. 120-121
-
-
-
191
-
-
22844448211
-
-
Seddon, The Silent Revolution, pp 25-7 contains a vivid account of the problems of haymaking;
-
The Silent Revolution
, pp. 25-27
-
-
Seddon1
-
195
-
-
22844431770
-
-
Farmers Leaflet No 16, Cambridge
-
Tetraploid ryegrasses first appeared on the NIAB recommended list in 1964: see National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Varieties of Ryegrass, Farmers Leaflet No 16, Cambridge, 1964, pp 4-7. I am very grateful to my colleague David Barnard for this point, and to him and Dr John Kirk for discussing the effects of tetraploid ryegrasses.
-
(1964)
Varieties of Ryegrass
, pp. 4-7
-
-
-
197
-
-
22844439223
-
-
These figures are taken from the indices of prices of medium fuel oil or gas oil fuel given in the annual volumes of the Annual Abstract of Statistics for the years 1964 to 1983, deflated by the Retail Price Index series (1985 = 100) given in A Burrell, B Hill and J Medland, Agrifacts, 1990, p 148. At its lowest, in 1970, the oil price index in real terms stood at 510.2; by 1974 it was 836.1; in 1980, 1179.3; and in 1983, 1492.3. In current price terms (ie not adjusting for inflation) the changes were much greater, nearly trebling between 1970 and 1975, and increasing by 13 times between 1970 and 1983.
-
(1990)
Agrifacts
, pp. 148
-
-
Burrell, A.1
Hill, B.2
Medland, J.3
-
200
-
-
84991115786
-
-
The prices charted in Figure 5 are for dairy compound feeds, listed in the 1971, 1975, 1983 and 1989 editions of Federation of United Kingdom Milk Marketing Boards, UK Dairy Facts and Figures. In constant price terms, compound feed prices in 1973 and 1974 increased to levels not experienced since the mid-1950s, although by 1982 they had again fallen to their 1972 level.
-
UK Dairy Facts and Figures
-
-
-
206
-
-
22844431891
-
The feeding of livestock
-
Charles Crowther, 'The feeding of livestock', JRASE, 96, 1935, p 332.
-
(1935)
JRASE
, vol.96
, pp. 332
-
-
Crowther, C.1
-
209
-
-
0004218169
-
-
the various categories of additive are classified and described in Halley and Soffe, Agricultural Notebook, pp 199-200; this also describes a system (known as the Liscombe Star System) for deciding whether or not an additive is needed under various circumstances of grass variety, growth stage, nitrogen level, weather, degree of wilting and chopping: it is clear from this that even with good weather Victorian silage makers would have made better silage if additives had been available.
-
Agricultural Notebook
, pp. 199-200
-
-
Halley1
Soffe2
-
211
-
-
22844447403
-
-
according to Moore ('The conservation of grass', p 30) the wire mesh silos were difficult to fill, sometimes collapsed, and could only be regarded as a wartime expedient.
-
The Conservation of Grass
, pp. 30
-
-
Moore1
-
213
-
-
22844438116
-
-
Cherrington was not the only enthusiast: it was 'one of the most valuable developments in modern grassland farming', according to M McG Cooper, Competitive Farming, 1956, p 29,
-
(1956)
Competitive Farming
, pp. 29
-
-
Cooper, M.McG.1
-
214
-
-
22844444089
-
The greatest innovation in connection with silage making
-
'The greatest innovation in connection with silage making' for Jesse, Agriculture of Sussex, p 125.
-
Agriculture of Sussex
, pp. 125
-
-
Jesse1
-
216
-
-
22844438540
-
-
In fact. Hosier's hay-sweep was a simpler version of the horse-drawn sweep rake which Primrose McConnell claimed to have introduced from the United States of America in the 1890s: see P McConnell, The Complete Farmer, 1911, p 385.
-
(1911)
The Complete Farmer
, pp. 385
-
-
McConnell, P.1
-
225
-
-
22844442928
-
-
note
-
I am grateful to my colleague Derek Shepherd, and to Chris Evans of the Agricultural Engineers' Association Ltd for obtaining these figures.
-
-
-
-
227
-
-
22844449563
-
-
Cooper and Morris (Grass Farming, 5th ed, 1983, p 169) credit Rex Paterson with the invention of self-feed soon after 1950.
-
(1983)
Grass Farming, 5th Ed
, pp. 169
-
-
Cooper1
Morris2
-
230
-
-
22844441059
-
-
Arthur Court (Seedtime to Harvest, p 78), who was perhaps more typical of the ordinary farmer, mentions its adoption in 'about 1960',
-
Seedtime to Harvest
, pp. 78
-
-
Court, A.1
-
234
-
-
22844450656
-
Vacuum compression silage
-
C P van Zeller, 'Vacuum compression silage', Agriculture, 72, 1965, pp 219-21.
-
(1965)
Agriculture
, vol.72
, pp. 219-221
-
-
Van Zeller, C.P.1
-
237
-
-
22844448447
-
Polythene sheeting
-
Anon, 'Polythene sheeting', Agriculture, 70, 1963, p 43; I am most grateful to my colleagues John Brockman and John Usher for making me aware, from their own personal experience, of the importance of polythene sheeting.
-
(1963)
Agriculture
, vol.70
, pp. 43
-
-
-
238
-
-
22844434136
-
Big bale silage
-
P L Redman, 'Big bale silage', JRASE, 144, 1983, pp 113-18;
-
(1983)
JRASE
, vol.144
, pp. 113-118
-
-
Redman, P.L.1
-
241
-
-
0028590215
-
Development of seed-fertilizer technology in Indonesian rice agriculture
-
There are perhaps some interesting comparisons to be made between the delayed adoption of silage and the pattern of adoption of fertilizers in Britain and high-yielding rice varieties in southeast Asia. Inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers were available in the nineteenth century, but their use expanded most rapidly after the 19505, when shorter-strawed cereal varieties became available, which were capable of withstanding high nitrogen applications without lodging, and output expansion did not, thanks to price support, produce falling prices. Similarly van der Eng explains that the delay in the adoption of high-yielding rice varieties was the result of several inter-dependent factors: see P van der Eng, 'Development of seed-fertilizer technology in Indonesian rice agriculture', Ag Hist, 68, 1994, pp 20-53.
-
(1994)
Ag Hist
, vol.68
, pp. 20-53
-
-
Van Der Eng, P.1
|