Vertical migrations of krill (Euphausia superba Dana)

Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 9-63

  Godlewska, Małgorzata ^a  

^a POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

Antarctic; Krill; Vertical migration

Indexed keywords

FOOD AVAILABILITY; KRILL; PREDATOR AVOIDANCE; VERTICAL MIGRATION; VERTICAL MIGRATIONS; ZOOPLANKTON;

EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA; EUPHAUSIACEA;

EID: 0030426075     PISSN: 00323764     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Albers, V. M. 1960. Underwater Acoustics Handbook. The Pensylvania University Press, Lancaster, 290 pp.
2. Amos, A. F. 1984. Distribution of krill (Euphausia superba) and the hydrography of the Southern Ocean: large scale processes. J. Crust. Biol., 4 (Spec. issue Nr 1), 306-329.
3. Anon. 1986. Post-FIBEX Acoustic Workshop, Frankfurt (FRG) 3-14 September 1984, BIOMASS Rep. Ser., 40, 56 pp.
4. Anon. 1992. AC-CAMLR: Report of the fourth meeting of the Working Group on Krill (CS-CAMLR-XI/4) CCAMLR, Hobart, Australia, 70 pp.
5. Antezana, T., Ray, K. 1984. Active feeding of Euphausia superba in a swarm north of Elephant Island. J. Crust. Biol., 4 (Spec. issue No. 1), 142-155.
6. Arimoto, T., Matuda, K., Homada, E., Kanda, K. 1979. Diel vertical migration of krill swarm in the Antarctic Ocean. Trans. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 3, 93-96.
7. Atkinson, A., Ward, P., Williams, R., Poulet, S. A. 1992. Feeding rates and diel vertical migration of copepods near South Georgia: comparison of shelf and oceanic sites. Mar. Biol., 114, 49-56.
8. Bainbridge, R. 1961. Migrations. In: Physiology of Crustacea, 2, New York pp. 431-463.
9. Biernacka, A. 1992. Dobowe migracje pionowe zooplanktonu: kompromisowa strategia przetrwania. Wiad. Ekol., 38, 153-171.
10. BIOMASS 1979. Antarctic krill biology. BIOMASS Report Series, No.10
11. BIOMASS 1986. Report on post-FIBEX acoustic Workshop. BIOMASS Report Series, No. 40.
12. Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M. 1983. Analiza szeregów czascwych. Prognozowanie i sterowanie. PWN Warszawa, 44-49.
13. Boyd, C. M., Heyraud, M., Boyd, C. N. 1984. Feeding of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. J. Crust Biol., 4 (Spec. issue No. 1), 123-141.
14. Brinton, E., Loeb, V. J., Macaulay, M. C., Shulenberger, E. 1987. Variability of Euphausia superba populations near Elephant Island and the South Shetlands: 1981 vs. 1984. Polar Biol., 7, 345-362.
15. Chłapowski, K., Grelowski, A. 1978. Hydrographic characteristics of krill fishing grounds explored during the First Polish Antarctic Marine Research Expedition on r/v "Profesor Siedlecki". Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol, 25, 535-560.
16. Conway, D. V. P., Williams, R. 1986. Seasonal population structure, vertical distribution and migration of the chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Celtic Sea. Mar. Biol., 93, 377-387.
17. Cuvier, G. 1817. La regne animale 2 (Poissons), Paris, 532 pp.
18. Croxall, J. P., Everson, I., Koyman, G. L., Ricketts, C., Davis, R. V. 1985. Fur seal diving behaviour in relation to vertical distribution of krill. J. Anim. Ecol., 54, 1-8.
19. Daly, K. L., Macaulay, M. C. 1988. Abundance and distribution of krill in the ice edge zone of the Weddell Sea, austral spring 1983. Deep Sea Res., 35, 21-42.
20. Daly, K. L., Macaulay, M. C. 1991. Influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior of Euphausia superba in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 79, 37-66.
21. Dawidowicz, P., Pijanowska, J., Ciechomski, K. 1990. Vertical migration of Chaoborus larvae induced by the presence of fish. Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1631-1637.
22. Dawidowicz, P., Loose, C. J. 1992 a. Cost of swimming by Daphnia during diel vertical migration. Limnol Oceanogr., 37, 665-669.
23. Dawidowicz, P., Loose, C. J. 1992 b. Metabolic costs during predator induced diel vertical migration of Daphnia. Limnol Oceanogr., 37, 1589-1595.
24. Dawidowicz, P. 1993. Diel vertical migration in Chaoborus flavicans: Population patterns vs. individual tracks. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih Ergebn Limnol, 39, 19-28.
25. Dawidowicz, P. 1994. Which is the most costly component in diel vertical migration of Zooplankton? Verb. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 25, 2396-2399.
26. Demer, D. A. 1994. Accuracy and precision of echointegration surveys of Antarctic krill. University of California, San Diego, 144 pp.
27. Dodson, S. 1988. The ecological role of chemical stimuli for the Zooplankton: predation avoidance behavior in Daphnia. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 1431-1439.
28. Duro, A., Gili, J. M., Andreu, P. 1994. Influence of the pycnocline on the vertical migration of chaetognaths in the northern Benguela. J. Plankton Res., 16(9), 1149-1165.
29. Doi, T., Kawakami, T. 1980) The estimation of krill abundance in the Antarctic by analysis of echogram. Working Party News, 2(5), 1-11.
30. Dric, A. W., Semenova, T. N. 1989. Trofičeskie charakteristiki massovych planktonovych fitofagov rajona Južnych Šetlandskich Ostrovov v ranne-vesennij period. In: Ponomareva, L. A. [Ed.] Kompleksnye issledovanija pelagiali Južnogo Okeana, Inst. Okeanol. im. Shirshova, Moskva, 66-78.
31. El-Sayed, S. Z. 1988. Seasonal and interannual variabilities in antarctic phytoplankton with reference to krill distribution. In: Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability, Sahrhage, D. [Ed.] Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heldeiberg New York London Paris Tokyo, 101-119.
32. Enright, J. T. 1977. Diurnal vertical migration: Adaptive significance and timing. Part 1. Selective advantage: A metabolic model. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 856-872.
33. Everson, I. 1977. The living resources of the Southern Ocean GLO/SO/77/1 Rome, 155 pp.
34. Everson, I., Ward, P. 1980. Aspects of Scotia sea Zooplankton. In: Bonner, V. N., Berry, R. J. [Eds] Ecology in the Antarctic, Academic Press, London, pp. 93-101
35. Everson, I. 1983. Variation in vertical distribution and density of krill swarms in the vicinity of South Georgia. Proc. BIOMASS Colloq. 1982, Mem. Nat. Inst. Polar Res. (spec, issue), 27, 84-92.
36. Everson, I., Bone, D. G. 1986. Detection of krill (Euphausia superba) near the sea surface: preliminary results using a towed upward-looking echo-sounder. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull., 72, 61-70.
37. Everson, I. 1987. Some Aspects of the Small Scale Distribution of Euphausia crystallorophias. Polar Biol., 8, 9-15.
38. Everson, I., Murphy, E. 1987. Mesoscale variability in the distribution of krill Euphausia superba. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 40, 53-60.
39. Everson, I., Goss, K. 1991. Krill fishing activity in the southwest Atlantic. Antarct. Sci., 3, 351-357.
40. Everson, I., Watkins, J. L., Bone, D. G., Foot, K. G. 1990. Implications of a new acoustic target strength for abundance estimates of Antarctic krill. Nature, 345, 338-340.
41. Fischer, W., Mohr, H. 1978. Verhaltensbeobachungen an Krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Arch. Fisch. Wiss., 29, 71-79.
42. Foot, K. G., Everson, I., Watkins, J. L., Bone, D. G. 1990. Target strength of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) at 38 and 120 kHz. J Acoust.Soc. Am., 87, 16-24.
43. Forbes, S. T., Nakken, O. 1972. Manual of methods for fisheries resource survey and appraisal. Part 2. The use of acoustic instruments for fish detection and abundance estimation. FAO Manuals in Fisheries Science, No. 5, 138 pp.
44. Fraser, F. C. 1936. On the development and distribution of the young stages of krill (Euphausia superba). Discovery Rep., 14, 1-192.
45. Fraser, W. R., Pitman, R. L., Ainley, D. G. 1989. Seabird and fur seal responses to vertically migrating winter krill swarms in Antarctica. Polar Biol., 10, 37-41.
46. Geller, W. 1986. Diurnal vertical migration of Zooplankton in a temperate great lake (L. Constance): a starvation avoidance mechanism? Arch. Hydrobiol. (Supplement), 74, 1-60.
47. Gibbons, M. J., Barange, M., Pillar, S. C. 1991. Vertical migration and feeding of Euphausia lucens (Euphausiacea) in the Southern Benguela. J. Plankton Res., 13, 473-486.
48. Gliwicz, Z. M. 1986. Predation and the evolution of vertical migration in Zooplankton. Nature, 320, 746-748.
49. Gliwicz, Z. M., Pijanowska, J. 1988. Effect of predation and resource depth distribution on vertical migration of Zooplankton. Bull. Mar. Sci., 43, 695-709.
50. Godlewska, M. 1982. Acoustic target strength of krill. Pol. Polar Res., 3, 253-258.
51. Godlewska, M., Klusek, Z. 1987. Vertical distribution and diurnal migrations of krill - Euphausia superba Dana - from Hydroacoustical Observations, SIBEX, December 1983/January 1984. Polar Biol., 8, 17-22.
52. Godlewska, M., Klusek, Z. 1988. The density structure of krill aggregations and their diurnal and seasonal changes (BIOMASS III, October-November 1986 and January 1987). Pol. Polar Res., 9, 357-366.
53. Godlewska, M., Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1988. Variability of krill, Euphausia superba, Dana 1852 (Crustacea, Euphausiacea), distribution and biomass in the Western Antarctic (Bransfield Strait, Drake Passage, Elephant Island) during 1976-1987. Inv. Pesq., 52(4), 575-586.
54. Godlewska, M. 1989. Energy flow through the main phytophagus species in the Bransfield Strait and Drake Passage during SIBEX 1983/84. Proceedings of the 21st EMBS, Gdansk, 14-19 September 1986, 291-296.
55. Godlewska, M. 1991. Factors influencing krill depth distributions and migrations. BIOMASS Colloquium, Bremerhaven, September 18-20, 1991, Poster abstracts, 14.
56. Godlewska, M., Klusek, Z., Kamionka, L. 1991. Distribution and abundance of krill - Euphausia superba Dana - at the ice edge zone between Elephant Island and South Orkney Islands in the season 1988/89. Pol. Polar Res., 12, 593-603.
57. Godlewska, M., Klusek, Z. 1991. Krill migration pattern at the ice edge zone (December 1988, January 1989). Pol. Polar Res., 12, 583-592.
58. Godlewska, M., Klusek, Z. 1991. Krill distributions and their diurnal changes (Elephant Island, South Orkney Islands, December 1988, January 1989). Oceanologia, 31, 139-152.
59. Godlewska, M. 1993a. Acoustic observations of krill (Euphausia superba) at the ice edge (between Elephant I. and South Orkney I., Dec. 1988/Jan. 1989). Polar Biol., 13, 507-514.
60. Godlewska, M. 1993b. Natural and man induced variations in krill biomass (Western Antarctic 1981-1989). XX Polar Symposium, Lublin, pp. 159-168.
61. Greene, C. H., Stanton, T. K., Wiebe, P. H., McClatchie, S. 1991. Acoustic estimates of Antarctic krill. Nature, 349, 110.
62. Gulland, J. A. 1970. Food chain studies and some problems in world fisheries. In: Marine food chains. Ed. J. H. Steel. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 296-315.
63. Hairston, J. G. Jr 1980. The vertical distribution of diaptomid copepods in relation to body pigmentation. In: Evolution and ecology of Zooplankton communities. [Ed.] Kerfoot, W. C. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, 98 -110.
64. Hamner, W. M., Stone, G. S., Obst, B. S. 1988. Behavior of Southern Right Whales, Eubalaena Australis, Feeding on the Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba. Fish. Bull., 86, 143-150.
65. Hampton, I. 1985. Abundance, distribution and behaviour of Euphausia superba in the Southern Ocean between 10° and 30° E During FIBEX In: Siegfried, W. R., Condy, P. R., Laws, R. M. [Eds] Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 294-303.
66. Hardy, A. C. 1936. Plankton ecology and the hypothesis of animal exclusion. Proc. Linn. SOC. IOND., 148, 64-70.
67. Hardy, A. C., Gunther, E. R. 1935. The plankton of the South Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters, 1926-1927. Discovery Rep., 11, 1-456.
68. Hempel, G. 1987. The krill-dominated pelagic system of the Southern Ocean. Environ. Int., 13, 33-36.
69. Hewitt, R. P., Demer, D. A. 1991. Krill abundance. Nature, 353, 310.
70. Hey wood, B. 1985. Environmental conditions in the Antarctic Peninsula area of the South Ocean during Anglo-German Joint Biological Expedition 1982, Meeresforsch, 30, 220-239.
71. Holm-Hansen, O., Huntley, M. 1984. Feeding requirements of krill in relation to food sources. J. Crust Biol, 4 (Spec. issue No. 1), 156-173.
72. Horne, A. J., Fogg, G. E., Eagle, D. I. 1969. Studies in situ of primary production of an area of inshore Antarctic sea. J. Marr. Biol Assoc. UK, 49, 393-405.
73. Huang, C., Uye, U., Onbe, T. 1993. Ontogenetic diel vertical migration of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in the Inland Sea of Japan. Mar Biol., 117, 289-299.
74. Huntley, M., E. R. Brooks, E. R. 1982. Effects of age and food availibility on diel vertical migration of Calanus pacificus. Mar. Biol., 71, 23-31.
75. Huntley, M. 1985. Experimental approaches to the study of vertical migration of Zooplankton. In: Rankin, M. A. [Ed.] Migration. Mechanisms and adaptive significance Contributions in marine science. Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas, 71-90.
76. Johnsen, G. H., Jakobsen, P. J. 1987. The effect of food limitation on Daphnia longispina. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32(4), 873-880.
77. Johnson, R. K. 1977. Sound scattering from a fluid sphere revisited. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 61, 375-378.
78. Jouventin, P., Weimerskirch, H. 1990. Long-Term changes in seabird and seal populations in the Southern ocean. In: Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological change and conservation. [Eds] Kerry, K. R., Hempel, G. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 208-213.
79. Kalinowski, J. 1978. Vertical migration of krill in the region of South Georgia, February-March 1976. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 25, 573-583.
80. Kalinowski, J. 1982. Distribution and stocks of krill in the Drake Passage and the Bransfield Strait during BIOMASS-FIBEX expedition 1981. Pol. Polar Res., 3, 243-251.
81. Kalinowski, J., Dyka, A., Kilian, L. 1980. The target strength of krill. Pol. Polar Res., 1, 147-153.
82. Kalinowski, J., Witek, Z. 1980. Diurnal vertical distribution of krill aggregations in the West Antarctic. Pol. Polar Res., 1, 127-146.
83. Kalinowski, J., Witek, Z. 1985. Elementy biologii i formy grupowego wystepowania kryli. Stud Mat., seria B, 52, 5-146.
84. Kanda, K., Takagi, K., Seki, Y. 1982. Movement of the large swarms of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba population off Enderby land during 1976-1977 season. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 68, 25-42.
85. Kasatkina, S. M., Latogursky, V. L. 1990. Distribution characteristics of krill aggregations in the fishing ground off Coronation Island in the 1989/90 season. In: Selected papers presented to the Scientific Committee of CCAMLR, 1990, Hobart, Australia pp. 49-71.
86. Katsuragawa, M., Nonato, V. L., Madureira, L. S. P., Amaral, J. C., Ferreira, S. L. B. 1989. Analysis of krill distribution in the Bransfield Strait and Drake Passage by means of hydroacoustic survey during SIBEX I and II. Pesq. antart. bras., 1, 11-23.
87. Kils, U. 1981. Swimming behaviour, swimming performance and energy balance of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. BIOMASS Sci. Ser., 3, 122 pp.
88. Kittel, W., Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1988. Biological characteristics of Euphausia superba Dana (BIOMASS III, October 1986-January 1987). Pol. Polar Res., 9, 315-326.
89. Kittel, W., Siciński, J. 1991. Population structure of krill (Euphausia superba Dana) near sea ice zone between Elephant Island and South Orkney Islands (December 1988-January 1989). Korean J. Polar Res., Spec. Issue No. 2, 1, 29-35.
90. Klekowski, R. Z., Opaliński, K. 1989. Respiratory metabolism of Euphausia superba: oxygen consumption and body weight. Proc 21th EMBS, Ossolineum, Wroclaw, pp. 99-105.
91. Klusek, Z., Godlewska, M. 1988. Depth distribution and day-night migrations of krill (BIOMASS III, October-November 1986, January 1987). Pol. Polar Res., 9, 349-356.
92. Kock, K. H., Shimadzu, Y. 1994. Trophic relationships and trends in population size and reproductive parameters in Antarctic high-level predators. In: Southern Ocean Ecology. The BIOMASS perspective. [Ed.] Sayed, Z. El-Sayed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 287-312.
93. Kopczyńska, E. 1992. Dominance of microflaggelates over diatoms in the Antarctic areas of deep vertical mixing and krill concentrations. J. Plank Res., 14, 1031-1054.
94. Kottmeier, S. T., Sullivan, C. W. 1987. Late winter primary production and bacterial production in the sea ice and sea water west of Antarctic Peninsula. Mar. Ecol Prog Ser., 36, 287-298.
95. Kristensen, A. 1983. Acoustic classification of Zooplankton. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Trondheim, 212 pp.
96. Lampert, W. 1988. Efekty kaskadowe w ekosystemach jeziornych: znaczenie dobowych migracji zooplanktonu. Wiad. Ekol., 34, 123-141.
97. Lampert, W. 1989. The adaptive significance of diel vertical migration of Zooplankton. Fund. Ecol., 3, 21-27.
98. Laws, R. M. 1977. Seals and whales of the Southern Ocean. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, 279, 81-96.
99. Lipski, M. 1982. The distribution of chlorophyll a in relation to the water masses in the southern Drake Passage and the Bransfieid Strait (BIOMASS-FIBEX), February-March 1981. Pol. Polar Res., 3, 143-152.
100. Lipski, M. 1985. Chlorophyll a in the Bransfield Strait and the southern part of Drake Passage during BIOMASS-SIBEX, in 1983/84. Pol. Polar Res., 6, 21-30.
101. Lipski, M. 1987. Variations of physical conditions, nutrients and chlorophyll a contents in Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands, 1979). Pol. Polar Res., 8, 307-332.
102. Lipski, M., Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1990. Early summer pattern of vertical distribution of chlorophyll a (Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, November 1986). Pol Arch. Hydrobiol., 37, 287-293.
103. Lipski, M. 1991. Environmental conditions and phytoplankton standing crop near pack-ice in the Scotia Sea (December 1988-January 1989). Pol. Polar Res., 12, 507-513.
104. Loeb, V. J., Shulenberger, E. 1987. Vertical distributions and relations of euphausiid populations off Elephant Island, March 1984. Polar Biol, 7, 363-373.
105. Longhurst, A. R. 1976. Vertical Migration. In: The ecology of the seas, Gushing, D. H., Walsh, J. J. [Eds]. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 116-140.
106. Loose, C. J. 1990. Daphnia diel vertical migration behavior: responce to vertebrate predator abundance. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih Erg. Limnol., 39, 29-36.
107. Loose, C. J., Dawidowicz, P. 1994. Trade-offs in diel vertical migration by Zooplankton: the costs of predator avoidance. Ecology, 75, 2255-2263.
108. Lubimova, T. G., Shust, K. V. 1980. Quantitative study of the Antarctic krill consumed by principle groups of species. In: Biological resources of the Antarctic krill, [Ed.] T. G. Lubimova. VNIRO, Moscow, 203-224.
109. Macaulay, M. C., English, T. S., Mathisen, O. A. 1984. Acoustic Characterization of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) from Elephant Island and Bransfield Strait. J. Crust Biol., 4 (Spec. issue No. 1), 16-44.
110. Mackintosh, N. A. 1972. Life cycle of Antarctic krill in relation to ice and water conditions. Discovery Rep., 36, 1-94.
111. Mackintosh, N. A. 1973. Distribution of post-larval krill in the Antarctic. Discovery Rep., 36, 95-196.
112. Marino, J. 1987. Estudio preliminar de la biomasa y composicion del fitoplancton en el Mar de Escocia e Islas Shetland del Sur. Actas del Segundo Symposium Espanol de Estudios Antarticos, Madrid 13-15 julio 1987, pp. 69-77.
113. Marr, J. W. S. 1962. The natural history and geography of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Discovery Rep., 32, 33-464.
114. Marschall, P. 1989. The overwintering strategy of Antarctic krill under the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. Polar Biol., 9, 129-135.
115. Marquardt, D. 1963. An algorithm for least squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 11, 131-136.
116. Maykut, G. A. 1985. The ice environment. In: Horner, R. A. [Ed.] Sea ice biota. CRC Press, Florida, 21-82.
117. McAllister, C. D. 1969. Aspects of estimating Zooplankton production from phytoplankton production. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 26, 199-220.
118. McLaren, I. A. 1963. Effects of temperature on growth of Zooplankton, and the adaptive value of vertical migration. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 20, 685-727.
119. McLaren, I. A. 1974. Demographic strategy of vertical migration of a marine copepod. Am. Nat., 108, 91-102.
120. Mȩżykowski, T. 1979. Diurnal rhythms in metabolism of carbohydrate substrates in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana. Ekol. pol., 27(3), 497-519.
121. Mȩżykowski, T., Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1979. The circadian rhythms in Euphausia superba Dana and its carbohydrate metabolism. Meeresforsch., 27(2), 124-129
122. Miquel, J. C. 1991. Distribution and abundance of post-larval krill (Euphausia superba Dana) near Prydz Bay in summer with reference to environmental conditions. Antarct. Sci., 3, 279-292.
123. Moiseev, P. A. 1970. Some aspects of the commercial use of the krill resources of the Antarctic seas. In: Antarctic Ecology, vol. I, Holdgate, M. W. [Ed.]. London, Academic Press, 213-216.
124. Morris, D. J. 1985. Integrated model of moulting and feeding of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba off South Georgia. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser., 22, 207-214.
125. Morris, D. J., Priddle, J. 1984. Observations on the feeding and moulting of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana in winter. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull., 65, 57-63.
126. Mujica, A., Asencio, A. 1983. Distribution and abundance of krill larvae (Euphausia superba Dana). Ber. Polarforsch., 4, 21-29.
127. Nast, F. 1979. The vertical distribution of larval and adult krill Euphausia superba Dana on a time station south of Elephant Island, South Shetlands. Meeresforsch., 27, 103-118.
128. Nast, F. 1986. Changes in krill abundance and in other Zooplankton relative to the Weddell-Scotia Confluence around Elephant Island in November 1983, November 1984 and March 1985. Arch. Fisch. Wiss., 37, 1, 73-94.
129. Nast, F., W. C. Gieskes, W. C. 1986. Phytoplankton observations relative to krill abundance around Elephant Island in November 1983. Arch. Fisch. Wiss., 37, 95-106.
130. Neill, W. E. 1990. Induced vertical migration in copepods as a defence against vertebrate predation. Nature, 345, 524-526.
131. Nicol, S. 1986. Shape, size and density of daytime surface swarms of the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica in the Bay of Fundy. J. Plank. Res., 8, 29-39.
132. O'Brien, D. P. 1988. Direct observations of clustering (schooling and swarming) behaviour in mysids (Crustacea: Mysidacea). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 42, 235-246.
133. O'Brien, D. P. 1989. Analysis of the internal arrangement of individuals within crustacean aggregations (Euphausiacea, Mysidacea). J. Exp Mar. Biol. Ecol., 128, 1-30.
134. Odurn, E. P. 1959. Fundamentals of ecology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, 546 pp.
135. Ohman, M. D., Frost, B. W., Cohen, E. A. 1983. Reverse diel vertical migration - an escape from invertebrate predators. Science, 220, 1404-1407.
136. Opaliński, K. 1991. Respiratory metabolism and metabolic adaptations of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol, 28, 183-263.
137. Patalas, K. 1954. Ilościowe badania nad dobowymi i sezonowymi zmianami w rozmieszczeniu skorupiaków pelagicznych w jeziorze Charzykowo. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol, 2, 31-156.
138. Pavlov, V. Ya. 1974. On the nature of the relationship between the feeding habits and certain pecularities of the behaviour in Euphausia superba Dana. Tr. Vses. Naučno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Choz. Okeanogr (VNIRO), 66, 104-116.
139. Payne, M. R. 1977. Growth of a fur seal population. Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B 279, 67-80.
140. Pijanowska, J. 1993. Diel vertical migration in Zooplankton: fixed or inducible behavior? Arch. Hydrobiol Beih. Erg. Limnol, 39, 89-97.
141. Pijanowska J., P. Dawidowicz, 1987. The lack of vertical migration in Daphnia: the effect of homogenously distributed food. Hydrobiologia, 148, 175-181.
142. Price, H. J. 1989. Swimming behavior of krill in response to algal patches: A mesocosm study. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 649-659.
143. Priddle, J., Brandini, F., Lipski, M., Thorley, M. 1994. Pattern and variability of phytoplankton biomass in the Antarctic Peninsula region: an assessment of the BIOMASS cruises. In: Southern Ocean Ecology. The BIOMASS perspective. [Ed.] Sayed Z. El-Say ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 49-62.
144. Protashuk, T. A., Lukashova, T. A. 1986. Determination of Antarctic krill acoustic back-scattering cross section. In: Selected Papers Presented to the Scientific Committee of CCAMLR,1986, Hobart, Australia, pp. 141-152.
145. Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1978. Environmental conditions within krill swarms. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 25, 585-588.
146. Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1981. Polish Antarctic Expedition 1975/76. Biological invesigations of marine Antarctic systems and stocks (BIOMASS) vol. II: Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge pp.151-155,
147. Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1982. Feeding of Euphausia superba under natural conditions. Pol. Polar Res., 3, 289-298.
148. Rakusa-Suszczewski, S., Godlewska, M. 1984. Energy flow through krill aggregations in Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait. J Crust. Biol, 4 (Spec. issue No. 1), 198-205.
149. Sameoto, D. D. 1976. Distribution of sound scattering layers caused by euphausiids and their relationship to chlorophyll a concentrations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Estuary. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 33, 681-687.
150. Samovolkin, V. G. 1980. Backward scattering of ultrasonic waves by shrimps. Oceanology, 20, 1015-1020.
151. Shevtsov, V. V., Makarov, P. P. 1969. On the biology of krill. Tr. Vses. Naučno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Choz. Okeanogr. (VNIRO), 66, 177-206.
152. Shulenberger, E., Wormuth, J. H., Loeb, V. J. 1984. A large swarm of Euphausia superba: overview of patch structure and composition. J. Crust. Biol., 4 (Spec. issue No. 1), 75-95.
153. Siegel, V. 1982. Investigations of krill (Euphausia superba) in the southern Weddell Sea. Meeresforsch., 29, 244-252.
154. Siegel, V. 1983. Population structure of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the eastern part of the Bransfield Strait. In: On the biology of krill (Euphausia superba), S. B. Schnack. [Ed.] Proceedings of the seminar and report on the Krill Ecology Group, Bremerhaven 12-16 May 1983. Ber. Polarforsch., 4, 227-238.
155. Siegel, V. 1985. The distribution pattern of krill, Euphausia superba, west of the Antarctic Peninsula in February 1982. Meeresforsch., 30, 292-305.
156. Siegel, V. 1986. Structure and the composition of the Antarctic krill stock in the Bransfield Strait (Antarctic Peninsula) during the Second International BIOMASS Experiment (SIBEX). Arch. Fisch. Wiss., 37, 51-72.
157. Siegel, V. 1988. A concept of seasonal variation of krill (Euphausia superba) distribution and abundance west of the Antarctic Peninsula, In: Sahrhage, D. [Ed.] Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo, 219-230.
158. Siegel, V. 1989. Winter and spring distribution and status of the krill stock in the Antarctic Peninsula waters. Arch. Fisch. Wiss., 39, 45-72.
159. Siegel, V., Bergstrom, B., Stromberg, J. O., Schalk, P. H. 1990. Distribution, size frequencies and maturity stages of krill, Euphausia superba, in relation to sea-ice in the northern Weddell Sea. Polar Biol., 10, 549-557.
160. Siegel, V., Kalinowski, J. 1994. Krill demography and small-scale processes: a review. In: Southern Ocean Ecology. The BIOMASS perspective. Sayed Z. El-Sayed [Ed.] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 145-164.
161. Simmard, Y., Lacroix, G., Legendre, L. 1986. Diel vertical migrations and nocturnal feeding of a dense coastal krill scattering layer (Thysanoessa raschi and Meganyctiphanes norvegica) in stratified surface waters. Mar. Biol., 91, 93-105.
162. Smetacek, V., Scharek, R., Nothig, M. E. 1990. Seasonal and regional variation in the pelagial and its relationship to the life history cycle of krill. In: Kerry, K. R., Hempel, I. G. [Ed.] Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological change and conservation. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 103-114.
163. Sprong, I., Schalk, P. 1995. Acoustic observations on krill spring-summer migration and patchiness in the Weddell Sea. Pol. Biol., [in press].
164. Stanton, T. K. 1988. Sound scattering by cylinders of finite length. I. Fluid cylinders. J Acoust. Soc. Amer., 83, 55-63.
165. Stein, M. 1979. Stratification and currents off Elephant Island in early February 1976. Meeresforsch., 27, 75-87.
166. Stein, M. 1988. Variation of geostrophic circulation off the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Southwest Scotia Sea, 1975-1985. In: Antarctic Ocean and resources variability, Sahrhage, D. [Ed.] Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo, 81-91.
167. Stein, M., Rakusa-Suszczewski, S. 1984. Mesoscale structure of water masses and bottom topography as the basis for krill distribution in the SE Bransfield Strait, February-March 1981. Meeeresforsch., 30, 73-81.
168. Stramski, D., Mont wiłł, K. 1982. Light conditions in the Antarctic waters of the Drake Passage and South Shetlands Islands region during summer 1981. Pol. Polar Res., 3, 153-170.
169. Strand, S. W., Hamner, W. M. 1990. Schooling behavior of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in laboratory aquaria: reactions to chemical and visual stimuli. Mar Biol., 106, 355-359.
170. Szlauer, L. 1960. Wȩdrówki pionowe zooplanktonu w świetle badań samolówkowych. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 13, 63-86.
171. Szlauer, L. 1963. Prȩdkości poruszania siȩ skorupiaków planktonowych jako czynnik wpływaja̧cy na pionowe rozmieszczenie postaci młodocianych i dojrzałych. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 11, 5-15.
172. Takahashi, T. 1979. Distributions of underwater irradiahce, turbidity, and suspended matter in the Antarctic Ocean and their relations to Antarctic krill distribution. Trans. Tokyo Univ. Fish., 3, 61-70.
173. Tokarczyk, R., Lipski, M., Perez, F. F., Reboredo, P. R. 1991. Hydrology and hydrochemistry of the surface water layer near the sea-ice edge in the Scotia Sea (December 1988-January 1989). Pol. Polar Res., 12, 495-506.
174. Tomo, P. 1983. Study on the diurnal migration of Euphausia superba and the formation of shoals. Ber. Polarforsch., 4, 191-195.
175. Trathan, P. N., Everson, I. 1994. Status of the FIBEX acoustic data from the West Atlantic. CCAMLR Science, 1, 35-48.
176. Voronina, N. M. 1984. Ekosistemy pelagiali Yužnogo okeana. Nauka, Moskva, 134 pp.
177. Weber, L. H., El-Sayed, S. Z. 1985. Spatial variability of phytoplankton and distribution and abundance of krill in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. In: Siegfried, W. R., Condy, P. R., Laws, R. M. [Eds] Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, 284-293.
178. Wensierski, W., Woźniak, B. 1978. Optical properties of water in Antarctic waters. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 23, 517-534.
179. Wilson, W. D. 1962. Extrapolation of the equation for the speed of sound in sea water. J Acoust. Soc. Am., 34, 866-876.
180. Witek, Z., Kalinowski, J., Grelowski, A. 1988. Formation of Antarctic krill concentrations in relation to hydrodynamic processes and social behaviour. In: Sahrhage, D. [Ed.] Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo, 237-244.
181. Witek, Z., Kalinowski, J., Grelowski, A., Wolnomiejski, N. 1981. Studies of aggregations of krill (Euphausia superba). Meeresforsch., 28, 228-243.
182. Wolnomiejski, N., Czykieta, H., Stȩpnik, R., Jackowska, H. 1982. Biological characteristics of Euphausia superba Dana in the Southern Drake Passage and the Bransfield Strait in February-March 1981 (BIOMASS-FIBEX). Pol. Polar Res., 3, 259-271.
183. Yudanov, K. L. 1986. Detection and quantitative estimation of krill concentrations by hydroacoustic instruments. In: Selected papers presented to the Scientific Committee of CCAMLR, 1986, Hobart, Australia, 123-139.
184. Zaret, T. M., Suffern, J. S. 1976. Vertical migration in Zooplankton as a predator avoidance mechanism. Limnol Oceanogr., 21, 804-813.
185. Żmijewska, M. I., Yen, J. [in press]. Seasonal and diel changes in the abundance and vertical distribution of the Antarctic copepod species Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, Rhincalanus gigas, Euchaeta antarctica and Metridia gerlachei (Calanoida) in Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula). Oceanologia.