Decentralization in practice, with special reference to Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria

Regional Development Dialogue

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 69-93

  Mutizwa Mangiza, Naison D ^a   Conyers, Diana ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECENTRALISATION; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;

NIGERIA; TANZANIA; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 0030423186     PISSN: 02506505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Implementation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), p. 10.
2. Diana Conyers and P. Hills, Introduction to Development Planning in the Third World (Chichester: Wiley, 1984); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts in Sub-National Planning: An Analysis of Two Cases" in A. H. J. Helmsing and K. H. Wekwete, eds., Sub-national Planning in Southern and Eastern Africa: Approaches, Finance and Education (Aldershot: Avebury, 1990), see chapter 3.
3. Diana Conyers and P. Hills, Introduction to Development Planning in the Third World (Chichester: Wiley, 1984); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts in Sub-National Planning: An Analysis of Two Cases" in A. H. J. Helmsing and K. H. Wekwete, eds., Sub-national Planning in Southern and Eastern Africa: Approaches, Finance and Education (Aldershot: Avebury, 1990), see chapter 3.
4. M. Faltas, "Role of Governments in the Regional Development Process" (Nagoya: United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), 1977).
5. Kenneth Kaunda, Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1967); and his Humanism: Part II (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1974).
6. Kenneth Kaunda, Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1967); and his Humanism: Part II (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1974).
7. D. Lan, Guns and Rain: Guerillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level" in Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza and A. H. J. Helmsing, eds., Rural Development and Planning in Zimbabwe (Aldershot: Avebury, 1991), see chapter 15.
8. D. Lan, Guns and Rain: Guerillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level" in Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza and A. H. J. Helmsing, eds., Rural Development and Planning in Zimbabwe (Aldershot: Avebury, 1991), see chapter 15.
9. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts in Sub-National Planning."
10. Reviewed by C. Rakodi, "State and Class in Africa: A Case for Extending Analyses of the Form and Functions of the National State to the Urban Local State," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4 (1986):419-46; and Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts in Sub-National Planning."
11. Reviewed by C. Rakodi, "State and Class in Africa: A Case for Extending Analyses of the Form and Functions of the National State to the Urban Local State," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4 (1986):419-46; and Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts in Sub-National Planning."
12. P. Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World: The Experience of Tropical Africa (Chichester: Wiley, 1983).
13. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Administering Agricultural Development for Small Farmers: Issues in Decentralization and Popular Participation (Rome, 1981).
14. Ibid.; see also W. B. Stöhr and D. R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? (Chichester: Wiley, 1981).
15. Ibid.; see also W. B. Stöhr and D. R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? (Chichester: Wiley, 1981).
16. T. Parsons, "On the Concept of Political Power" in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (June 1963):232-62.
17. W. Gooneratne and M. Mbilinyi, eds., Reviving Local Self-Reliance: People's Responses to the Economic Crisis in Eastern and Southern Africa (Nagoya: UNCRD, 1992).
18. Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; see also his "Decentralization and the Third World in the 1980s," Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):10-22; Diana Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget" (University Research Project on Government Decentralization and the Management of Rural Development, no. 3) (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1983), pp. 97-109; and Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts In Sub-National Planning."
19. Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; see also his "Decentralization and the Third World in the 1980s," Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):10-22; Diana Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget" (University Research Project on Government Decentralization and the Management of Rural Development, no. 3) (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1983), pp. 97-109; and Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts In Sub-National Planning."
20. Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; see also his "Decentralization and the Third World in the 1980s," Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):10-22; Diana Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget" (University Research Project on Government Decentralization and the Management of Rural Development, no. 3) (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1983), pp. 97-109; and Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts In Sub-National Planning."
21. Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; see also his "Decentralization and the Third World in the 1980s," Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):10-22; Diana Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget" (University Research Project on Government Decentralization and the Management of Rural Development, no. 3) (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1983), pp. 97-109; and Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Substantive and Procedural Policy Shifts In Sub-National Planning."
22. V. Subramaniam, "Developing Countries" in D. C. Rowat, ed., International Handbook on Local Government Reorganisation (London: Aldwych, 1980); Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget"; D. Olowu, "African Local Governments since Independence: Which Way Forward?" Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):5-10; R. E. Stren, "Urban Local Government in Africa" in R. E. Stren and R. R. White, eds., African Cities in Crisis (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), see chapter 2.
23. V. Subramaniam, "Developing Countries" in D. C. Rowat, ed., International Handbook on Local Government Reorganisation (London: Aldwych, 1980); Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget"; D. Olowu, "African Local Governments since Independence: Which Way Forward?" Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):5-10; R. E. Stren, "Urban Local Government in Africa" in R. E. Stren and R. R. White, eds., African Cities in Crisis (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), see chapter 2.
24. V. Subramaniam, "Developing Countries" in D. C. Rowat, ed., International Handbook on Local Government Reorganisation (London: Aldwych, 1980); Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget"; D. Olowu, "African Local Governments since Independence: Which Way Forward?" Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):5-10; R. E. Stren, "Urban Local Government in Africa" in R. E. Stren and R. R. White, eds., African Cities in Crisis (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), see chapter 2.
25. V. Subramaniam, "Developing Countries" in D. C. Rowat, ed., International Handbook on Local Government Reorganisation (London: Aldwych, 1980); Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget"; D. Olowu, "African Local Governments since Independence: Which Way Forward?" Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):5-10; R. E. Stren, "Urban Local Government in Africa" in R. E. Stren and R. R. White, eds., African Cities in Crisis (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), see chapter 2.
26. V. Subramaniam, "Developing Countries" in D. C. Rowat, ed., International Handbook on Local Government Reorganisation (London: Aldwych, 1980); Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; Conyers, "Decentralization and the Government Budget"; D. Olowu, "African Local Governments since Independence: Which Way Forward?" Planning and Administration 14 (1:1987):5-10; R. E. Stren, "Urban Local Government in Africa" in R. E. Stren and R. R. White, eds., African Cities in Crisis (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), see chapter 2.
27. W. Tordoff, "Local Administration in Botswana," Public Administration and Development 8 (1988):183-202.
28. Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World.
29. P. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania" in his Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 4; P. S. Maro, "The Evolution and Functioning of the Planning System in Tanzania: An Overview" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); P. S. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); A. Mosha, "The Sub-National Planning System in Tanzania" (Workshop on Reactivating the Role of Sub-National Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa, University of Zimbabwe, 1988); J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania (Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1989); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Lessons from Tanzania's Experience of Rural Local Government Reform," International Journal of Public Sector Management 3 (3:1990):23-9.
30. P. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania" in his Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 4; P. S. Maro, "The Evolution and Functioning of the Planning System in Tanzania: An Overview" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); P. S. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); A. Mosha, "The Sub-National Planning System in Tanzania" (Workshop on Reactivating the Role of Sub-National Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa, University of Zimbabwe, 1988); J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania (Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1989); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Lessons from Tanzania's Experience of Rural Local Government Reform," International Journal of Public Sector Management 3 (3:1990):23-9.
31. P. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania" in his Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 4; P. S. Maro, "The Evolution and Functioning of the Planning System in Tanzania: An Overview" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); P. S. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); A. Mosha, "The Sub-National Planning System in Tanzania" (Workshop on Reactivating the Role of Sub-National Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa, University of Zimbabwe, 1988); J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania (Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1989); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Lessons from Tanzania's Experience of Rural Local Government Reform," International Journal of Public Sector Management 3 (3:1990):23-9.
32. P. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania" in his Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 4; P. S. Maro, "The Evolution and Functioning of the Planning System in Tanzania: An Overview" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); P. S. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); A. Mosha, "The Sub-National Planning System in Tanzania" (Workshop on Reactivating the Role of Sub-National Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa, University of Zimbabwe, 1988); J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania (Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1989); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Lessons from Tanzania's Experience of Rural Local Government Reform," International Journal of Public Sector Management 3 (3:1990):23-9.
33. P. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania" in his Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 4; P. S. Maro, "The Evolution and Functioning of the Planning System in Tanzania: An Overview" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); P. S. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); A. Mosha, "The Sub-National Planning System in Tanzania" (Workshop on Reactivating the Role of Sub-National Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa, University of Zimbabwe, 1988); J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania (Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1989); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Lessons from Tanzania's Experience of Rural Local Government Reform," International Journal of Public Sector Management 3 (3:1990):23-9.
34. P. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania" in his Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 4; P. S. Maro, "The Evolution and Functioning of the Planning System in Tanzania: An Overview" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); P. S. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania" (Workshop on the Planning System in Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, February 1986); A. Mosha, "The Sub-National Planning System in Tanzania" (Workshop on Reactivating the Role of Sub-National Planning in Eastern and Southern Africa, University of Zimbabwe, 1988); J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania (Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, 1989); and Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Lessons from Tanzania's Experience of Rural Local Government Reform," International Journal of Public Sector Management 3 (3:1990):23-9.
35. R. G. Penner, Financing Local Government in Tanzania (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1970); and Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania."
36. R. G. Penner, Financing Local Government inTanzania (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1970); and Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania."
37. Mawhood, "The Search for Participation in Tanzania."
38. Maro, "The Impact of Decentralization on Spatial Equity and Rural Development in Tanzania."
39. A. Coulson, "Decentralization and the Government Budget" (University Research Project on Government Decentralization and the Management of Rural Development, Working Paper 75.6) (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam, 1975).
40. Semboja and Therkildsen, Recurrent Cost Financing at District Level in Tanzania.
41. Ibid., pp.17-8.
42. Ibid.
43. A. H. K. Weinrich, Chiefs and Councils in Rhodesia: Transition from Patriarchal to Bureaucratic Power (London: Heinemann, 1971); G. C. Passmore, The National Policy of Community Development: With Special Reference to Local Government in African Rural Areas (Source Book; no. 5) (Salisbury: Department of Political Science, University of Rhodesia, 1972); Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, A Policy Review of Community Development in Pre-independence Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Rural Land (University of Zimbabwe Publications, Supplement to Zambezia) (Harare, 1985); A. H. J. Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government: Zimbabwe's Post-Independence Experience" (Rural Development Studies Research Seminars) (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1989).
44. A. H. K. Weinrich, Chiefs and Councils in Rhodesia: Transition from Patriarchal to Bureaucratic Power (London: Heinemann, 1971); G. C. Passmore, The National Policy of Community Development: With Special Reference to Local Government in African Rural Areas (Source Book; no. 5) (Salisbury: Department of Political Science, University of Rhodesia, 1972); Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, A Policy Review of Community Development in Pre-independence Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Rural Land (University of Zimbabwe Publications, Supplement to Zambezia) (Harare, 1985); A. H. J. Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government: Zimbabwe's Post-Independence Experience" (Rural Development Studies Research Seminars) (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1989).
45. A. H. K. Weinrich, Chiefs and Councils in Rhodesia: Transition from Patriarchal to Bureaucratic Power (London: Heinemann, 1971); G. C. Passmore, The National Policy of Community Development: With Special Reference to Local Government in African Rural Areas (Source Book; no. 5) (Salisbury: Department of Political Science, University of Rhodesia, 1972); Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, A Policy Review of Community Development in Pre-independence Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Rural Land (University of Zimbabwe Publications, Supplement to Zambezia) (Harare, 1985); A. H. J. Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government: Zimbabwe's Post-Independence Experience" (Rural Development Studies Research Seminars) (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1989).
46. A. H. K. Weinrich, Chiefs and Councils in Rhodesia: Transition from Patriarchal to Bureaucratic Power (London: Heinemann, 1971); G. C. Passmore, The National Policy of Community Development: With Special Reference to Local Government in African Rural Areas (Source Book; no. 5) (Salisbury: Department of Political Science, University of Rhodesia, 1972); Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, A Policy Review of Community Development in Pre-independence Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Rural Land (University of Zimbabwe Publications, Supplement to Zambezia) (Harare, 1985); A. H. J. Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government: Zimbabwe's Post-Independence Experience" (Rural Development Studies Research Seminars) (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1989).
47. A. H. J. Helmsing and K. Wekwete, "Financing District Councils in Zimbabwe," Planning and Administration 15 (1:1987):20-9.
48. Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government."
49. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
50. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
51. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
52. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
53. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
54. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
55. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
56. Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, "Local Government and Planning in Zimbabwe: An Examination of Recent Changes, with Special Reference to the Provincial/Region Level," Third World Planning Review 8 (2:1986): 153-75; and his "Decentralization and District Development Planning in Zimbabwe," Public Administration and Development 10 (1990):423-35; see also his "Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Problems of Planning at the District Level"; his "Rural Local Government Finance in Zimbabwe: The Case of Gokwe District Council," Public Administration and Development 12 (1992):111-22; and his "Human Settlements Policies in Zimbabwe, with Special Reference to Shelter," Regional Development Dialogue (RDD) 13 (Winter 1992): 138-58; Naison D. Mutizwa-Mangiza, Diana Conyers, and I. R. N. Cormack, The Bikita District Development Pilot Project: Report on Local Government and Field Administration (Project ZIM/83/010) (Harare: Zimbabwe Government/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (Habitat)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 1986); Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government"; and A. H. J. Helmsing et al., Limits to Decentralization in Zimbabwe: Essays on the Decentralization of Government and Planning in the 1980s (The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1991).
57. Helmsing, "Transforming Rural Local Government," p. 11.
58. D. Gasper, "Territorial Organisation of the State: Perspectives on Decentralization of Government and Planning in Zimbabwe" (Harare: Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe;The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1989) (mimeo.).
59. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
60. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
61. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
62. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
63. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
64. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
65. L. Adamolekun and L. Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects for Implementation (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1979); A. Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: Local Government and the 1979 Nigerian Constitution," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):281-90; and his "Nigeria" in Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World, see chapter 9; D. Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986," international Review of Administrative Sciences 52 (1986):387-400; and his "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria 1900-1987" in Commonwealth Secretariat, Decentralized Administration in Africa: Policies and Training Experience (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1989), see chapter 11 ; D. Olowu and D. Ayo, Managing the Nigeria Federal System: Issues and Policy Options (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985); and B. C. Smith and G. S. Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 1 (1981):211-24.
66. W. Tordoff, Government and Politics in Africa (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 9.
67. P. Mawhood, "Federal Government in Developing Countries" (DAG Occasional Paper 21) (Birmingham: Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham, 1984).
68. Ibid., p. 7.
69. Olowu, "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria."
70. Ademolekun and Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria; Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria"; see also his "Nigeria"; Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986"; B. C. Smith, "The Revenue Position of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 2 (1982):1-14; and Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria".
71. Ademolekun and Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria; Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria"; see also his "Nigeria"; Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986"; B. C. Smith, "The Revenue Position of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 2 (1982):1-14; and Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria".
72. Ademolekun and Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria; Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria"; see also his "Nigeria"; Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986"; B. C. Smith, "The Revenue Position of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 2 (1982):1-14; and Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria".
73. Ademolekun and Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria; Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria"; see also his "Nigeria"; Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986"; B. C. Smith, "The Revenue Position of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 2 (1982):1-14; and Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria".
74. Ademolekun and Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria; Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria"; see also his "Nigeria"; Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986"; B. C. Smith, "The Revenue Position of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 2 (1982):1-14; and Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria".
75. Ademolekun and Rowland, The New Local Government System in Nigeria; Gboyega, "Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria"; see also his "Nigeria"; Olowu, "A Decade of Local Government Reform in Nigeria, 1976-1986"; B. C. Smith, "The Revenue Position of Local Government in Nigeria," Public Administration and Development 2 (1982):1-14; and Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria".
76. Olowu, "Decentralization of Government Administration in Nigeria."
77. Smith and Owojaiye, "Constitutional, Legal and Political Problems of Local Government in Nigeria."
78. P. Larmour, "Decentralization in the South Pacific: Common Issues and Problems" in P. Larmour and R. Qalo, eds., Decentralization in the South Pacific (Suva: University of the South Pacific, 1985), see chapter 20.