HRTEM of microcrystalline opal in chert and porcelanite from the Monterey Formation, California

American Mineralogist

Volumn 81, Issue 11-12, 1996, Pages 1380-1395

  Cady, S L ^a   Wenk, H R ^b   Downing, K H ^c  

^a NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLITES; EPITAXIAL GROWTH; FIBERS; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; PHASE TRANSITIONS; QUARTZ; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SILICATE MINERALS;

DISSOLUTION PRECIPITATIONS; HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM; MICRO-STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; MONTEREY FORMATION; PHASE TRANSFORMATION MECHANISMS; SILICA DIAGENESIS; SOLID-STATE ORDERING; STRUCTURAL DISORDERS;

MICROCRYSTALS;

CHERT; DIAGENESIS; HRTEM; MONTEREY FORMATION; OPAL; PORCELANITE;

USA, CALIFORNIA;

EID: 0030419365     PISSN: 0003004X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2138/am-1996-11-1211     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Ashworth, J.R. (1989) Transmission electron microscopy of coexisting low-tridymite polymorphs. Mineralogical Magazine, 53, 89-97.
2. Baronnet, A. (1982) Ostwald ripening in solution: The case of calcite and mica. Estudios Geologicos, 38, 185-198.
3. Baur, W.H. (1977) Silicon-oxygen bond lengths, bridging angles Si-O-Si and synthetic low tridymite. Acta Crystallographica, B33, 2615-2619.
4. Behl, R.J., and Garrison, R.E. (1994) The origin of chert in the Monterey Formation of California (USA). In A. Iijima, A. Abed, and R. Garrison, Eds., Siliceous, phosphatic and glauconitic sediments of the Tertiary and Mesozoic: Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress, Part C, p. 101-132. VSP, Ultrecht.
5. Bramlette, M.N. (1946) The Monterey Formation of California and the origin of its siliceous rocks. U.S. Geologic Survey Professional Paper 212, 57 p.
6. Buseck, P., Cowley, J., and Eyring, L. (1988) High-resolution transmission electron microscope and associated techniques, 645 p. Oxford University Press, New York.
7. Cady, S.L., Wenk, H.-R., Kilaas, R., and Barber, D.J. (1993) Enantiomorphism and planar defects in length-fast chalcedony. In J.N. Boland and J.D. Fitz Gerald, Eds., Defects and processes in the solid state: Geoscience applications, developments in petrology 14, p. 383-400. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
8. Carpenter, M.A., and Wennemer, M. (1985) Characterization of synthetic tridymites by transmission electron microscopy. American Mineralogist, 70, 517-528.
9. Carter, C.B., and Kohlsledt, D.L. (1981) Electron irradiation damage in natural quartz grains. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 7, 110-116.
10. Das, G., and Mitchell, T.E. (1974) Electron irradiation damage in quartz. Radiation Effects, 23, 49-52.
11. Dollase, W.A. (1965) Reinvestigation of the structure of low cristobalite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 121, 369-377.
12. Dollase, W.A., and Baur, W.H. (1976) The superstructure of meteoritic low tridymite solved by computer simulation. American Mineralogist, 61, 971-978.
13. Downing, K.H. (1991) Spot-scan imaging in transmission electron microscopy. Science, 251, 53-59.
14. Downing, K.H., Koster, A.J., and Typke, D. (1992) Overview of computer-aided electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy, 46, 189-197.
15. Dunham, J.B., and Blake, G.H. (1987) Guide to coastal outcrops of the Monterey Formation of Western Santa Barbara County, California. Pacific Section Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 53, 36 p.
16. 2. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, 44, 181-230 (in German).
17. 2. In G.H. Stewart, Ed., Science of ceramics: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the British Ceramic Society and the Nederlandse Keramische Vereniging, University of Bristol, July 5-8, 1965, p. 13-27. Academic Press, London, U.K.
18. Flörke, O.W., Jones, J.B., and Segnit, E.R. (1975) Opal-CT crystals. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte, 8, 369-377.
19. Flörke, O.W., Hollmann, R., Rad, U.v., and Rösch, R. (1976) Intergrowth and twinning in opal-CT lepispheres. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, 235-242.
20. Flörke, O.W., Graetsch, H., and Jones, J.B. (1990) Hydrothermal deposition of cristobalite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte, 2, 81-95.
21. Flörke, O.W., Graetsch, H., Martin, B., Röller, K., and Wirth, R. (1991) Nomenclanire of micro- and non-crystalline silica minerals, based on structure and microstructure. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 163-1, 19-42.
22. Garrison, R.E., Douglas, R.G., Pisciotto, K.A., Isaacs, C.M., and Ingle, J.C., Eds. (1981) The Monterey Formation and related siliceous rocks of California. Pacific Section Society for Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 15, 327 p.
23. Garrison, R.E., and Ingle, J.C. (1985) Sedimentology, depositional environments, and biostratigraphic studies. In The geochemical and paleoenvironmental history of the Monterey Formation; Sediments and hydrocarbons. Data Volume, 2, p. 21-98. Global Geochemistry Corporation, Canoga Park, California.
24. Graetsch, H., Flörke, O.W., and Miehe, G. (1985) The nature of water in chalcedony and opal-C from Brazilian agate geodes. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 12, 300-306.
25. _(1987) Structural defects in microcrystalline silica. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 14, 249-257.
26. Graetsch, H., and Flörke, O.W. (1991) X-ray powder diffraction patterns and phase relationship of tridymite modifications. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 195, 31-48.
27. Graetsch, H., Gies, H., and Topalovic, I. (1994) NMR, XRD and IR study on microcrystalline opals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 21, 166-175.
28. Guthrie, G.D., Jr., Bish, D.L. and Reynolds, R.C., Jr. (1995) Modeling the X-ray diffraction pattern of opal-CT. American Mineralogist, 80, 869-872.
29. Heaney, P.J. (1994) Structure and chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorpbs. In Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, 29, 1-40.
30. Hein, J.R., Scholl, D.W., Barron, J.A., Jones, M.G., and Miller, J. (1978) Diagenesis of Late Cenozoic diatomaceous deposits and formation of the bottom simulating reflector in the southern Bering Sea. Sedimentology, 23, 155-181.
31. Hein, J.R., Vallier, T.L., and Allan, M.A. (1981) Chert petrology and geochemistry, mid-Pacific mountains and Hess Rise, Leg 62. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 62, 711-748. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
32. Hesse, R. (1988) Origin of chert: Diagenesis of biogenic siliceous sediments. Geoscience Canada, 15, 171-192.
33. Hinman, N.W. (1990) Chemical factors influencing the rates and sequences of silica phase transitions: Effects of organic constituents. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1563-1574.
34. Hobbs, L.W. (1979) Radiation damage in electron microscopy of inorganic solids. Ultramicroscopy, 3, 381-386.
35. _(1985) Radiation effects in the electron microscope. EMSA Bulletin, 15-1, 51-63.
36. Isaacs, C.M. (1981a) Outline of diagenesis in the Monterey Formation examined laterally along the Santa Barbara Coast, California. In C.M. Isaacs, Ed., Guide to the Monterey Formation in the California coastal area, Ventura to San Luis Obispo, p. 25-38. Pacific Section American Association of Petroleum Geologists Special Publication 52.
37. _(1981b) Field characterization of rocks in the Monterey Formation along the coast near Santa Barbara, California. In C.M. Isaacs, Ed., Guide to the Monterey Formation in the California coastal area, Ventura to San Luis Obispo, p. 39-53. Pacific Section American Association of Petroleum Geologists 52.
38. _(1981c) Porosity reduction during diagenesis of the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara coastal area, California. In R.E. Garrison, R.G. Douglas, K.E. Pisciotto, C.M. Isaacs, and J.C. Ingle Jr., Eds., The Monterey Formation and related siliceous rocks of California, p. 257-272. Pacific Section Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 15.
39. _(1982) Influence of rock composition on kinetics of silica phase changes in the Monterey Formation, Santa Barbara area, California. Geology, 10, 304-308.
40. Isaacs, C.M., and Garrison, R.E., Eds. (1983) Petroleum generation and occurrence in the Miocene Monterey Formation, California. Pacific Section Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists 33, 228 p.
41. Isaacs, C.M., Pisciotto, K.A., and Garrison, R.E. (1983) Facies and diagenesis of the Miocene Monterey Formation, California: A summary. In Siliceous Deposits in the Pacific Region, Developments in Sedimentology, 36, 247-282.
42. Jagodzinski, H. (1949a) Eindimensionale Fehlordnung in Kristallen und ihr Einfluss auf die Röntgeninterferenzen: I. Berechnung des Fehlordnungsgrades aus den Röntgenintensitäten. Acta Crystallographica, 2, 201-207 (in German).
43. _(1949b) Eindimensionale Fehlordnung in Kristallen und ihr Einfluss auf die Röntgeninterferenzen: II. Berechnung des fehlgeordneten dichtesten Kugelpackungen mit Wechselwirkungen der Reichweile 3*. Acta Crystallographica, 2, 208-214 (in German).
44. _(1949c) Eindimensionale Fehlordnung in Kristallen und ihr Einfluss auf die Röntgeninterferenzen: III. Vergleich der Berechnungen mit experimentellen Ergebnissen. Acta Crystallographica, 2, 298-304 (in German).
45. Jagodzinski, H., and Laves, F. (1948) Eindimensional fehlgeordnete Kristallgitter. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 28, 456-167 (in German).
46. Jones, J.B., and Segnit, E.R. (1971) The nature of opal: I. Nomenclature and constituent phases. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 18-1, 57-68.
47. Kastner, M., Keene, J.B., and Gieskes, J.M. (1977) Diagenesis of siliceous oozes: I. Chemical controls on the rate of opal-A to opal-CT transformation: An experimental study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 41, 1041-1059.
48. Kastner, M., and Gieskes, J.M. (1983) Opal-A to opal-CT transformation: A kinetic study. In A. Iijima, J.R. Hein, and R. Siever, Eds., Siliceous deposits in the Pacific Region, developments in sedimentology 36, p. 211-227. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
49. Kato, K., and Nukui, A. (1976) The structure of monoclinic low-tridymite. Acta Crystallographica, B32, 2486-2491 (in German).
50. Keene, J.B. (1975) Cherts and porcelanites from the North Pacific, DSDP, Leg 32. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 32, 425-507. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
51. Keller, M.A., and Isaacs, C.M. (1985) An evaluation of temperature scales for silica diagenesis in diatomaceous sequences including a new approach based on the Miocene Monterey Formation, California, Geo-Marine Letters, 5, 31-35.
52. Keller, M.A. and McGowen, M.K. (1990) Miocene and Oligocene petroleum reservoirs of the Santa Maria and Santa Barbara-Ventura Basins, California, 400 p. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop 14.
53. Konnert, J.H., and Appleman, D.E. (1978) The crystal structure of low tridymite. Acta Crystallographica, B34, 391-403.
54. 2O minerals. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, 52, 17-51.
55. Löns, J., and Hoffman, W. (1987) Zur Kristallstruktur der inkommensurablen Raumtemperaturphase des Tridymits (abs.). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 178, 141-143 (in German).
56. Mizutani, S. (1966) Transformation of silica under hydrothermal conditions. Journal of Earth Sciences, Nagoya University, 14, 56-88.
57. _(1977) Progressive ordering of cristobalitic silica in the early stage of diagenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 61, 129-140.
58. Morse, J.W., and Casey, W.H. (1988) Ostwald processes and mineral paragenesis in sediments. American Journal of Science, 288, 537-560.
59. Murata, K.J., and Nakata, J.K. (1974) Cristobalitic stage in the diagenesis of diatomaceous shale. Science, 184, 567-568.
60. Murata, K.J., and Larson, R.R. (1978) Diagenesis of Miocene siliceous shales, Temblor Range, California. Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, 3, 553-566.
61. Murata, K.J., and Randall, R.G. (1975) Silica mineralogy and structure of the Monterey Shale, Temblor Range, California. Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, 3, 567-572.
62. Murata, K.J., Friedman, I., and Gleason, J.D. (1977) Oxygen isotope relations between diagenetic silica minerals in Monterey Shale, Temblor Range, California. American Journal of Science, 277, 259-272.
63. Nukui, A., and Nakazawa, H. (1980) Polytypism in tridymite. Journal of Mineral Society of Japan, 14, Special Volume 2, 14, 364-386 (in Japanese).
64. Nukui, A., and Flörke, O.W. (1987) Three tridymite structural modifications and cristobalite intergrown in one crystal. American Mineralogist, 72, 167-169.
65. Oehler, J.H. (1975) Origin and distribution of silica lepispheres in porcelanite from the Monterey Formation of California. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 45-1, 252-257.
66. Pascucci, M.R., Hutchison, J.L., and Hobbs, L.W. (1983) The metamict transformation in alpha-quartz. Radiation Effects, 74, 219-226.
67. Peacor, D.R. (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 138, 274-298.
68. Pisciotto, K.A. (1981) Diagenetic trends in the siliceous facies of the Monterey Shale in the Santa Maria region, California. Sedimentology, 28, 547-571.
69. Pisciotto, K.A., and Garrison, R.E. (1981) Lithofacies and depositional environments of the Monterey Formation, California. In R.E. Garrison, R.G. Douglas, K.E. Pisciotto, C.M. Isaacs, and J.C. Ingle Jr., Eds., The Monterey Formation and related siliceous rocks of California, p. 97-122. Pacific Section Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 15.
70. Rad, U.v., and Rösch, H. (1972) Mineralogy and origin of clay minerals, silica and authigenic silicates in Leg 147 sediments. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 14, 725-751. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
71. Schneider, H., and Flörke, O.W. (1986) High-temperature transformation of tridymite single crystals to cristobalite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 175, 165-176.
72. Schwalbach, J.R., and Bohacs, K.M. (1993) Sequence stratigraphy in fine-grained rocks: Examples from the Monterey Formation. Pacific Section Society for Sedimentary Petrologists and Mineralogist 70, 7-19.
73. Steefel, C.I., and Van Cappellen, P. (1990) A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2657-2677.
74. Tada, R., and Iijima, A. (1982) Identification of mixtures of opaline silica phases and its implication for silica diagenesis. In A. Iijima, J.R. Hein, and R. Siever, Eds., Siliceous deposits in the Pacific Region, development in sedimentology 36, p. 229-245. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
75. Weaver, F.M., and Wise, S.W., Jr. (1972) Ultramorphology of deep sea cristobalitic chert. Nature, 237, 56-57.
76. Wenk, H.-R., Shaffer, S.J., and Van Tendeloo, G. (1988) Planar defects in low temperature quartz. Physica Status Solidi, A-107, 799-805.
77. Wennemer, M., and Thompson, A.B. (1984) Tridymite polymorphs and polytypes. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 64, 335-354.
78. Williams, L.A., and Crerar, D.A. (1985) Silica diagenesis: II. General mechanisms. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55-3, 312-321.
79. Williams, L.A., Parks, G.A., and Crerar, D.A. (1985) Silica diagenesis: I. Solubility controls. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55-3, 301-311.
80. Williams, R., and Fisher, H. (1970) Electron microscopy of tobacco mosaic virus under conditions of minimal beam exposure. Journal of Molecular Biology, 52, 121-123.
81. Wilson, J.J., Russell, J.D., and Tait, J.M. (1974) A new interpretation of the structure of disordered alpha-cristobalite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 47, 1-6.
82. Wise, S.W., Jr., Buie, B.F., and Weaver, F.M. (1972) Chemically precipitated cristobalite and the origin of chert. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 65, 157-163.