The united nations and somalia: An examination of a collective clientelist relationship

African and Asian Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3-4, 1996, Pages 162-177

  Bariagaber, Assefaw ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT KEARNEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030418694     PISSN: 15692094     EISSN: 15692108     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156852196X00133     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. As quoted by D. Lorch, "As UN Girds to Leave Somalia, Renewed Fighting," The New York Times, 27 February 1995, p. A3.
2. The Omaha World Herald (Omaha, U. S.), 28 February 1995, p. 1.
3. This observation is representattve of the views of many of those who believed that the situation in Somalia had markedly deteriorated in the latter half of 1993. For an account of this, consult: M. Bryden, "Status Quo Ante?", Africa Report, 39(3), 1994, pp. 18-23.
4. J. Hirsh and R. Oakley, Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacekeeping and Peacemaking, Washington, D. C., U. S. Institute of Peace, 1995.
5. For a detailed report on UN operations in Somalia through March 1994, consult: United Nations, The United Nations an[d] the Situation in Somalia, New York, UN Department of Public Information, March 1994.
6. See R. Thakur, "From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: the UN Operation in Somalia," The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(3), 1994, pp. 378-410.
7. See also: J. Bolton, "Wrong Turn in Somalia," Foreign Affairs, 73(1), 1994, pp. 56-66.
8. S. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, Yale University, 1968, pp. 4-5.
9. I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of Somalia: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, Boulder, Westview, 1988, pp. 166-178.
10. A comparison of the two approaches may be found in: Abdi I. Samater, "Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Conventton," The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(4), 1992, pp. 526-641.
11. For a discussion of the nature of the Somali post-colonial state, see: Abdi I. Samatar and Ahmed I. Samatar, "The Material Roots of the Suspended African State: Arguments from Somalia," The Journal of Modern African Studies, 25(4), 1987, pp. 669-690.
12. For an analysis of the relationship between the Somali state and the peasantry, consult: Abdi I. Samatar, "The Predatory State and the Peasantry: Reflections on Rural Development Policy in Somalia," Africa Today, 32(3), 1985, pp. 41-56.
13. A full text of UN Security Council Resolution 794, adopted on 3 December 1992, may be found in Congressional Quarterly, "UN Council Resolves to Ensure 'Secure Environment' in Somalia," Congressional Quarterly Weekll Report, 50(48), 1992, pp. 3766-3767.
14. A description of the principles of traditional peacekeeping may be found in: T. Weiss, D. Forsythe, and R. Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, Boulder, Westview, 1994, pp. 42-59.
15. Some of the issues as to why the mission failed and possible recommendattons for the future may be found in: "Restoring Hope: The Real Lessons of Somalia for the Future of Intervention," Special Report, Washington, D. C., U. S. Institute of Peace, undated, pp. 1-20.
16. Omaar has suggested that a bottom-up approach, as employed in northern Somalia, was the only way to a comprehensive solution. See: R. Omaar, "Somaliland: One Thorn Bush at a Time," Current History, 93(583), 1994, pp. 232-236.
17. A. Hall, "Patron-Cllent Relations: Concepts and Terms," in: Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, Eds Steffen Schmidt et al., Los Angeles, University of California, 1977, p. 510.
18. J. Ravenhill, Collective Clientelism: The Lome Conventtons and North-South Relations, New York, Columbia University, p. 317.
19. R. Kaufman, "The Patron-Client Concept and Macro-Politicss Prospects and Problems," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 15(1), 1973, pp. 284-308.
20. See also: R. Lemarchand and K. Legg, "Political Clientelism and Development: A Preliminary Analysis," Comparative Politics, 4(2), 1972, pp. 149-178.
21. See also: R. Lemarchand, "Comparattve Political Clientelism: Structure, Process and Optic," in: Political Clientelism, Patronage and Development, Eds S. N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand, Beverly Hills, Sage, 1981, p. 14.
22. J. Perlez, "U. N. Relief Official in Somalia Quits in Dispute With Headquarters," The New York Times, 28 October 1992, p. A6.
23. As cited in: M. Michaelson, "Somalia: The Painful Road to Reconciliation," Africa Today, 40(2), 1993, p. 65.
24. P. Lewis, "U. N. Chief to Ask Use of Force to Back Somali Aid," The New York Times, 27 November 1992, p. A14.
25. S. Ciano, "Some Thoughts on the Restoration of Somalia," Canadian Defence Quarterly, 22(5), 1993, pp. 24-28.
26. A discussion of how the UN attempted to employ UNITAF in the reconstructton of the political system is found in: W. Freeman, R. Lambert, and J. Mims, "Operation Restore Hope: A USCENTCOM Perspective, Military Review, 73(9), 1993, pp. 61-72.
27. B. Boutros-Ghali, "Empowering the United Nations," Foreign Affairs, 71(5), Winter 92/93, p. 89.
28. J. Perlez, "Chaotic Somalia Starves as Strongmen Battle," The New York Times, 4 October 1992, p. A1.
29. J. Wyllie, "Somalia-The Bitter Struggle Resumes," Jane's Intelligence Review, 6(9), 1994, pp. 410-411.
30. It was suggested at the time that General Aideed's acceptance of Washington's proposal in December 1992 was a calculated move on his part designed to forge an alliance with U. S. forces and regain Bardera. Please consult: J. Perlez, "Expectations in Somalia," The New York Times, 4 December 1992, p. A14.
31. J. Scott and B. Kerkvliet, "How Traditional Patrons Lose Legitimacy: A Theory with Special Reference to Southeast Asia," in: S. Schmidt et al. (Eds), op. cit., p. 441.
32. See P. Lewis, "Report Faults Commanderr of U. N. Forces in Somalia," The New York Times, 20 May 1994, p. A10.
33. D. Lorch, "Disunity Hampering U. N. Somalia Effort," The New York Times, 12 July 1993, p. A8;
34. M. Huband, "The Politics of Violence, Africa Report, 38(5), 1993, pp. 13-19.
35. T. Hayden, "Somalia-What Went Wrong?", in: Marine Corps Gazette, 78(9), 1994, pp. 50-52;
36. R. Berstein, "Italian General Who Refused Order in Somalia Is Removed," The New York Times, 15 July 1993, p. A10.