Pulping the South: Brazil's pulp and paper plantations

Ecologist

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 206-214

  Carrere, Ricardo ^a  

^a Instituto del Tercer Mundo   (Uruguay)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION; MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS; PLANTATION FORESTRY; PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY; SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT; TREE PLANTATION;

BRAZIL;

EUCALYPTUS;

EID: 0030417474     PISSN: 02613131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Olsson, R. (ed.) The Taiga Trade: A Report on the Production, Consumption and Trade of Boreal Wood Products, Taiga Rescue Network, Jokkmokk, Sweden, 1995.
2. As of 1994, Brazil was the fourth ranked pulp exporter in the world behind Canada, the US and Sweden. As of 1993, it was the sixth ranked paper exporter behind Canada, Finland, Sweden, Austria and Norway.
3. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., Exploração florestal no norte do ES e sul da Bahia - impactos e alternativas. Estudio de caso: exploração florestal, indústria de celulose e ocupaçao do espa o regional. Relatório final, FASE/IBASE, Rio de Janeiro, May 1994; Associação Brasileira de Exportadores de Celulose (ABECEL) (nd) Rio de Janeiro.
4. Know-How Wire 2 (Jaakko Pöyry Client Magazine), 1993, ABECEL, op. cit.3.
5. Shell International Petroleum Fund and World Wide Fund for Nature, Tree Plantation Review, 11 vols, Shell/WWF, London, 1993. Ironically, the enormous expansion of the pulp sector in Brazil has taken place in a country with a per capita paper consumption well below the world average: while annual per capita paper consumption in the United States is 332 kilogrammes and in Switzerland 216, Costa Rica 55 and Argentina 45, in Brazil it is only about 28. See Pulp and Paper International 7, 1995.
6. Shell International Petroleum Fund and World Wide Fund for Nature, Tree Plantation Review, 11 vols, Shell/WWF, London, 1993. Ironically, the enormous expansion of the pulp sector in Brazil has taken place in a country with a per capita paper consumption well below the world average: while annual per capita paper consumption in the United States is 332 kilogrammes and in Switzerland 216, Costa Rica 55 and Argentina 45, in Brazil it is only about 28. See Pulp and Paper International 7, 1995.
7. Gonçalves, M.T., "Aspectos gerais de expançao do reflorestamento no Brasil" in for.plantation (APC electronic conference, March 1992.
8. Willums, J-O. and Goluke, U., From Ideas to Action: Business and Sustainable Development, ICC, Oslo, 1992.
9. Miranda, M., "Papel e celulose no Brazil: novos projetos, velhos dilemas", IBASE, Rio de Janeiro, 1993; ABECEL. op. cit. 3.
10. European customers include Jamont, Arjo Wiggins Appleton, Sappi, Inveresk, Tullis Russell and UK Paper.
11. Swann, C., "South America: The Promise and the Problems", Papermaker, August 1993.
12. Willums, J-O. and Goluke, U., op. cit. 7.
13. Aracruz Florestal was set up in 1967 to establish the plantations. Aracruz Cellulose, the pulp and paper company, was set up in 1972 and Aracruz Florestal became its subsidiary. The first shareholders were a widely varied group of banks, oil firms, construction companies and other businesses, none of which had any previous experience in pulp production. To boost its expertise, Aracruz formed an association with the Swedish Billerud firm, which had some experience in eucalyptus pulpmaking and which took responsibility for marketing half of Aracruz's output in Europe. See Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
14. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3. When the plantations established in Espírito Santo fell victim to disease, Aracruz responded by sinking money into research on seeds of various provenances, becoming a recognized authority on the subject from the 1980s onwards.
15. Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas para o Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul da Bahia/ Centro de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos (CEPEDES/CDDH), Eucalipto: uma cōntradição, impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos do eucalipto e da celulose no Extremo Sul da Bahia, CDDH, Eunápolis-BA, 1992; Federação de Orgãos para Asisténcia Social e Educacional (FASE), Inquérito civil sobre fomento florestal, FASE, Vitória, 1993.
16. Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas para o Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul da Bahia/ Centro de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos (CEPEDES/CDDH), Eucalipto: uma cōntradição, impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos do eucalipto e da celulose no Extremo Sul da Bahia, CDDH, Eunápolis-BA, 1992; Federação de Orgãos para Asisténcia Social e Educacional (FASE), Inquérito civil sobre fomento florestal, FASE, Vitória, 1993.
17. Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais de Econômicas (IBASE), "Cronología sobre a indústria de celulose no Brazil", in for.plantation electronic conference, 10 October 1994; Aracruz Celulose, The Eucalyptus and Sustainable Pulp Production, Aracruz Celulose, Rio de Janeiro, 1996.
18. Instituto Brasileiro de Análises Sociais de Econômicas (IBASE), "Cronología sobre a indústria de celulose no Brazil", in for.plantation electronic conference, 10 October 1994; Aracruz Celulose, The Eucalyptus and Sustainable Pulp Production, Aracruz Celulose, Rio de Janeiro, 1996.
19. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
20. Ibid.
21. Aracruz's directors played a leading role, through the Business Council for Sustainable Development, in preparing business for the 1992 "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro. This resulted in a book, Changing Course, which was distributed to all government delegations before the conference. Aracruz has also supported the London-based non-governmental International Institute for Environment and Development in a large study on the "sustainable paper cycle". See International Institute for Environment and " Development, The Sustainable Paper Cycle: A Report for the Business Council on Sustainable Development (draft), HED, London, 1995.
22. Aracruz's directors played a leading role, through the Business Council for Sustainable Development, in preparing business for the 1992 "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro. This resulted in a book, Changing Course, which was distributed to all government delegations before the conference. Aracruz has also supported the London-based non-governmental International Institute for Environment and Development in a large study on the "sustainable paper cycle". See International Institute for Environment and " Development, The Sustainable Paper Cycle: A Report for the Business Council on Sustainable Development (draft), HED, London, 1995.
23. Willums, J-O. and Goluke, U., op. cit. 7.
24. Know-How Wire 2, op. cit. 4.
25. Sargent, J. and Bass, S. (eds.) Plantation Politics: Forest Plantations in Development, Earthscan, London, 1992.
26. Miranda, M., "Nas pontas do extremo: outras historias, outros tempos", FASE/IBASE, Rio de Janeiro, April 1993.
27. FASE, op. cit 14; Valarelli, L.L., "Complexos Florestais de Celulose: O Mito da Modernidade", Proposta 53, May 1992; International Agricultural Development 7/8,1992.
28. FASE, op. cit 14; Valarelli, L.L., "Complexos Florestais de Celulose: O Mito da Modernidade", Proposta 53, May 1992; International Agricultural Development 7/8,1992.
29. FASE, op. cit 14; Valarelli, L.L., "Complexos Florestais de Celulose: O Mito da Modernidade", Proposta 53, May 1992; International Agricultural Development 7/8,1992.
30. FASE, op. cit 14.
31. Miranda, M., "Indios reivindicam suas terras" in for.plantation electronic conference, 14 July 1993.
32. Inyaku, T., "Why Brazilian pulp is cheap", in for.paper electronic conference, 22 April 1993.
33. IBASE. op. cit. 15.
34. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
35. FASE, op. cit 14.
36. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
37. FASE, op. cit 14; Miranda, M., op. cit. 25; IAD, op. cit. 23.
38. FASE, op. cit 14; Miranda, M., op. cit. 25; IAD, op. cit. 23.
39. FASE, op. cit 14; Miranda, M., op. cit. 25; IAD, op. cit. 23.
40. IAD,op. cit. 23.
41. FASE, op. cit 14. Since 1993, it seems that all major pulp companies have used Mirex-S, a less harmful piretroid, instead of Mirex, an organochlorine. See Fanzeres, A., personal communication, 1995.
42. FASE, op. cit 14. Since 1993, it seems that all major pulp companies have used Mirex-S, a less harmful piretroid, instead of Mirex, an organochlorine. See Fanzeres, A., personal communication, 1995.
43. CEPEDES/CDDH, op. cit. 14.
44. FASE, op. cit 14.
45. IAD, op. cit. 23.
46. IBASE, "Cronología sobre a indústria de celulose no Brazil" in for.plantation electronic conference, 6 November 1993.
47. Fanzeres, A., op. cit. 33.
48. As a result of Aracruz's public relations, the company was singled out in 1991 by the United Nations for its "rigorous commitment" to sustainable development. See IBASE, "Cronología sobre a indústria de celulose no Brazil" in for.plantation electronic conference, 3 March 1993.
49. FASE, op. cit 14; Bruno, K., "O Relatorio Greenpeace sobre a Maquiagem Berde: O Desfarce Ecológico das Empresas Transnacionais", Greenpeace, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
50. FASE, op. cit 14; Bruno, K., "O Relatorio Greenpeace sobre a Maquiagem Berde: O Desfarce Ecológico das Empresas Transnacionais", Greenpeace, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
51. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
52. JATAN, "Report on Eucalyptus Plantation Schemes in Brazil and Chile by Japanese Companies, JATAN, Tokyo, 1993; Miranda, M., op. cit. 8.
53. JATAN, "Report on Eucalyptus Plantation Schemes in Brazil and Chile by Japanese Companies, JATAN, Tokyo, 1993; Miranda, M., op. cit. 8.
54. Gonçalves, M.T., "Pau que nasce certo e entorta a vida dos outros: Monocultura de eucalipto d produção de celulose no Vale do Cao", Comissão Pastoral da Terra/Centro Mineiro de Estudos e Pesquisa sobre Ambiente e Florestats/Pacific-Asia Resource Center, Belo Horizonte, 1995.
55. JATAN; op. cit. 42.
56. Other JBP shareholders included Oji Paper (nearly ten per cent); Jujo Paper, Honshu Paper and Ftochu (over eight per cent each); Tokai Pulp, Daishowa Paper, Hokuetsu Seichi Paper Mills, Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Daio Paper, and Sanyo Kokusaku Pulp (over 3.5 per cent each); and, with smaller stakes, Kanzaki Paper, Daiko Paper, Chuetsu Pulp, Nippon Kakou Sheisi, Abegawa, Kishu, Sanko, Juban and Mishima. See Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43.
57. JATAN, op. cit. 42.
58. Ibid., Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43. When CENIBRA began operating in 1974, its pulp mill was supplied with wood from Florestas Rio Doce, the CVRD subsidiary. At the same time, another firm called Florestas Nipo-Brasil, or FLONIBRA, was created, with the aim of acquiring an additional 400,000 hectares of land for pulp plantations in Bahia and Espírito Santo, the areas where Aracruz was active. In 1984, the 155,000 hectares which had actually been acquired - including 88,000 planted with eucalyptus and 48,000 given over to "conservation areas" - were passed to CENIBRA Florestal, the firm now responsible for supplying the CENIBRA mill with pulpwood and energy. See Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
59. Ibid., Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43. When CENIBRA began operating in 1974, its pulp mill was supplied with wood from Florestas Rio Doce, the CVRD subsidiary. At the same time, another firm called Florestas Nipo-Brasil, or FLONIBRA, was created, with the aim of acquiring an additional 400,000 hectares of land for pulp plantations in Bahia and Espírito Santo, the areas where Aracruz was active. In 1984, the 155,000 hectares which had actually been acquired - including 88,000 planted with eucalyptus and 48,000 given over to "conservation areas" - were passed to CENIBRA Florestal, the firm now responsible for supplying the CENIBRA mill with pulpwood and energy. See Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
60. Ibid., Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43. When CENIBRA began operating in 1974, its pulp mill was supplied with wood from Florestas Rio Doce, the CVRD subsidiary. At the same time, another firm called Florestas Nipo-Brasil, or FLONIBRA, was created, with the aim of acquiring an additional 400,000 hectares of land for pulp plantations in Bahia and Espírito Santo, the areas where Aracruz was active. In 1984, the 155,000 hectares which had actually been acquired - including 88,000 planted with eucalyptus and 48,000 given over to "conservation areas" - were passed to CENIBRA Florestal, the firm now responsible for supplying the CENIBRA mill with pulpwood and energy. See Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
61. JATAN, op. cit. 42, Miranda, M., op. cit. 8.
62. JATAN, op. cit. 42, Miranda, M., op. cit. 8.
63. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
64. Knight, P., "Brazil: A Growing Force in World Pulp and Paper", Pulp and Paper, August 1991.
65. Gonçalves, M.T. et al., op. cit. 3.
66. Higgs, R., "Brazil's Japanese Connection", Paper, September 1992.
67. They may also limit, to a small extent, the risk of pests.
68. Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43
69. JATAN, op. cit. 42.
70. Ibid.
71. Guerra, C., A Case Study in Brazil: Environmental Impacts on the Piracicaba River Basin, International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmntal Engineering, Delft, August 1992; Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43
72. Guerra, C., A Case Study in Brazil: Environmental Impacts on the Piracicaba River Basin, International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmntal Engineering, Delft, August 1992; Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43
73. Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43
74. Guerra, C., op. cit. 57; JATAN, op. cit. 42.
75. Guerra, C., op. cit. 57; JATAN, op. cit. 42.
76. Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43
77. Ibid.
78. Guerra, C., op. cit. 57.
79. Ibid.
80. JATAN, op. cit. 42.
81. Guerra, C., op. cit. 57.
82. Gonçalves, M.T., op. cit. 43
83. JATAN, op. cit. 42.
84. Higgs, R., op. cit. 52; Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
85. Higgs, R., op. cit. 52; Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
86. Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
87. Sargent, J. and Bass, S., op. cit. 21.
88. IBASE. op. cit. 39.
89. Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
90. Knight, P., op. cit. 50.
91. Higgs, R., "Jari: The Mill in the Jungle", Paper, August 1993.
92. Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
93. Fearnside, P., "Tropical Silvicultural Plantations as a Means of Sequestering Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide", mss, 29 June 1993.
94. Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
95. Fanzeres, A., op. cit. 33.
96. IBASE. op. cit. 39.
97. Sargent, J. and Bass, S., op. cit. 21; Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
98. Sargent, J. and Bass, S., op. cit. 21; Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
99. Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
100. Sargent, J. and Bass, S., op. cit. 21.
101. Shell/WWF, op. cit. 5.
102. Knight, P., op. cit. 50; Higgs, R., op. cit. 74.
103. Knight, P., op. cit. 50; Higgs, R., op. cit. 74.
104. Fanzeres, A., op. cit. 33.
105. Fearnside, P., op. cit 76.
106. Higgs, R., op. cit. 74.
107. Sargent, J. and Bass, S., op. cit. 21.
108. Higgs, R., op. cit. 74.
109. Gonçalves, M.A., "Fabrica de papel desencadeia crise no Amapá: Champion adquire fatia da floresta amazönica", Parabolicas 2 (12), November 1995.