Creating industrial ecosystems: A viable management strategy?

International Journal of Technology Management

Volumn 12, Issue 5-6, 1996, Pages 608-624

  Ayres, Robert U ^a,b,c  

^a INSEAD   (France)

^b CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS   (Austria)

Author keywords

Industrial ecosystems; Materials cycle; Returns to closure; Returns to internalisation; Systems integration; Wastes as raw materials

Indexed keywords

INTEGRATED CONTROL; INVENTORY CONTROL; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; OPTIMIZATION; PROCESS CONTROL; RAW MATERIALS; STRATEGIC PLANNING; WASTE UTILIZATION;

MATERIALS CYCLE; RETURNS TO CLOSURE; SYSTEMS INTEGRATION;

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0030411837     PISSN: 02675730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (26)

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2. Denison, Edward F. (1962) The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States & the Alternatives Before Us, Supplementary Paper (13), Committee for Economic Development, New York.
3. Denison, Edward F. (1974) Accounting for U.S. Economic Growth 1929-1969, Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
4. Denison, Edward F. (1979) Accounting for Slower Growth, Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
5. Goldhar and Jelinek (1983) Goldhar, Joel D. & M. Jelinek, 'Plan for Economies of Scope', Harvard Business Review, pp. 141-148.
6. Ayres, Robert U. (1991) Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Revolution in Progress, Chapman & Hall, London, U.K.
7. Ayres, Robert U. (1991) "History of Mechanization" in Ayres et al (eds.), Computer Integrated Manufacturing: The Past, The Present and the Future, Chapman & Hall, London, U.K.
8. See, for example, Siegfried Giedion's Mechanization Takes Command, Part IV (Giedion 1948, pp.213-240).
9. Even the most modem coke-ovens are not regarded as desirable neighbors, since there are still non-negligible emissions from leaks, dust and especially from the quench-water.
10. The Otto-cycle gas engines were quickly adapted to liquid fuels, higher speeds and smaller sizes by one of Otto's associates, Gottlieb Daimler. The Daimler engine, in turn, made possible the motor vehicle and the airplane.
11. See, for instance, the chapter on copper in US Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook, 1989 (USBM 1989).
12. Frosch, Robert A. & Nicholas E. Gallopoulos (1989) 'Strategies for Manufacturing', Scientific American Vol. 261 No. 3 September pp. 94-102.
13. In reality, the biosphere does not recycle all of the important nutrient elements - notably phosphorus and calcium - without help from geological processes; but this is probably a quibble.
14. Hawken, P. (1993) The Ecology of Commerce: Doing a good Business, Harper Business.
15. Work & Environment Initiative, Cornell University (1994) Ecological Industrial Park Proposal to Monroe County, New York, Center for the Environment & School of Industrial & Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca NY.
16. Yun, C.K., S.B. Park & W.H. Park (1980), Aluminum Kombinat; An Integral Utilization of Low Grade Anthracites for Simultaneous Recovery of Aluminum & Energy, Fourth Joint Meeting, MMIJ-AIME, Tokyo.
17. Motley, E.P. and Cosgrove, T.H. (1978) Utilization of Lime/Limestone Waste in a New Alumina Extraction Process, (EPA-600/7-78-225), TRW Inc for United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, November.
18. Zebrowski, M. & Pawel Rejewski (1987) Technological Innovations for Ecologically Sustainable Development: The Case of the Chemical & Energy Industries in the Context of National Economic Development, draft, Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland, January.
19. Patent no. 87904. License available from PROSYNCHEM Design Office, Gliwice, Poland.
20. Sulfur recovery in PYREG technology is only 40%-60%, but since Polish lignite has a very low sulfur content (0.5%), this is not considered to be a major disadvantage.
21. Ayres, Robert U. (1982) Coalplex: An Integrated Energy/Resources System Concept, UNEP Seminar on Environmental Aspects of Technology Assessment, United Nations, Geneva, Nov/Dec.
22. Ayres, Robert U. (1993)Transboundary Air Pollution: An Opportunity for Innovation, Working Paper (93/41/EPS), INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France, June 8.
23. Ayres, Robert U. (1993) Industrial Metabolic Systems Integration: The Black Triangle, Working Paper (93/44/EPS), INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France, June 28.
24. Indeed, the pattern established by many multinational manufacturing firms is to build various elements of a product "line" in several different countries, thus achieving both the benefits of scale, on the one hand, and minimizing the risk of being "held up" by local governments or unions. Ford's "world car" concept is a good example, although IBM was (is) perhaps the most successful practitioner of the policy of decentralized international supply.
25. ALCOA, Ethyl Corp and Xerox achieved monopoly status originally through tight control of patent rights, but both Ethyl and Xerox lost dominance when the patents expired. In ALCOA's case, as with AT&T and Standard Oil, the monopoly was broken by anti-trust action by the US government.
26. Coté, Raymond P., Robert Ellison, Jill Grant, Jeremy Hall, Peter Klynstra, Michael Martin, Peter Wade, (1994) Designing and Operating Industrial Parks as Ecosystems School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Management, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia.