메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 483-505

Nonthermal escape of the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARGE TRANSFER; DISSOCIATION; FLUID MECHANICS; IONOSPHERE; PHOTODISSOCIATION; PLANETS; STATISTICAL MECHANICS;

EID: 0030404066     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96RG02213     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (130)

References (189)
  • 1
    • 0001527209 scopus 로고
    • Mariner 6, 7, and 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Analysis of the hydrogen Lyman alpha data
    • Anderson, D. E., Mariner 6, 7, and 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Analysis of the hydrogen Lyman alpha data, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1513-1528, 1974.
    • (1974) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.79 , pp. 1513-1528
    • Anderson, D.E.1
  • 2
    • 0347496268 scopus 로고
    • The Mariner 5 UV Photometer Experiment: An analysis of H Lyman α data
    • Anderson, D. E., The Mariner 5 UV Photometer Experiment: An analysis of H Lyman α data. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1213-1216, 1976.
    • (1976) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.81 , pp. 1213-1216
    • Anderson, D.E.1
  • 4
    • 0001550334 scopus 로고
    • The polar wind and the terrestrial helium budget
    • Axford, W. I., The polar wind and the terrestrial helium budget, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 6855-6859, 1968.
    • (1968) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.73 , pp. 6855-6859
    • Axford, W.I.1
  • 5
    • 0000121564 scopus 로고
    • A commentary on our present understanding of the Martian magnetosphere
    • Axford, W. I., A commentary on our present understanding of the Martian magnetosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 167-173, 1991.
    • (1991) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 167-173
    • Axford, W.I.1
  • 9
    • 0000928670 scopus 로고
    • Monte-Carlo study of the escape of a minor species
    • Barakat, A. R., and J. Lemaire, Monte-Carlo study of the escape of a minor species, Phys. Rev. A, 42, 3291-3302, 1990.
    • (1990) Phys. Rev. A , vol.42 , pp. 3291-3302
    • Barakat, A.R.1    Lemaire, J.2
  • 11
    • 7644235186 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet emissions observed near Venus from Mariner 5
    • Barth, C. A., et al., Ultraviolet emissions observed near Venus from Mariner 5, Science, 158, 1675-1678, 1967.
    • (1967) Science , vol.158 , pp. 1675-1678
    • Barth, C.A.1
  • 12
    • 0000932424 scopus 로고
    • Mariner 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Mars airglow spectroscopy and variations in Lyman alpha
    • Barth, C. A., A. I. Stewart, C. W. Hord, and A. L. Lane, Mariner 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Mars airglow spectroscopy and variations in Lyman alpha, Icarus, 77, 457-468, 1972.
    • (1972) Icarus , vol.77 , pp. 457-468
    • Barth, C.A.1    Stewart, A.I.2    Hord, C.W.3    Lane, A.L.4
  • 16
    • 0021077786 scopus 로고
    • Water on Venus: Lack or loss?
    • Bauer, S. J., Water on Venus: Lack or loss?, Ann. Geophys., 1, 477-480, 1983.
    • (1983) Ann. Geophys. , vol.1 , pp. 477-480
    • Bauer, S.J.1
  • 17
    • 0012721754 scopus 로고
    • Observed variations of the exospheric hydrogen density with the exospheric temperature
    • Bertaux, J. L., Observed variations of the exospheric hydrogen density with the exospheric temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 639-642, 1975.
    • (1975) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.80 , pp. 639-642
    • Bertaux, J.L.1
  • 18
    • 0041137987 scopus 로고
    • Venera 11 and Venera 12 observations of EUV emissions from the upper atmosphere of Venus
    • Bertaux, J. L., et al., Venera 11 and Venera 12 observations of EUV emissions from the upper atmosphere of Venus, Planet. Space Sci., 29, 149-166, 1981.
    • (1981) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 149-166
    • Bertaux, J.L.1
  • 19
    • 84912203945 scopus 로고
    • The dissipation of gas from planetary atmospheres, I, The dissipation of a gas in a central field of gravitation
    • Biutner, E. K., The dissipation of gas from planetary atmospheres, I, The dissipation of a gas in a central field of gravitation, Sov. Astron., Engl. Transl., 2, 528-537, 1958.
    • (1958) Sov. Astron., Engl. Transl. , vol.2 , pp. 528-537
    • Biutner, E.K.1
  • 20
    • 0006707602 scopus 로고
    • The structure of the Venus ionosphere
    • Brace, L. H., and A. J. Kliore, The structure of the Venus ionosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 55, 81-163, 1991.
    • (1991) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 81-163
    • Brace, L.H.1    Kliore, A.J.2
  • 22
    • 38249042224 scopus 로고
    • Mass-loading at Venus: Theoretical expectations
    • Breus, T. K., Mass-loading at Venus: Theoretical expectations, Adv. Space Res., 6(1), 167-177, 1986.
    • (1986) Adv. Space Res. , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 167-177
    • Breus, T.K.1
  • 23
    • 0000322717 scopus 로고
    • Mass loading in the solar wind: Interaction with Venus and Mars
    • Breus, T. K., S. J. Bauer, A. M. Krymskii, and V. Y. Mitnitskii, Mass loading in the solar wind: Interaction with Venus and Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2375-2382, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 2375-2382
    • Breus, T.K.1    Bauer, S.J.2    Krymskii, A.M.3    Mitnitskii, V.Y.4
  • 24
    • 37049238900 scopus 로고
    • Mars: Has nitrogen escaped?
    • Brinkman, R. T., Mars: Has nitrogen escaped?, Science, 174, 944-945, 1971.
    • (1971) Science , vol.174 , pp. 944-945
    • Brinkman, R.T.1
  • 25
    • 0001775256 scopus 로고
    • Interplanetary gas, II, Expansion of a model solar corona
    • Chamberlain, J. W., Interplanetary gas, II, Expansion of a model solar corona, Astrophys. J., 131, 47-56, 1960.
    • (1960) Astrophys. J. , vol.131 , pp. 47-56
    • Chamberlain, J.W.1
  • 26
    • 0000206434 scopus 로고
    • Interplanetary gas, III, A hydrodynamic model of the corona
    • Chamberlain, J. W., Interplanetary gas, III, A hydrodynamic model of the corona, Astrophys. J., 133, 675-687, 1961.
    • (1961) Astrophys. J. , vol.133 , pp. 675-687
    • Chamberlain, J.W.1
  • 27
    • 0001078281 scopus 로고
    • Planetary coronae and atmospheric evaporation
    • Chamberlain, J. W., Planetary coronae and atmospheric evaporation, Planet. Space Sci., 11, 901-960, 1963.
    • (1963) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 901-960
    • Chamberlain, J.W.1
  • 28
    • 0012090973 scopus 로고
    • Charge exchange in a planetary corona: Its effect on the distribution and escape of hydrogen
    • Chamberlain. J. W., Charge exchange in a planetary corona: Its effect on the distribution and escape of hydrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1-9, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 1-9
    • Chamberlain, J.W.1
  • 32
    • 0004696838 scopus 로고
    • Theory of some quiet magnetospheric phenomena related to the geomagnetic tail
    • Cole, K. D., Theory of some quiet magnetospheric phenomena related to the geomagnetic tail, Nature, 211, 1385-1387, 1966.
    • (1966) Nature , vol.211 , pp. 1385-1387
    • Cole, K.D.1
  • 33
    • 0012060952 scopus 로고
    • Energy transfer in oxygen-hydrogen collisions
    • Cooper, D. L., Y. H. Yee, and A. Dalgarno, Energy transfer in oxygen-hydrogen collisions. Planet. Space. Sci., 32, 825-830, 1984.
    • (1984) Planet. Space. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 825-830
    • Cooper, D.L.1    Yee, Y.H.2    Dalgarno, A.3
  • 34
    • 7544251889 scopus 로고
    • Hot hydrogen in the exosphere of Venus
    • Cravens, T. E., T. I. Gombosi, and A. F. Nagy, Hot hydrogen in the exosphere of Venus, Nature, 283, 178-180, 1980.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.283 , pp. 178-180
    • Cravens, T.E.1    Gombosi, T.I.2    Nagy, A.F.3
  • 36
    • 0007378020 scopus 로고
    • The magnetic field and magnetosphere of the planet Mars
    • Dolginov, S. S., and L. N. Zhuzgov, The magnetic field and magnetosphere of the planet Mars, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1493-1510, 1991.
    • (1991) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 1493-1510
    • Dolginov, S.S.1    Zhuzgov, L.N.2
  • 37
    • 0003909227 scopus 로고
    • Fractionation of noble gases by thermal escape from accreting planetesimals
    • Donahue, T. M., Fractionation of noble gases by thermal escape from accreting planetesimals, Icarus, 66, 195-210, 1986.
    • (1986) Icarus , vol.66 , pp. 195-210
    • Donahue, T.M.1
  • 38
    • 0028975519 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of water reservoirs on Mars from D/H ratios in the atmosphere and crust
    • Donahue, T. M., Evolution of water reservoirs on Mars from D/H ratios in the atmosphere and crust. Nature, 374, 432-434, 1995.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 432-434
    • Donahue, T.M.1
  • 39
    • 0019910551 scopus 로고
    • Venus was wet: A measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen
    • Donahue, T. M., J. H. Hoffman, R. R. Hodges Jr., and A. J. Watson, Venus was wet: A measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen, Science, 216, 630-633, 1982.
    • (1982) Science , vol.216 , pp. 630-633
    • Donahue, T.M.1    Hoffman, J.H.2    Hodges Jr., R.R.3    Watson, A.J.4
  • 40
    • 0028714302 scopus 로고
    • Massloading asymmetry in upstream region near Mars
    • Dubinin, D., D. Obod, A. Pederson, and R. Grard, Massloading asymmetry in upstream region near Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2769-2772, 1994.
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 2769-2772
    • Dubinin, D.1    Obod, D.2    Pederson, A.3    Grard, R.4
  • 41
    • 0020704650 scopus 로고
    • Modern exospheric theories and their observational relevance
    • Fahr, H. J., and B. Shizgal, Modern exospheric theories and their observational relevance, Rev. Geophys., 21, 75-124, 1983.
    • (1983) Rev. Geophys. , vol.21 , pp. 75-124
    • Fahr, H.J.1    Shizgal, B.2
  • 42
    • 0002003378 scopus 로고
    • Mars: Epochal climate change and volatile history
    • edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson
    • Fanale, F. P., S. E. Postawko, J. B. Pollack. M. H. Carr, and R. O. Pepin, Mars: Epochal climate change and volatile history, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, pp. 1135-1179, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1992.
    • (1992) Mars , pp. 1135-1179
    • Fanale, F.P.1    Postawko, S.E.2    Pollack, J.B.3    Carr, M.H.4    Pepin, R.O.5
  • 43
    • 85005608810 scopus 로고
    • On the escape of oxygen and hydrogen from Mars
    • Fox, J. L., On the escape of oxygen and hydrogen from Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1847-1850, 1993a.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 1847-1850
    • Fox, J.L.1
  • 44
    • 0000976606 scopus 로고
    • The production and escape of nitrogen atoms on Mars
    • Fox, J. L., The production and escape of nitrogen atoms on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3297-3310, 1993b.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 3297-3310
    • Fox, J.L.1
  • 45
    • 0000954225 scopus 로고
    • Structure, luminosity, and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere
    • Fox, J. L., and S. W. Bougher, Structure, luminosity, and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere. Space Sci. Rev., 55, 357-489, 1991.
    • (1991) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 357-489
    • Fox, J.L.1    Bougher, S.W.2
  • 46
    • 0346012909 scopus 로고
    • The production of nitrogen atoms on Mars and their escape
    • Fox, J. L., and A. Dalgarno, The production of nitrogen atoms on Mars and their escape, Planet. Space Sci., 28, 41-46, 1980.
    • (1980) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 41-46
    • Fox, J.L.1    Dalgarno, A.2
  • 47
    • 0020849574 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen escape from Mars
    • Fox, J. L., and A. Dalgarno, Nitrogen escape from Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9027-9032, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88 , pp. 9027-9032
    • Fox, J.L.1    Dalgarno, A.2
  • 49
    • 0348104773 scopus 로고
    • Was Venus wet? Deuterium reconsidered
    • Grinspoon, D. H., Was Venus wet? Deuterium reconsidered, Science, 238, 1702-1704, 1987.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 1702-1704
    • Grinspoon, D.H.1
  • 50
    • 0000897359 scopus 로고
    • Implications of the high D/H ratio for the sources of water in Venus' atmosphere
    • Grinspoon, D. H., Implications of the high D/H ratio for the sources of water in Venus' atmosphere, Nature, 363, 428-431, 1993.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.363 , pp. 428-431
    • Grinspoon, D.H.1
  • 54
    • 0027552137 scopus 로고
    • Fractionation of hydrogen and deuterium on Venus due to collisional ejection
    • Gurwell, M. A., and Y. H. Yung, Fractionation of hydrogen and deuterium on Venus due to collisional ejection. Planet. Space Sci., 41, 91-104, 1993.
    • (1993) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 91-104
    • Gurwell, M.A.1    Yung, Y.H.2
  • 55
    • 0000454151 scopus 로고
    • Viking electron temperature measurement: Evidence for a magnetic field in the Martian ionosphere
    • Hanson, W. B., and G. P. Manias, Viking electron temperature measurement: Evidence for a magnetic field in the Martian ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7538-7544, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 7538-7544
    • Hanson, W.B.1    Manias, G.P.2
  • 57
    • 0001138410 scopus 로고
    • Hot oxygen geocorona as inferred from neutral exospheric models and mass spectrometer measurements
    • Hedin, A. E., Hot oxygen geocorona as inferred from neutral exospheric models and mass spectrometer measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5523-5529, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 5523-5529
    • Hedin, A.E.1
  • 58
    • 0000325510 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic fractionation of hydrogen in planetary exospheres due to ionosphere-exosphere coupling: Implications for Venus
    • Hodges, R. R., Isotopic fractionation of hydrogen in planetary exospheres due to ionosphere-exosphere coupling: Implications for Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,833-10,838, 1993a.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98
    • Hodges, R.R.1
  • 59
    • 0006064353 scopus 로고
    • Collision cross sections and diffusion parameters for H and D in atomic oxygen
    • Hodges, R. R., Collision cross sections and diffusion parameters for H and D in atomic oxygen, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3799-3805, 1993b.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 3799-3805
    • Hodges, R.R.1
  • 60
    • 0001755377 scopus 로고
    • Monte Carlo simulation of the terrestrial hydrogen exosphere
    • Hodges, R. R., Monte Carlo simulation of the terrestrial hydrogen exosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,229-23,247, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Hodges, R.R.1
  • 61
    • 0001006488 scopus 로고
    • Ionosphere-exosphere coupling through charge exchange and momentum transfer in hydrogen-proton collisions
    • Hodges, R. R., and E. L. Breig, Ionosphere-exosphere coupling through charge exchange and momentum transfer in hydrogen-proton collisions, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7697-7708, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 7697-7708
    • Hodges, R.R.1    Breig, E.L.2
  • 63
    • 0007936525 scopus 로고
    • Charge exchange in the Venus ionosphere as the source of the hot exospheric hydrogen
    • Hodges, R. R., and B. A. Tinsley, Charge exchange in the Venus ionosphere as the source of the hot exospheric hydrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7649-7656, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.86 , pp. 7649-7656
    • Hodges, R.R.1    Tinsley, B.A.2
  • 64
    • 7644242073 scopus 로고
    • The influence of charge exchange on the velocity distribution of hydrogen in the Venus exosphere
    • Hodges, R. R., and B. A. Tinsley, The influence of charge exchange on the velocity distribution of hydrogen in the Venus exosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13,649-13,658, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.91
    • Hodges, R.R.1    Tinsley, B.A.2
  • 65
    • 7644242385 scopus 로고
    • The effect of charge exchange source on the velocity and temperature distributions and their anisotropies in the Earth's exosphere
    • Hodges, R. R., R. P. Rohrbaugh, and B. A. Tinsley, The effect of charge exchange source on the velocity and temperature distributions and their anisotropies in the Earth's exosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6917-6925, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.86 , pp. 6917-6925
    • Hodges, R.R.1    Rohrbaugh, R.P.2    Tinsley, B.A.3
  • 68
    • 0000620933 scopus 로고
    • The escape of light gases from planetary atmospheres
    • Hunten, D. M., The escape of light gases from planetary atmospheres, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1481-1494, 1973b.
    • (1973) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 1481-1494
    • Hunten, D.M.1
  • 69
    • 0038429376 scopus 로고
    • Capture or Phobos and Deimos by protoatmospheric drag
    • Hunten, D. M., Capture or Phobos and Deimos by protoatmospheric drag, Icarus, 37, 113-123, 1979.
    • (1979) Icarus , vol.37 , pp. 113-123
    • Hunten, D.M.1
  • 70
    • 0002925055 scopus 로고
    • Thermal and nonthermal escape mechanisms for terrestrial bodies
    • Hunten, D. M., Thermal and nonthermal escape mechanisms for terrestrial bodies, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 773-783, 1982.
    • (1982) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 773-783
    • Hunten, D.M.1
  • 71
    • 44949287857 scopus 로고
    • Escape of atmospheres, ancient and modern
    • Hunten, D. M., Escape of atmospheres, ancient and modern, Icarus, 85, 1-20, 1990.
    • (1990) Icarus , vol.85 , pp. 1-20
    • Hunten, D.M.1
  • 72
    • 0027492555 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets
    • Hunten, D. M., Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets, Science, 259, 915-920, 1993.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 915-920
    • Hunten, D.M.1
  • 74
    • 0000507767 scopus 로고
    • Production and escape of terrestrial hydrogen
    • Hunten, D. M., and D. F. Strobel, Production and escape of terrestrial hydrogen, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 305-317, 1974.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 305-317
    • Hunten, D.M.1    Strobel, D.F.2
  • 75
    • 45949125872 scopus 로고
    • Mass fractionation in hydrodynamic escape
    • Hunten, D. M., R. O. Pepin, and J. C. G. Walker, Mass fractionation in hydrodynamic escape, Icarus, 69, 532-549, 1987.
    • (1987) Icarus , vol.69 , pp. 532-549
    • Hunten, D.M.1    Pepin, R.O.2    Walker, J.C.G.3
  • 77
    • 0001288071 scopus 로고
    • On the hot oxygen corona of Mars
    • Ip, W. H., On the hot oxygen corona of Mars, Icarus. 76, 135-145, 1988.
    • (1988) Icarus , vol.76 , pp. 135-145
    • Ip, W.H.1
  • 78
    • 85005626164 scopus 로고
    • The fast atomic oxygen corona extent of Mars
    • Ip, W. H., The fast atomic oxygen corona extent of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 17, 2289-2292, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 2289-2292
    • Ip, W.H.1
  • 79
    • 0040531793 scopus 로고
    • Neutral particle environment of Mars: The exosphere-plasma interaction effects
    • Ip, W. H., Neutral particle environment of Mars: The exosphere-plasma interaction effects. Adv. Space Res., 12(9), 205-211, 1992.
    • (1992) Adv. Space Res. , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 205-211
    • Ip, W.H.1
  • 80
    • 0042619355 scopus 로고
    • Termination of the solar wind proton flow near Mars by charge exchange
    • Ip, W. H., T. K. Breus, and T. Zarnowiecki, Termination of the solar wind proton flow near Mars by charge exchange, Planet. Space Sci., 42, 435-440, 1994.
    • (1994) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 435-440
    • Ip, W.H.1    Breus, T.K.2    Zarnowiecki, T.3
  • 81
    • 0027959097 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of water on Mars
    • Jakosky, B. M., and J. H. Jones, Evolution of water on Mars, Nature, 370, 328-329, 1994.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.370 , pp. 328-329
    • Jakosky, B.M.1    Jones, J.H.2
  • 82
    • 0000665527 scopus 로고
    • Mars atmospheric loss and isotopic fractionation by solar-wind induced sputtering and photochemical escape
    • Jakosky, B. M., R. O. Pepin, R. E. Johnson, and J. L. Fox, Mars atmospheric loss and isotopic fractionation by solar-wind induced sputtering and photochemical escape, Icarus. 111, 271-288, 1994.
    • (1994) Icarus , vol.111 , pp. 271-288
    • Jakosky, B.M.1    Pepin, R.O.2    Johnson, R.E.3    Fox, J.L.4
  • 84
    • 0011278582 scopus 로고
    • Mass losses through evaporation from a completely ionized atmosphere with applications to the solar corona
    • Jensen, E., Mass losses through evaporation from a completely ionized atmosphere with applications to the solar corona, Astrophys. Norv., 8, 99-126, 1963.
    • (1963) Astrophys. Norv. , vol.8 , pp. 99-126
    • Jensen, E.1
  • 85
    • 0001631585 scopus 로고
    • Solar wind models based on exospheric theory
    • Jockers, K., Solar wind models based on exospheric theory, Astron. Astrophys., 6, 219-239, 1970.
    • (1970) Astron. Astrophys. , vol.6 , pp. 219-239
    • Jockers, K.1
  • 86
    • 84989572048 scopus 로고
    • Dayside pick-up oxygen ion precipitation at Venus and Mars
    • Johnson, R. E., Dayside pick-up oxygen ion precipitation at Venus and Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 911-913, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 911-913
    • Johnson, R.E.1
  • 87
    • 0000538682 scopus 로고
    • Plasma-induced sputtering of an atmosphere
    • Johnson, R. E., Plasma-induced sputtering of an atmosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 69, 215-253, 1994.
    • (1994) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.69 , pp. 215-253
    • Johnson, R.E.1
  • 88
    • 0029636491 scopus 로고
    • Loss of atmosphere from Mars due to solar wind induced sputtering
    • Kass, D. M., and Y. L. Yung, Loss of atmosphere from Mars due to solar wind induced sputtering, Science, 268, 697-699, 1995.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 697-699
    • Kass, D.M.1    Yung, Y.L.2
  • 89
    • 0000599963 scopus 로고
    • Loss of water from Venus, I, Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen
    • Kasting, J. F., and J. B. Pollack, Loss of water from Venus, I, Hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen, Icarus, 53, 479-508, 1983.
    • (1983) Icarus , vol.53 , pp. 479-508
    • Kasting, J.F.1    Pollack, J.B.2
  • 90
    • 7644235997 scopus 로고
    • An outrageous hypothesis for Mars: Episodic oceans
    • Kerr, R. A., An outrageous hypothesis for Mars: Episodic oceans, Science, 259, 910-911, 1993.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 910-911
    • Kerr, R.A.1
  • 91
    • 7644233455 scopus 로고
    • α line profile measurements
    • α line profile measurements (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU. 74(43), Fall Meet. Suppl., 471, 1993.
    • (1993) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.74 , Issue.43 FALL MEET. SUPPL. , pp. 471
    • Kerr, R.B.1    Noto, J.2    He, X.3
  • 92
    • 0001932293 scopus 로고
    • Quasi-periodic climate change on Mars
    • edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson
    • Kieffer, H. H., and A. P. Zent, Quasi-periodic climate change on Mars, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, pp. 1180-1218, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1992.
    • (1992) Mars , pp. 1180-1218
    • Kieffer, H.H.1    Zent, A.P.2
  • 95
    • 7644223050 scopus 로고
    • Role of hot oxygen in the Venusian ionospheric ion energetics and supersonic antisunward flow
    • Knudsen, W. C., Role of hot oxygen in the Venusian ionospheric ion energetics and supersonic antisunward flow, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1097-1101, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 1097-1101
    • Knudsen, W.C.1
  • 96
    • 0007566432 scopus 로고
    • On the possible observational evidence in electron density profiles of a magnetic field in the Martian ionosphere
    • Krymskii, A. M., T. Breus, and E. Nielsen, On the possible observational evidence in electron density profiles of a magnetic field in the Martian ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3721-3730, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 3721-3730
    • Krymskii, A.M.1    Breus, T.2    Nielsen, E.3
  • 97
    • 0346865675 scopus 로고
    • Nonthermal hydrogen in the Venus exosphere: The ionospheric source and the hydrogen budget
    • Kumar, S., D. M. Hunten, and A. L. Broadfoot, Nonthermal hydrogen in the Venus exosphere: The ionospheric source and the hydrogen budget. Planet. Space Sci., 26, 1063-1075, 1978.
    • (1978) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 1063-1075
    • Kumar, S.1    Hunten, D.M.2    Broadfoot, A.L.3
  • 98
    • 0007893979 scopus 로고
    • Nonthermal escape of hydrogen and deuterium from Venus and implications for the loss of water
    • Kumar, S., D. M. Hunten, and J. B. Pollack, Nonthermal escape of hydrogen and deuterium from Venus and implications for the loss of water, Icarus, 55, 369-389, 1983.
    • (1983) Icarus , vol.55 , pp. 369-389
    • Kumar, S.1    Hunten, D.M.2    Pollack, J.B.3
  • 99
    • 0004143210 scopus 로고
    • chap. 2, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
    • Kundu, P. K., Fluid Mechanics, chap. 2, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1990.
    • (1990) Fluid Mechanics
    • Kundu, P.K.1
  • 100
    • 0000608464 scopus 로고
    • Nonthermal atmospheric escape from Mars and Titan
    • Lammer, H., and S. J. Bauer, Nonthermal atmospheric escape from Mars and Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1819-1825, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 1819-1825
    • Lammer, H.1    Bauer, S.J.2
  • 101
    • 0000193292 scopus 로고
    • A Mars magnetic field: Constraints from molecular ion escape
    • Lammer, H., and S. Bauer, A Mars magnetic field: Constraints from molecular ion escape, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,925-20,928, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97
    • Lammer, H.1    Bauer, S.2
  • 102
    • 84995064331 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic models of the solar and polar wind
    • Lemaire, J., and M. Scherer, Kinetic models of the solar and polar wind. Rev. Geophys., 11, 427-468, 1973.
    • (1973) Rev. Geophys. , vol.11 , pp. 427-468
    • Lemaire, J.1    Scherer, M.2
  • 103
    • 2742582909 scopus 로고
    • Venus: Atmospheric and lithospheric composition
    • Lewis, J. S., Venus: Atmospheric and lithospheric composition. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 10, 73-80, 1970.
    • (1970) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.10 , pp. 73-80
    • Lewis, J.S.1
  • 104
    • 0000939701 scopus 로고
    • Oxidation state of the atmosphere and crust of Venus from Pioneer Venus results
    • Lewis, J. S., and F. A. Kreimendahl, Oxidation state of the atmosphere and crust of Venus from Pioneer Venus results, Icarus, 42, 330-337, 1980.
    • (1980) Icarus , vol.42 , pp. 330-337
    • Lewis, J.S.1    Kreimendahl, F.A.2
  • 105
    • 84959376725 scopus 로고
    • Helium ion outflow' from the Earth's atmosphere
    • Lie-Svendsen, O., and M. H. Rees. Helium ion outflow' from the Earth's atmosphere (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 75(44), Fall Meet. Suppl. 490, 1994.
    • (1994) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.75 , Issue.44 FALL MEET. SUPPL. 490
    • Lie-Svendsen, O.1    Rees, M.H.2
  • 106
    • 0000311559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved kinetic model for the polar outflow of a minor ion
    • Lie-Svendsen, O., and M. H. Rees, An improved kinetic model for the polar outflow of a minor ion, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2415-2433, 1996a.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 2415-2433
    • Lie-Svendsen, O.1    Rees, M.H.2
  • 107
    • 0012733159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helium escape from the terrestrial atmosphere: The ion outflow mechanism
    • Lie-Svendsen, O., and M. H. Rees, Helium escape from the terrestrial atmosphere: The ion outflow mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2435-2443, 1996b.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 2435-2443
    • Lie-Svendsen, O.1    Rees, M.H.2
  • 108
  • 109
    • 0037787340 scopus 로고
    • Helium escape from the Earth's atmosphere: The charge exchange mechanism revisited
    • Lie-Svendsen, O., M. H. Rees, and K. Stamnes, Helium escape from the Earth's atmosphere: The charge exchange mechanism revisited, Planet. Space Sci., 40, 1639-1662, 1992.
    • (1992) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 1639-1662
    • Lie-Svendsen, O.1    Rees, M.H.2    Stamnes, K.3
  • 110
    • 7644227812 scopus 로고
    • Non-Maxwellian effects associated with the thermal escape of a planetary atmosphere
    • Lindenfeld, M. J., and B. Shizgal, Non-Maxwellian effects associated with the thermal escape of a planetary atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 739-751, 1979.
    • (1979) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 739-751
    • Lindenfeld, M.J.1    Shizgal, B.2
  • 111
    • 0009501439 scopus 로고
    • The Milne problem: A study of the mass dependence
    • Lindenfeld, M. J., and B. Shizgal, The Milne problem: A study of the mass dependence, Phys. Rev. A Gen. Phys., 27, 1657-1670, 1983.
    • (1983) Phys. Rev. A Gen. Phys. , vol.27 , pp. 1657-1670
    • Lindenfeld, M.J.1    Shizgal, B.2
  • 112
    • 0016060323 scopus 로고
    • The aeronomy of hydrogen in the atmosphere of the Earth
    • Liu, S. C., and T. M. Donahue, The aeronomy of hydrogen in the atmosphere of the Earth, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1118-1136, 1974a.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1118-1136
    • Liu, S.C.1    Donahue, T.M.2
  • 113
    • 0006026452 scopus 로고
    • Mesospheric hydrogen related to exospheric escape mechanisms
    • Liu, S. C., and T. M. Donahue, Mesospheric hydrogen related to exospheric escape mechanisms, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1466-1470, 1974b.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1466-1470
    • Liu, S.C.1    Donahue, T.M.2
  • 114
    • 0001555116 scopus 로고
    • Realistic model of hydrogen constituents in the lower atmosphere and the escape flux from the upper atmosphere
    • Liu, S. C., and T. M. Donahue, Realistic model of hydrogen constituents in the lower atmosphere and the escape flux from the upper atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2238-2242, 1974c.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 2238-2242
    • Liu, S.C.1    Donahue, T.M.2
  • 115
    • 33749325738 scopus 로고
    • The solar wind interaction with Venus
    • Luhmann, J. G., The solar wind interaction with Venus, Space Sci. Rev., 44, 241-306, 1986.
    • (1986) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.44 , pp. 241-306
    • Luhmann, J.G.1
  • 116
    • 0039348007 scopus 로고
    • Plasma interactions with unmagnetized bodies
    • edited by M. G. Kivelson and C. T. Russell, chap. 8, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Luhmann, J. G., Plasma interactions with unmagnetized bodies, in Introduction to Space Physics, edited by M. G. Kivelson and C. T. Russell, chap. 8, pp. 203-226, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
    • (1995) Introduction to Space Physics , pp. 203-226
    • Luhmann, J.G.1
  • 118
    • 0000264807 scopus 로고
    • Dayside pickup oxygen ton precipitation at Venus and Mars: Spatial distributions, energy deposition, and consequences
    • Luhmann, J. G., and J. U. Kozyra, Dayside pickup oxygen ton precipitation at Venus and Mars: Spatial distributions, energy deposition, and consequences, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5457-5467, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 5457-5467
    • Luhmann, J.G.1    Kozyra, J.U.2
  • 119
    • 0000311988 scopus 로고
    • The intrinsic magnetic field and solar-wind interaction of Mars
    • edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson
    • Luhmann, J. G., C. T. Russell, L. H. Brace, and O. L. Vaisberg, The intrinsic magnetic field and solar-wind interaction of Mars, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, pp. 1090-1134. Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1992a.
    • (1992) Mars , pp. 1090-1134
    • Luhmann, J.G.1    Russell, C.T.2    Brace, L.H.3    Vaisberg, O.L.4
  • 122
    • 7644243223 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of Venus and Mars: Upper atmospheres, ionospheres, and solar wind interactions
    • Mahajan, K. K., and J. Kar. A comparative study of Venus and Mars: Upper atmospheres, ionospheres, and solar wind interactions, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 19, 444-465, 1990.
    • (1990) Indian J. Radio Space Phys. , vol.19 , pp. 444-465
    • Mahajan, K.K.1    Kar, J.2
  • 123
    • 1842432354 scopus 로고
    • Mars ionopause during solar minimum: A lesson from Venus
    • Mahajan, K. K., and H. G. Mayr, Mars ionopause during solar minimum: A lesson from Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 8265-8269, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 8265-8269
    • Mahajan, K.K.1    Mayr, H.G.2
  • 124
    • 0000472144 scopus 로고
    • Atomic hydrogen escape rate due to charge exchange with hot plasmaspheric ions
    • Maher, L. J., and B. A. Tinsley, Atomic hydrogen escape rate due to charge exchange with hot plasmaspheric ions, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 689-695, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 689-695
    • Maher, L.J.1    Tinsley, B.A.2
  • 125
    • 7644233454 scopus 로고
    • 2 in the upper atmosphere
    • 2 in the upper atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci., 16, 477-493, 1968.
    • (1968) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 477-493
    • Maier, W.B.1
  • 126
    • 21444435276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid fluid/ kinetic approach to planetary atmospheres: The case of an intermediate mass body
    • in press
    • Marconi, M. J., L. Dagum, and W. H. Smyth, Hybrid fluid/ kinetic approach to planetary atmospheres: The case of an intermediate mass body, Astrophys. J., in press, 1996.
    • (1996) Astrophys. J.
    • Marconi, M.J.1    Dagum, L.2    Smyth, W.H.3
  • 127
    • 0001671348 scopus 로고
    • Mars: An evolving atmosphere
    • McElroy, M. B., Mars: An evolving atmosphere, Science, 175, 443-445, 1972.
    • (1972) Science , vol.175 , pp. 443-445
    • McElroy, M.B.1
  • 128
    • 0001666160 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen isotopes in the Martian atmosphere: Implications for the evolution of volatiles
    • McElroy, M. B., and Y. L. Yung. Oxygen isotopes in the Martian atmosphere: Implications for the evolution of volatiles, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 1107-1113, 1976.
    • (1976) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 1107-1113
    • McElroy, M.B.1    Yung, Y.L.2
  • 130
  • 131
    • 0028603059 scopus 로고
    • What we have learned about Mars from SNC meteorites
    • McSween, H. Y., What we have learned about Mars from SNC meteorites, Meteoritics, 29, 757-779, 1994.
    • (1994) Meteoritics , vol.29 , pp. 757-779
    • McSween, H.Y.1
  • 132
    • 7644226696 scopus 로고
    • Discrete velocity model for an escaping single-component atmosphere
    • Merryfield, W. J., and B. D. Shizgal, Discrete velocity model for an escaping single-component atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 42, 409-419, 1994.
    • (1994) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 409-419
    • Merryfield, W.J.1    Shizgal, B.D.2
  • 133
    • 0039470342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical modeling of the solar wind interaction with Venus
    • Murawski, K., and R. S. Steinolfson, Numerical modeling of the solar wind interaction with Venus, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 243-252, 1996.
    • (1996) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 243-252
    • Murawski, K.1    Steinolfson, R.S.2
  • 134
    • 84986413017 scopus 로고
    • Hot oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Venus and Mars
    • Nagy, A. F., and T. E. Cravens, Hot oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Venus and Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 433-435, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 433-435
    • Nagy, A.F.1    Cravens, T.E.2
  • 136
    • 0002415570 scopus 로고
    • Hot hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars
    • Nagy, A. F., J. Kim, and T. E. Cravens, Hot hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars, Ann. Geophys., 8, 251-256, 1990.
    • (1990) Ann. Geophys. , vol.8 , pp. 251-256
    • Nagy, A.F.1    Kim, J.2    Cravens, T.E.3
  • 138
    • 37049182906 scopus 로고
    • Deuterium on Mars: The abundance of HDO and the value of D/H
    • Owen, T., J. P. Maillard, C. De Bergh, and B. J. Lutz, Deuterium on Mars: The abundance of HDO and the value of D/H, Science, 240, 1767-1770, 1988.
    • (1988) Science , vol.240 , pp. 1767-1770
    • Owen, T.1    Maillard, J.P.2    De Bergh, C.3    Lutz, B.J.4
  • 139
    • 0000187363 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields
    • Parker, E. N., Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 128, 664-676, 1958.
    • (1958) Astrophys. J. , vol.128 , pp. 664-676
    • Parker, E.N.1
  • 140
    • 33645825281 scopus 로고
    • Dynamical theory of the solar wind
    • Parker, E. N., Dynamical theory of the solar wind, Space Sci. Rev., 4, 666-708, 1965.
    • (1965) Space Sci. Rev. , vol.4 , pp. 666-708
    • Parker, E.N.1
  • 142
    • 44949277576 scopus 로고
    • On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles
    • Pepin, R. O., On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles, Icarus, 92, 2-79, 1991.
    • (1991) Icarus , vol.92 , pp. 2-79
    • Pepin, R.O.1
  • 143
    • 0026494917 scopus 로고
    • Origin of noble gases in the terrestrial planets
    • Pepin, R. O., Origin of noble gases in the terrestrial planets, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 389-430, 1992.
    • (1992) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 389-430
    • Pepin, R.O.1
  • 144
    • 0001623078 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Martian atmosphere
    • Pepin, R. O., Evolution of the Martian atmosphere, Icarus, 111, 289-304, 1994.
    • (1994) Icarus , vol.111 , pp. 289-304
    • Pepin, R.O.1
  • 147
    • 0021753089 scopus 로고
    • Water loss on Venus: The role of carbon monoxide
    • Richardson, S. M., J. B. Pollack, and R. T. Reynolds, Water loss on Venus: The role of carbon monoxide, Icarus, 60, 307-316, 1984.
    • (1984) Icarus , vol.60 , pp. 307-316
    • Richardson, S.M.1    Pollack, J.B.2    Reynolds, R.T.3
  • 149
    • 7644224985 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of eddy diffusion coefficient in the Mars atmosphere
    • Rodrigo, R., E. G. Alvarez, M. J. L. Gonzalez, and M. A. L. Valverde, Estimates of eddy diffusion coefficient in the Mars atmosphere, Atmosfera, 3, 31-43, 1990.
    • (1990) Atmosfera , vol.3 , pp. 31-43
    • Rodrigo, R.1    Alvarez, E.G.2    Gonzalez, M.J.L.3    Valverde, M.A.L.4
  • 150
    • 0007985763 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen on Venus: Exospheric distribution and escape
    • Rodriguez, J. M., M. J. Prather, and M. B. McElroy, Hydrogen on Venus: Exospheric distribution and escape, Planet. Space Sci., 32, 1235-1255, 1984.
    • (1984) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 1235-1255
    • Rodriguez, J.M.1    Prather, M.J.2    McElroy, M.B.3
  • 151
    • 84945113722 scopus 로고
    • The magnetic field of Mars: Mars-5 evidence reexamined
    • Russell, C. T., The magnetic field of Mars: Mars-5 evidence reexamined, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 81-84, 1978.
    • (1978) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 81-84
    • Russell, C.T.1
  • 153
    • 0000664626 scopus 로고
    • On the interaction between shocked solar wind and the planetary ions on the dayside of Venus
    • Shapiro, V. D., K. Szego, S. K. Ride, A. F. Nagy, and V. I. Shevchenko, On the interaction between shocked solar wind and the planetary ions on the dayside of Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21,289-21,305, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Shapiro, V.D.1    Szego, K.2    Ride, S.K.3    Nagy, A.F.4    Shevchenko, V.I.5
  • 154
    • 0003118815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy distribution of fast nitrogen atoms in the nighttime terrestrial atmosphere
    • Sharma, R. D., V. A. Kharchenko, Y. Sun, and A. Dalgarno, Energy distribution of fast nitrogen atoms in the nighttime terrestrial atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 275-281, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 275-281
    • Sharma, R.D.1    Kharchenko, V.A.2    Sun, Y.3    Dalgarno, A.4
  • 156
    • 0000334547 scopus 로고
    • A kinetic model of the formation of the hot oxygen geocorona, 1, Quiet geomagnetic conditions
    • Shematovich, V. I., D. V. Bisikalo, and J. C. Gérard, A kinetic model of the formation of the hot oxygen geocorona, 1, Quiet geomagnetic conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,217-23,228, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Shematovich, V.I.1    Bisikalo, D.V.2    Gérard, J.C.3
  • 157
    • 0346334190 scopus 로고
    • A one-dimensional multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model of the dayside ionosphere of Venus
    • Shinagawa, H., and T. E. Cravens, A one-dimensional multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model of the dayside ionosphere of Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11,263-11,277, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93
    • Shinagawa, H.1    Cravens, T.E.2
  • 158
    • 0000473150 scopus 로고
    • A one-dimensional multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model of the dayside ionosphere of Mars
    • Shinagawa, H., and T. E. Cravens, A one-dimensional multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model of the dayside ionosphere of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6506-6516, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 6506-6516
    • Shinagawa, H.1    Cravens, T.E.2
  • 159
    • 0001210526 scopus 로고
    • The ionospheric effects of a weak intrinsic magnetic field at Mars
    • Shinagawa, H., and T. E. Cravens, The ionospheric effects of a weak intrinsic magnetic field at Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1027-1035, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 1027-1035
    • Shinagawa, H.1    Cravens, T.E.2
  • 160
    • 84977865248 scopus 로고
    • +, H) charge exchange collisions in the production of nonthermal H
    • +, H) charge exchange collisions in the production of nonthermal H (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 1002, 1985.
    • (1985) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.66 , pp. 1002
    • Shizgal, B.1
  • 161
    • 4544368785 scopus 로고
    • Hot hydrogen and deuterium in the exosphere of Venus
    • Shizgal, B., Hot hydrogen and deuterium in the exosphere of Venus, Adv. Space Res., 7(12), 73-77, 1987.
    • (1987) Adv. Space Res. , vol.7 , Issue.12 , pp. 73-77
    • Shizgal, B.1
  • 163
    • 0012061102 scopus 로고
    • A simple kinetic theory calculation of terrestrial atomic hydrogen escape induced by charge exchange collisions
    • Shizgal, B., and M. J. Lindenfeld, A simple kinetic theory calculation of terrestrial atomic hydrogen escape induced by charge exchange collisions, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 853-860, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.87 , pp. 853-860
    • Shizgal, B.1    Lindenfeld, M.J.2
  • 164
    • 0001061066 scopus 로고
    • The solar wind interaction with Mars revisited
    • Slavin, J. A., and R. E. Holzer, The solar wind interaction with Mars revisited, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 10,285-10,296, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.87
    • Slavin, J.A.1    Holzer, R.E.2
  • 165
    • 0001533967 scopus 로고
    • A new predictive model for determining solar wind-terrestrial planet interactions
    • Spreiter, J. R., and S. S. Stahara, A new predictive model for determining solar wind-terrestrial planet interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6769-6777, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.85 , pp. 6769-6777
    • Spreiter, J.R.1    Stahara, S.S.2
  • 166
    • 0028164397 scopus 로고
    • Early Mars: How warm and how wet?
    • Squyres, S. W., and J. F. Kasting, Early Mars: How warm and how wet?. Science, 265, 744-749, 1994.
    • (1994) Science , vol.265 , pp. 744-749
    • Squyres, S.W.1    Kasting, J.F.2
  • 167
    • 0027065607 scopus 로고
    • Ice in the Martian regolith
    • edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson
    • Squyres, S. W., S. M. Clifford, R. O. Kuzmin, J. R. Zimbelman, and F. M. Costard, Ice in the Martian regolith, in Mars, edited by H. H. Kieffer, B. M. Jakosky, C. W. Snyder, and M. S. Matthews, pp. 523-554, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1992.
    • (1992) Mars , pp. 523-554
    • Squyres, S.W.1    Clifford, S.M.2    Kuzmin, R.O.3    Zimbelman, J.R.4    Costard, F.M.5
  • 168
    • 0037578704 scopus 로고
    • The linear Boltzmann equation in slab geometry: Development and verification of a reliable and efficient solution
    • Stamnes, K., O. Lie-Svendsen, and M. H. Rees, The linear Boltzmann equation in slab geometry: Development and verification of a reliable and efficient solution, Planet. Space Sci., 39, 1435-1463, 1991.
    • (1991) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 1435-1463
    • Stamnes, K.1    Lie-Svendsen, O.2    Rees, M.H.3
  • 169
    • 33947624291 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet spectroscopy of Venus: Initial results from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
    • Stewart, A. I., D. E. Anderson, L. W. Esposito, and C. A. Barth, Ultraviolet spectroscopy of Venus: Initial results from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Science, 203, 777-779, 1979.
    • (1979) Science , vol.203 , pp. 777-779
    • Stewart, A.I.1    Anderson, D.E.2    Esposito, L.W.3    Barth, C.A.4
  • 170
    • 0018430295 scopus 로고
    • Ion velocity distributions in the high-latitude ionosphere
    • St. Maurice, J. P., and R. W. Schunk, Ion velocity distributions in the high-latitude ionosphere, Rev. Geophys., 17, 99-134, 1979.
    • (1979) Rev. Geophys. , vol.17 , pp. 99-134
    • St. Maurice, J.P.1    Schunk, R.W.2
  • 171
    • 33751110863 scopus 로고
    • Mariner 10 observations of hydrogen Lyman alpha emission from Venus exosphere: Evidence of a complex structure
    • Takacs, P. Z., A. L. Broadfoot, G. R. Smith, and S. Kumar, Mariner 10 observations of hydrogen Lyman alpha emission from Venus exosphere: Evidence of a complex structure, Planet. Space Sci., 28, 687-701, 1980.
    • (1980) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 687-701
    • Takacs, P.Z.1    Broadfoot, A.L.2    Smith, G.R.3    Kumar, S.4
  • 172
    • 0007566377 scopus 로고
    • Generation mechanisms for magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems deduced from a three-dimensional MHD simulation of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes
    • Tanaka, T., Generation mechanisms for magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems deduced from a three-dimensional MHD simulation of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 12,057-12,074, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Tanaka, T.1
  • 173
    • 7644236826 scopus 로고
    • + in the upper atmosphere
    • + in the upper atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 847-853, 1978.
    • (1978) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 847-853
    • Tinsley, B.A.1
  • 174
    • 0024483474 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget: Implications with respect to the degassing processes of continental crust
    • Torgerson, T., Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget: Implications with respect to the degassing processes of continental crust. Chem. Geol., 79, 1-14, 1989.
    • (1989) Chem. Geol. , vol.79 , pp. 1-14
    • Torgerson, T.1
  • 175
    • 0011056995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar wind measurements near Mars and their implication in the red planet environment
    • Trotignon, J. G., R. Grard, S. Barabash, R. Lundin, and E. Dubinin, Solar wind measurements near Mars and their implication in the red planet environment. Planet. Space Sci., 44, 117-127, 1996.
    • (1996) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 117-127
    • Trotignon, J.G.1    Grard, R.2    Barabash, S.3    Lundin, R.4    Dubinin, E.5
  • 176
    • 7644224442 scopus 로고
    • Rep. SES-TD-94-022, Inst. of Space and Astronaut. Sci., Sagamihara, Japan
    • Tsuruda, K., and T. Yamamoto, Planet-B interim report, Rep. SES-TD-94-022, Inst. of Space and Astronaut. Sci., Sagamihara, Japan, 1995.
    • (1995) Planet-B Interim Report
    • Tsuruda, K.1    Yamamoto, T.2
  • 177
    • 1842432340 scopus 로고
    • The solar wind interaction with Mars: A review of results from early Soviet missions to Mars
    • edited by J. G. Luhmann, M. Tatrallyay, and R. O. Pepin, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • Vaisberg, O. L., The solar wind interaction with Mars: A review of results from early Soviet missions to Mars, in Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 66, edited by J. G. Luhmann, M. Tatrallyay, and R. O. Pepin, pp. 311-326, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1992.
    • (1992) Venus and Mars: Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser. , vol.66 , pp. 311-326
    • Vaisberg, O.L.1
  • 179
    • 0011684940 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of a rapidly escaping atmosphere: Applications to the evolution of Earth and Venus
    • Watson, A. J., T. M. Donahue, and J. C. G. Walker, The dynamics of a rapidly escaping atmosphere: Applications to the evolution of Earth and Venus, Icarus, 48, 150-166, 1981.
    • (1981) Icarus , vol.48 , pp. 150-166
    • Watson, A.J.1    Donahue, T.M.2    Walker, J.C.G.3
  • 180
    • 38249038508 scopus 로고
    • Radial dependence of the density in a planetary exosphere
    • Weinert, U., and B. Shizgal, Radial dependence of the density in a planetary exosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 35, 199-207, 1987.
    • (1987) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 199-207
    • Weinert, U.1    Shizgal, B.2
  • 181
    • 2442566280 scopus 로고
    • The oxygen polar corona
    • Yee, J. H., and P. B. Hays, The oxygen polar corona, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1795-1799, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.85 , pp. 1795-1799
    • Yee, J.H.1    Hays, P.B.2
  • 182
    • 0005661377 scopus 로고
    • Detection of a corona of fast oxygen atoms during solar maximum
    • Yee, Y. H., J. W. Meriwether Jr., and P. B. Hays, Detection of a corona of fast oxygen atoms during solar maximum, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3396-3400, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.85 , pp. 3396-3400
    • Yee, Y.H.1    Meriwether Jr., J.W.2    Hays, P.B.3
  • 183
    • 0024975252 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen and deuterium loss from the terrestrial atmosphere: A quantitative assessment of nonthermal escape fluxes
    • Yung, Y. L., J. Wen, J. I. Moses, B. M. Landry, and M. Allen, Hydrogen and deuterium loss from the terrestrial atmosphere: A quantitative assessment of nonthermal escape fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14,971-14,989, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Yung, Y.L.1    Wen, J.2    Moses, J.I.3    Landry, B.M.4    Allen, M.5
  • 184
    • 0001629751 scopus 로고
    • Mass fractionation during transonic escape and implications for loss of water from Mars and Venus
    • Zahnle, K. J., and J. F. Kasting, Mass fractionation during transonic escape and implications for loss of water from Mars and Venus, Icarus. 68, 462-480, 1986.
    • (1986) Icarus , vol.68 , pp. 462-480
    • Zahnle, K.J.1    Kasting, J.F.2
  • 185
    • 0025697718 scopus 로고
    • Mass fractionation of noble gases in diffusion-limited hydrodynamic hydrogen escape
    • Zahnle, K., J. F. Kasting, and J. B. Pollack, Mass fractionation of noble gases in diffusion-limited hydrodynamic hydrogen escape, Icarus, 84, 502-527, 1990.
    • (1990) Icarus , vol.84 , pp. 502-527
    • Zahnle, K.1    Kasting, J.F.2    Pollack, J.B.3
  • 187
    • 0000183713 scopus 로고
    • The solar cycle dependence of the location and shape of the Venus bow shock
    • Zhang, T. L., J. G. Luhmann, and C. T. Russell, The solar cycle dependence of the location and shape of the Venus bow shock, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 14,961-14,967, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95
    • Zhang, T.L.1    Luhmann, J.G.2    Russell, C.T.3
  • 188
    • 0027388285 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen ionization rates at Mars and Venus: Relative contributions of impact ionization and charge exchange
    • Zhang, M. H. G., J. G. Luhmann, A. F. Nagy, J. R. Spreiter, and S. S. Stahara, Oxygen ionization rates at Mars and Venus: Relative contributions of impact ionization and charge exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3311-3318, 1993a.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 3311-3318
    • Zhang, M.H.G.1    Luhmann, J.G.2    Nagy, A.F.3    Spreiter, J.R.4    Stahara, S.S.5
  • 189
    • 0027878280 scopus 로고
    • The ancient oxygen exosphere of Mars: Implications for atmosphere evolution
    • Zhang, M. H. G., J. G. Luhmann, S. W. Bougher, and A. F. Nagy, The ancient oxygen exosphere of Mars: Implications for atmosphere evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,915-10,923, 1993b.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98
    • Zhang, M.H.G.1    Luhmann, J.G.2    Bougher, S.W.3    Nagy, A.F.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.