Technology creation in the biotechnology sectors: The French connection

International Journal of Technology Management

Volumn 12, Issue 7-8, 1996, Pages 830-848

  Jolly, Dominique ^a,c,d,e   Ramani, Shyama V ^b,f,g,h  

^a GRENOBLE ECOLE DE MANAGEMENT   (France)

^b CEMAGREF   (France)

^c Research Department

^d Research Department ^*

^e Intl Assoc the Mgmt of Technol

^f Centre de Recherche Agronomique   (France)

^g Inst Natl de la Rech Agronomique ^*  (United States)

^h Institut National Polytechnique

Author keywords

Biotechnology sectors; Codified knowledge; Generic technology

Indexed keywords

BIOTECHNOLOGY; FINANCE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; MARKETING; MODERNIZATION; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTORS; CODIFIED KNOWLEDGE; GENERIC TECHNOLOGY;

TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 0030398903     PISSN: 02675730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Bull, A.T., Holt, G. and Lilly, M.D. (1982) Biotechnology: International Trends and Perspectives, OECD, Paris. Conseil Economique et social (1983) 'Les promesses de la bioindustrie', Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise, No. 1.
2. Bull, A.T., Holt, G. and Lilly, M.D. (1982) Biotechnology: International Trends and Perspectives, OECD, Paris. Conseil Economique et social (1983) 'Les promesses de la bioindustrie', Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise, No. 1.
3. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (1991)Biotechnology in a Gobai Economy, US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Washington D.C., US Government Printing Office.
4. Gest (1986) Grappes Technologiques-les Nouvelles Strategie d'Enterprise, McGraw Hill, Paris and Ait-El-Hadj (1989) L'Enterprise Face a la Mutation Technologique, Les Editions d'Organization, Paris.
5. Gest (1986) Grappes Technologiques-les Nouvelles Strategie d'Enterprise, McGraw Hill, Paris and Ait-El-Hadj (1989) L'Enterprise Face a la Mutation Technologique, Les Editions d'Organization, Paris.
6. Sharp, M. (1989) 'Biotechnology in Britain and France: the evolution of policy', in Strategies for New Technology: Case Studies from France and Britain, edited by M. Sharp and P. Holmes, 1989, Philip Allan, London, pp.119-159.
7. For instance between 1980 and 1990 the radical innovations to be commercialized were: Insulin (Eli Lilly (1982), Novo-Nordisk (1988)), Human growth hormone (Genentech (1985), Eli Lilly (1987), Novo-Nordisk (1988), Ares-Serono (1988), Biotechnology General (1989)), Alpha 2 interferon (Schering Plough (1986), Huffman La Roche (1986), Monoclonal Orthoclone OKT3 (Ortho biotech (1986)), Tissue Plasminogen Activator TPA (Genentech (19867)), Erythroprotein EPO (Amgen (1989)), Hepatitis B vaccine (Smith Kline and Beecham (1989)).
8. Obvious from the information published in specific journals like Bio/Technology or Biofutur (journal devoted principally to French developments in the biotechnology arena).
9. Delapierre, M., Lemettre, J.F., Mytelka, L., Zimmermann, J.B. and Vavakova, B. (1988) Cooperation between firms and research institutes: The French Case. Mimeo prepared for the Eureka meeting in Milan, March.
10. Pinon, J.C. (1990) 'Financements Nationaux de la R&D en biotechnologie: Les annees 80', Biofutur, May, pp. 107-133.
11. Acharya, R. (1994) The impact of New Technologies on Economic Growth and Trade: A Case Study of Biotechnology, Maastricht: University Press.
12. Joly, P.B. and de Looze, M.A. (1993) L'Analyse des Depots de Brevets Pennet-Elle de Reveler les Strategies d'Enterprises en Biotechnologies Vegetals, Paris, Conference at BioExpo.
13. Comite National d'Evaluation de la Recherche (CNER) (1994) Un Antre Regard sur la Recherche, September Evaluations 1990-1993, Partie 7 Evaluation du programme 'biotechnologies', Paris: La Documentation Francaise.
14. Guignard, P. (1994) Les Strategies Publiques de la Recherche: Le Cas des Biotechnologies, Doctoral thesis, Universite Pierre Mendes France, Grenoble, France.
15. To get the value in current price in French francs divide all dollar figures by 5.5.
16. Callon, M., Laredo, P. and Mustar, P. (1994) 'Panorama de al science Francaise', La Recherche, 264, Vol. 25, pp.378-383.
17. Assouline, (1986) 'The economic stakes of biotechnology for the agrofood sector', Biofutur, March.
18. Raugel, P.J. (1992) 'An impressionist view of the French biotechnology industry', Biotechnology Forum Europe, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.206-211.
19. Based on data given in Biofutur and the database of Bioscan.
20. The latest version of the directory of firms in the biotechnology sectors, ADEBIO, cites about 689 firms operating in the biotechnology sectors. Of these, 104 declare R&D as one of their activitieds; 37% are in agriculture, agro-foods or biopesticides, 19% are in the pharmaceutical sector, 12% in chemicals, 6% in environment, 1% in energy and 25% are suppliers of equipment. Of the firms which do not belong to a large industrial group, and which do not conduct R&D, it is not possible to infer from the directory whether they are firms using first generation biotechnology or DBFs on research contracts or licenses.
21. Raugel, P.J. (1990) 'Creations de societes independantes specialisees en biotechnologies et en biologie en France', Biofutur, May, pp.95-104.
22. Heidrich, A.G. (1994) 'Resetting the model for long-term success', Bio/Technology, Vol. 12, April, pp.342-345.
23. Ramani, S. (1995) Private and Social Incentives for the Formation of R&D Strategic Alliances, Mimeo, Unit SERD/INRA, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
24. Jolly, D. (1994) Acceder a L'Innovation Technologique par la Cooperation Inter-Enterprise, Cahier de Recherche, CETAI-HEC, No. 94-22.
25. A much publicized takeover was that of Transgene by Institut Mérieux.
26. Joly, P.B. (1993) Can European Chemical Corporations Take Over American Biotechnologies? Towards a New Look at the Appropriation and Circulation of Scientific Knowledge, European Management and Organizations in Transition (EMOT), Workshop, Strasbourg, France, October.
27. Sharp, M., Thomas, S. and Matin, P. (1994) Technology transfers and innovation policy: chemicals and biotechnology' in The Challenges of Globalization: Innovation and Competition' edited by F. Sachwald, IFRI, Paris.
28. Ernst and Young (1991) La Mosaique Biotech, Elsevier, Paris.
29. Opinions voiced in interviews.
30. Hodgson, J. (1992) 'Europe, Maastricht, and Biotechnology', Bio/Technology, Vol. 10, pp. 1421-1426.
31. The European Commission's Council of Ministers gives directives to nation states that dictate the final ends required to be met. The nation states are free to build their own legal methanisms to implement them. Directives which impinge on development of the biotechnology sectors concerned contained use of genetically modified organisms (EEC directive 90/219) and their deliberate release in the environment (EEC directive 90/220).