Characteristics and origin of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits: A review

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 383-403

  Arehart, Greg B ^a  

^a GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Carlin type; Fluid inclusions; Gold ore; Isotopes; Nevada; Ore forming fluids

Indexed keywords

FLUID INCLUSION; GOLD; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; ORE FLUID; SEDIMENT HOSTED ORE DEPOSIT;

USA, NEVADA;

EID: 0030391845     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-1368(96)00010-8     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Alvarez-A., A. and Noble, D.C., 1988. Sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated precious metal mineralization at Purisima Conception, Yauricocha district, central Peru. Econ. Geol., 83: 1368-1378.
2. Arehart, G.B., Kesler, S.E., O'Neil, J.R. and Foland, K.A., 1992. Evidence for the supergene origin of alunite in sediment-hosted micron gold deposits, Nevada. Econ. Geol., 87: 263-270.
3. Arehart, G.B., Chryssoulis, S.L. and Kesler, S.E., 1993a. Gold and arsenic in iron sulfides from sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits: Implication for depositional processes. Econ. Geol., 88: 171-185.
4. Arehart, G.B., Eldridge, C.S., Chryssoulis, S.L. and Kesler, S.E., 1993b. Ion microprobe determination of sulfur isotope variations in iron sulfides from the Post/Betze sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit, Nevada, USA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57: 1505-1519.
5. 39Ar, K/Ar and fission-track geochronology of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits at Post/Betze, Carlin trend, northeastern Nevada. Econ. Geol., 88: 622-646.
6. Ashley, R.P., Cunningham, C.G., Bostick, N.H., Dean, W.E. and Chou, I.-M., 1991. Geology and geochemistry of three sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. Ore Geol. Rev., 6: 133-151.
7. Bakken, B.E. and Einaudi, M., 1986. Spatial and temporal relation between wall rock alteration and gold mineralization, main pit, Carlin gold mine, Nevada, USA. In: A.J. Macdonald (Editor), Gold '86. Willowdale Ontario, Konsult International, Inc., pp. 388-403.
8. Birak, D.J. and Hawkins, R.B., 1985. The geology of the Enfield Bell mine and the Jerritt Canyon District, Elko County, Nevada. USGS Bull., 1646: 95-105.
9. Bloomstein, E.I., Massingill, G.L., Parratt, R.L. and Peltonen, D.R., 1991. Discovery, geology and mineralization of the Rabbit Creek gold deposit, Humboldt County, Nevada. In: G.L. Raines, R.E. Lisle, R.W. Schafer and W.H. Wilkinson (Editors), Geology and ore deposits of the Great Basin: Geological Society of Nevada and US Geological Survey Symposium, Reno/Sparks, Vol. 2, pp. 821-844.
10. Bonham, H.L., 1986. Bulk-mineable precious-metal deposits and prospects in Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Map 91, scale 1:1,000,000.
11. Clayton, R.N., O'Neil, J.R. and Mayeda, T., 1972. Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water. J. Geophys. Res., 77: 3057-3067.
12. Cline, J.S., Hofstra A.H., Landis, G.P., Allerton, S.B., Gent, C.A. and Eastoe, C.J., 1995. Stable isotope and gas compositions of ore fluids from the Getchell Mine, Nevada: Evidence for contrasting ore fluids. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Progr., 27: A66.
13. Cloke, P.I. and Kelly, W.C., 1964. Solubility of gold under inorganic supergene conditions. Econ. Geol., 59: 259-270.
14. Davis, G.A., 1980. Problems of intraplate extensional tectonics, western United States. In: Continental Tectonics. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 84-95.
15. Drummond, S.E. and Ohmoto, H., 1985. Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol., 80: 126-147.
16. Eldridge, C.S., Aoki, M., Arehart, G.B., Danti, K., Hedenquist, J.W. and McKibben, M.A., 1994. Rapid redox shifts in gold-depositing hydrothermal systems: the SHRIMP sulfur isotopic evidence for boiling. Abstracts of the 8th Int. Conf. on Geochron. Cosmochron. and Isotope Geol., USGS Circ. 1107, p. 90.
17. Ellis, A.J., 1959. The solubility of calcite in carbon dioxide solutions. Am. J. Sci., 257: 354-365.
18. Evans, J.G., 1980. Geology of the rodeo Creek NE and Welches Canyon quadrangles, Eureka County, Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Bull., 1473, 81 pp.
19. Field, C.W., 1966. Sulfur isotopic method for discriminating between sulfates of hypogene and supergene origin. Econ. Geol., 61: 1428-1435.
20. 39Ar dates from mica in Carlin-type gold deposits: Evidence from the Jerritt Canyon District, Nevada. Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Program with Abstracts, no page number.
21. Fournier, R.M., 1985. Silica minerals as indicators of conditions during gold deposition: US Geol. Surv. Bull., 1646: 15-26.
22. Fournier, R.M., 1986. Carbonate transport and deposition in the epithermal environment. In: B.R. Berger and P.M. Bethke (Editors.), Geology and Geochemistry of Epithermal Systems. Rev. Econ. Geol., 2: 63-72.
23. Garwin, S.L., Hendri, D. and Lauricella, P.F., 1995. The geology of the Mesel Deposit, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Proc. of the PACRIM '95 Conf., pp. 221-226.
24. Gilg, H.A. and Sheppard, S.M.F., 1996. Hydrogen isotope fractionation between kaolinite and water revisited. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60: 529-533.
25. Graney, J.R., Kesler, S.E. and Jones, H.D., 1991. Application of gas analysis of jasperoid inclusion fluids to exploration for micron gold deposits. J. Geochem. Expl., 42: 91-106.
26. 39Ar dating and conditions during gold mineralization in the Cretaceous and Tertiary for Carlin-type deposits along the Getchell Trend, Humboldt County, Nevada. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Progr., 27: A67.
27. Hauff, P.L., Kruse, F.A. and Madrid, R.J., 1989. Gold exploration using illite polytypes defined by X-ray diffraction and reflectance and reflectance spectroscopy. World Gold '89; Proc. of the 1st Joint Int. Meet. between SME and AusIMM. Mt. States R&D Int., pp. 76-82.
28. Hausen, D.F. and Kerr, P.F., 1968. Fine gold occurrence at Carlin, Nevada. In: J.D. Ridge (Editor), Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967, Volume 1, New York, AIME, pp. 908-940.
29. 2S-bearing aqueous solutions at 250-350°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55: 2111-2126.
30. Helgeson, H.C., Delaney, J.M., Nesbitt, M.W. and Bird, D.K., 1978. Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. Am. J. Sci., 276: 1-278.
31. Henley, R.W., 1973. Solubility of gold in hydrothermal chloride solutions. Chem. Geol., 11: 73-87.
32. Hofstra, A.H., Leventhal, J.S., Northrop, H.R., Landis, G.P., Rye, R.O., Birak, D.J. and Dahl, A.R., 1991. Genesis of sediment-hosted disseminated-gold deposits by fluid mixing and sulfidization: Chemical-reaction-path modeling of ore-depositional processes documented in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada. Geology, 18: 36-40.
33. Hofstra, A.H., Northrop, H.R., Rye, R.O., Landis, G.P. and Birak, D.J., 1988. Origin of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits by fluid mixing: Evidence from jasperoids in the Jerritt Canyon gold district, Nevada, USA. Proc. of Bicent. Gold '88, pp. 284-289.
34. Hofstra, A.H. and Rowe, W.A., 1987. Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization at Jerritt Canyon, Nevada. II. Jasperoid paragenesis and occurrence of gold. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Progr. 19: 704.
35. Holland, P.T., Beaty, D.W. and Snow, G.G., 1988. Comparative elemental and oxygen isotope geochemistry of jasperoid in the northern Great Basin: Evidence for distinctive fluid evolution in gold-producing hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol., 83: 1401-1423.
36. Howe, S.S., Theodore, T.G. and Arehart, G.B., 1995. Sulfur and oxygen isotopic composition of vein barite from the Marigold mine and surrounding area, north-central Nevada: Applications to gold exploration. Geology Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Program with Abstracts, no page number.
37. Ilchik, R.P., 1990. Geology and geochemistry of the Vantage gold deposits, Alligator Ridge-Bald Mountain mining district, Nevada. Econ. Geol., 85: 50-75.
38. Ilchik, R.P. and Barton, M.D., 1995. Numerical simulation of the development of Carlin-type gold deposits of the Great Basin, a source-sink approach to mineral deposit formation. Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Program with Abstracts, no page number.
39. Ilchik, R.P., Brimhall, G.H. and Schull, H.W., 1986. Hydrothermal maturation of indigenous organic matter at the Alligator Ridge gold deposits, Nevada. Econ. Geol., 81: 113-130.
40. Jewell, P.W. and Parry, W.T., 1987. Geology and hydrothermal alteration of the Mercur gold deposit, Utah. Econ. Geol., 82: 1958-1966.
41. Jewell, P.W. and Parry, W.T., 1988. Geochemistry of the Mercur gold deposit (Utah, USA). Chem. Geol., 69: 245-265.
42. Joralemon, P., 1951. The occurrence of gold at the Getchell mine, Nevada. Econ. Geol., 46: 267-310.
43. Kettler, R.M., 1990. Organic matter in hydrothermal systems: Implications for fluid chemistry and source. Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 214 pp, unpub.
44. Kroko, C.T., 1992. Structural controls on gold distribution of the Mercur gold deposit, Mercur, Utah. M.Sc. thesis, University of Utah, 150 pp., unpub.
45. Kuehn, C.A., 1989. Studies of disseminated gold deposits near Carlin, Nevada: Evidence for a deep geologic setting of ore formation. Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, College Station, 395 pp., unpub.
46. Kuehn, C.A. and Rose, A.W., 1995. Carlin gold deposits, Nevada: Origin in a deep zone of mixing between normally pressured and overpressured fluids. Econ. Geol., 90: 17-36.
47. Leonardson, R.W. and Rahn, J.E., 1995. Structural geology and ore controls at the Barrick Goldstrike Betze open pit. Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Program with Abstracts, no page number.
48. Lovering, T.G., 1972. Jasperoid in the United States: Its characteristics, origin and economic significance. USGS Prof. Pap. 710, 164 pp.
49. Madrid, R.J. and Bagby, W.C., 1986. Structural alignment of sediment hosted gold deposits in north-central Nevada; An example of inherited fabrics. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr., 18: 393.
50. Madrid, R.J., Bagby, W.C. and Bakken, B.M., 1988. Gold occurrence and its relation to vein and mineral paragenesis in selected sedimentary-rock-hosted, Carlin-type deposits in Nevada. Proc. of Bicent. Gold '88.
51. Maher, B.J., Browne, Q.J. and McKee, E.H., 1993. Constraints on the age of gold mineralization and metallogenesis in the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt, Nevada. Econ. Geol., 88: 469-478.
52. Mao, S.H., 1991. Occurrence and distribution of invisible gold in a Carlin-type gold deposit in China. Am. Mineral., 76: 1964-1972.
53. Nash, J.T., 1972. Fluid-inclusion studies of some gold deposits in Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 800-C, pp. C15-C19.
54. Northrop, H.R., Rye, R.O., Landis, G.P., Lustwerk, R., Jones, M.B. and Daly, W.E., 1987. Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralization at Jerritt Canyon, Nevada. V. Stable isotope geochemistry and a model of ore deposition. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Progr., 19: 791.
55. Ohmoto, H., Mizukami, M., Drummond, S.E., Eldridge, C.S., Pisutha-Araond, V. and Lenagh, T.C., 1983. Chemical processes of Kuroko formation. Econ. Geol. Monogr., 9: 570-604.
56. O'Neil, J.R. and Bailey, G.B., 1979. Stable isotope investigation of gold-bearing jasperoid in the central Drum Mountains, Utah. Econ. Geol., 74; 852-859.
57. Osterberg, M.W., 1990. Geology and geochemistry of the Chimney Creek gold deposit, Humboldt County, Nevada. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 173 pp., unpub.
58. Pasteris, J.D., Kuehn, C.A. and Bodnar, R.J., 1986. Applications of the laser Raman microprobe RAMANOR U-1000 to hydrothermal ore deposits: Carlin as an example. Econ. Geol., 81: 915-930.
59. Phinisey, J.D., Hofstra, A.H., Snee, L.W., Roberts, T.T., Dahl, A.R. and Loranger, R.J., 1995. Evidence for multiple episodes of igneous and hydrothermal activity and constraints on the timing of gold mineralization, Jerritt Canyon district, Elko County, Nevada. Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera, Program with Abstracts, no page number.
60. Radtke, A.S., 1985, Geology of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1267, 124 pp.
61. Radtke, A.S. and Scheiner, B.J., 1970. Studies of hydrothermal gold deposition (I). Carlin gold deposit, Nevada: The role of carbonaceous materials in gold deposition. Econ. Geol., 65: 87-102.
62. Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 12, 646 pp.
63. Romberger, S.B., 1986. Ore Deposits #9. Disseminated gold deposits. Geosci. Can., 13: 23-31.
64. Rota, J.C., 1987. Geology of Newmont Gold Company's Gold Quarry deposit, Eureka County, Nevada. Proc. Vol. Geoexpo/86, Assoc. of Expl. Geochem., pp. 42-50.
65. Rye, R.O., 1985. A model for the formation of carbonate-hosted disseminated gold deposits based on geologic, fluid-inclusion, geochemical and stable-isotope studies of the Carlin and Cortez deposits, Nevada. US Geol. Surv. Bull., 1646: 35-42.
66. Rye, R.O., Doe, B.R. and Wells, J.D., 1974. Stable isotope and lead isotope study of the Cortez, Nevada, gold deposit and surrounding area. J. Res. US Geol. Surv., 2: 13-23.
67. Seedorff, E., 1991. Magmatism, extension and ore deposits of Eocene to Holocene age in the Great Basin: effects and preliminary proposed genetic relationships. In: G.L. Raines, R.E. Lisle, R.W. Schafer and W.H. Wilkinson (Editors), Geology and ore deposits of the Great Basin. Geol. Soc. of Nevada and US Geol. Surv. Symp., Reno/Sparks, Vol. 1, pp. 133-178.
68. Seward, T.M., 1973. Thio complexes of gold and the transport of gold in hydrothermal ore solutions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37: 379-399.
69. Shenberger, D.M. and Barnes, H.L., 1989. Solubility of gold in aqueous sulfide solutions from 150 to 350°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52: 269-278.
70. Sillitoe, R.H. and Bonham, H.F., 1990. Sediment-hosted gold deposits: Distal products of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Geology, 18: 157-161.
71. Simmons, S.F. and Christenson, B.W., 1994. Origins of calcite in a boiling geothermal system. Am. J. Sci., 294: 361-400.
72. Tooker, E.W. (editor), 1985. Geologic characteristics of sediment- and volcanic-hosted disseminated gold deposits: search for an occurrence model. US Geol. Surv. Bull., 1646: 223.
73. Wells, J.D. and Mullens, T.E., 1973. Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite determined by microprobe analysis, Cortez and Carlin gold mines, Nevada. Econ. Geol., 68: 187-201.
74. Wilson, P. N. and Parry, W.T., 1995. Characterization and dating of argillic alteration in the Mercur gold district, Utah. Econ. Geol., 90: 1197-1216.