The politics of structural adjustment in Zambia

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 825-839

  Simutanyi, Neo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA   (Zambia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTEREST GROUP POLITICS; POLITICS OF REFORM; STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT;

ZAMBIA;

EID: 0030391613     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599615407     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. T M Callaghy, 'Lost between state and market: the politics of economic adjustment in Ghana, Zambia and Nigeria', in Joan M Nelson, ed, Economic Crisis and Policy Choice: The Economic Adjustment in the Third World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
2. B Beckman, 'Empowerment or repression? World Bank and the politics of African Adjustment' in Peter Gibbon et al, eds, Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment: Politics of Economic Reform in Africa, Uppsala: Scandinavia Institute for African Studies, 1992.
3. This was later changed to 10% following trade union opposition.
4. P D Ncube, M Sakala & M Ndulo, 'The International Monetary Fund and the Zambian economy', in K J Havnevik, ed, The IMF and the World Bank in Africa, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institutee for African Studies, 1989.
5. R Gulhati, Impasse in Zambia: The Economics and Politics of Reform, EDI Development Policy Case Series, No 2, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1989.
6. Institute for African Studies, 'Perspectives on The Zambian Economy: Analysis of The 1989 Budget of Zambia', No 2, Lusaka: Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia, 1989.
7. President Kaunda's radio and television address, 1 May 1987.
8. Economist Intelligence Unit, Zambia: Country Report, London: EIU, 1992.
9. J Kydd, 'Coffee after copper? Structural adjustment liberalization and agriculture in Zambia', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 26, No 2, 1989.
10. Republic of Zambia, 'Evaluation of the performance of Zambia's maize sub-sector', draft, Lusaka: Planning Division, Ministry of Agriculture, 1990.
11. World Bank, World Development Report 1992, Washington, DC, p 6.
12. N van de Walle & D Chiwele, 'Democratisation and economic reform in Zambia', discussion paper, University of Michigan, 1994, p 30.
13. Ibid, p 14.
14. L Rakner, Trade Unions in the Processes of Democratisation: Study of Party - Labour Relations in Zambia, CMI Report No 6, Bergen: Chr Michelsen Institute, 1992.
15. Callaghy, 'Lost between state and market'; and J J Hawkins, 'Understanding the failure of IMF reform: the Zambian case', World Development, Vol 19, No 7, July 1991.
16. Callaghy, 'Lost between state and market'; and J J Hawkins, 'Understanding the failure of IMF reform: the Zambian case', World Development, Vol 19, No 7, July 1991.
17. Van de Walle & Chiwele, 'Democratisation and economic reform in Zambia'.
18. R Bates, 'The politics of economic policy reform: a review article', Journal of African Economies, Vol 2, No 3, December 1993, p 49.
19. C Baylics and M Szeftel, 'The Zambian business class', in C Gertzel, ed, The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
20. B Turok, Mixed Economy in Focus: Zambia, London: Institute of Development Alternatives, 1989.
21. B Liatto, 'Organised labour and the state in Zambia', PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 1989, p 47.
22. Interview with former minister, Lusaka, 22 December 1993.
23. J Clarke & C Allison, Zambia: Debt & Poverty, Oxford: Oxfam, 1989; and The Weekly Post, 2 April 1993 and 11 March 1994.
24. J Clarke & C Allison, Zambia: Debt & Poverty, Oxford: Oxfam, 1989; and The Weekly Post, 2 April 1993 and 11 March 1994.
25. Kasonde, Mung'omba, Mwaanga, Nkumbula and Wina were later to leave the government. Kasonde, Mung'omba and Wina were dismissed from their positions by President Chiluba. Mwaanga was forced to resign his position as Foreign Affairs minister because of donor pressure arising from a perception that he was associated with drug dealing. Nkumbula had resigned in early 1992 citing cases of corruption and drug-dealing in the MMD government. In 1993 the National Party was formed by those former members of the Chiluba government. In 1995 Dean Mung'omba and Derrick, also former ministers, formed the Zambia Democratic Congress. Nkumbula and Wina died in August and September 1995, respectively.
26. Interview, Lusaka, November 1993.
27. Van de Walle & Chiwele, 'Democratisation and economic reform in Zambia'.
28. Rakner, Trade Unions in the Processes of Democratisation.
29. Interviews, Lusaka, Kitwe and Ndola, October-November 1993.
30. Liatto, 'Organised labour and the state in Zambia'; and Rakner, Trade Unions in the Processes of Democratisation.
31. Liatto, 'Organised labour and the state in Zambia'; and Rakner, Trade Unions in the Processes of Democratisation.
32. Court records of the trial of persons arrested for rioting and looting in December 1986 and June 1990 reveal that most of the accused were either unemployed or students. There were a number of students accused of being responsible for the rioting and looting after the 1990 riots.
33. J M Nelson, Organized labor, politics and labor market flexibility in developing countries, in S Horton, R Kanbur and D Mazumdar (eds), Labor Markets in an Era of Adjustment, Vol 1, Issue Papers, Washington DC, World Bank, 1994.
34. C Gertzel, 'Dissent and authority in the Zambian one-party state 1973-80', in Gertzel, The Dynamics of the One-Party state in Zambia.
35. Times of Zambia, 7 November 1986.
36. Ibid, 11 October 1986.
37. Ibid, 22 September 1986.
38. Interview with ZCTU President Fackson Shamenda, Ndola, February 1993.
39. President Kaunda's address to the nation on radio and television, 28 June 1990.
40. J Walton, 'Debt, protest and the state in Latin America', in Susan Eckstein, Power and Popular Protest, Latin American Social Movements, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989.
41. H S Bienen & M Gersovitz, 'Economic stabilization, conditionality and political stability', International Organization, Vol 39, No 4, 1985.
42. Interview with Paul Kafumbe, MUZ General Secretary, Kitwe, February 1994.
43. Zambia Congress of Trade Unions, 'ZCTU position paper: partners in economic recovery the way forward', paper presented at the National Conference on Inflation: Can we Bite the Bullet? The Way Forward, Lusaka 11-13 January 1993.
44. Times of Zambia, 2 July 1993.
45. Liatto, 'Organised labour and the state in Zambia', p 49; and G S Maipose, 'Retrenchment and redeployment in the public sector: the Zambian case study', mimeo, 1991, p 53.
46. Liatto, 'Organised labour and the state in Zambia', p 49; and G S Maipose, 'Retrenchment and redeployment in the public sector: the Zambian case study', mimeo, 1991, p 53.
47. Interview, Lusaka, March 1994.
48. Central Statistical Office, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, First Quarter, Lusaka: CSO, 1996.
49. Interview with Paul Kafumbe, MUZ General Secretary, March 1994.
50. ZCTU, Secretary General's Report to the 8th Quadrennial Conference, Kitwe, 1990 and Secretary General's Report to the 9th Quadrennial Conference, 1994.
51. ZCTU, Secretary General's Report to the 8th Quadrennial Conference, Kitwe, 1990 and Secretary General's Report to the 9th Quadrennial Conference, 1994.
52. Personal communication with Austin Liatto, Vice President of the ZCTU, July 1996, see especially A C Muneku and D Banda, The impact of structural adjustment programmes on the labour market and unionization in Zambia, ZCTU/FES Research Project, Lusaka, 'Frederich Ebert Stiftung, 1996, p. 17.
53. Central Statistical Office, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Fourth Quarter, Lusaka: CSO 1994; and Economic Report, National Commission for Development Planning, Lusaka, 1995.
54. Central Statistical Office, Quarterly Digest of Statistics, Fourth Quarter, Lusaka: CSO 1994; and Economic Report, National Commission for Development Planning, Lusaka, 1995.
55. The faction opposed to the manner the government was implementing structural adjustment was led by Fackson Shamenda, while the pro-government faction was led by Francis Kunda, MUZ president. In the elections for the ZCTU presidency and secretary-general, the pro-MMD faction was defeated. In retaliation and to weaken the labour movement it decided to break away from the ZCTU and form a rival trade union centre - the Federation of Free Trade Unions (FFTU), which is still to be recognised by the government. Apart from MUZ four other unions have since disaffiliated from the ZCTU - Zambia Union of Financial and Allied Workers. National Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers, Zambia National Union of Teachers and the National Union of Building Engineering and General Workers. Interviews with Alfred Mudenda, ZCTU Assistant Secretary General, and Austin Muneku, Kitwe, November 1993 and February 1996, respectively.