Relationship between the state and civil society in the Zimbabwean elections 1995

Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 218-234

  Laakso, Liisa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTORAL SYSTEM; STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS;

ZIMBABWE;

EID: 0030390727     PISSN: 03063631     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14662049608447732     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. M. Bratton, 'Testing Competing Explanations for Regime Transitions in Africa', paper for the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Orlando, Florida, 3-6 Nov. 1995, 13.
2. The Financial Gazette (Harare), commonly understood as representing the views of the Zimbabwean business community, published several analytical and critical essays on the topic during 1990. For example J. Moyo, 'No Democratic Country Should Forbid by Law the Existence of Any Party', 30 March 1990; and K. Makamure, One-Party State a Way for Leaders to Secure Permanent Tenure of Office', 6 April 1990. See also A. Musarurwa, 'The Labor Movement and the One-Party State Debate', in I. Mandaza and L.M. Sachikonye (eds.), The One-Party State and Democracy: The Zimbabwe Debate (Harare: SAPES, 1991), 143-54.
3. The Financial Gazette (Harare), commonly understood as representing the views of the Zimbabwean business community, published several analytical and critical essays on the topic during 1990. For example J. Moyo, 'No Democratic Country Should Forbid by Law the Existence of Any Party', 30 March 1990; and K. Makamure, One-Party State a Way for Leaders to Secure Permanent Tenure of Office', 6 April 1990. See also A. Musarurwa, 'The Labor Movement and the One-Party State Debate', in I. Mandaza and L.M. Sachikonye (eds.), The One-Party State and Democracy: The Zimbabwe Debate (Harare: SAPES, 1991), 143-54.
4. The Financial Gazette (Harare), commonly understood as representing the views of the Zimbabwean business community, published several analytical and critical essays on the topic during 1990. For example J. Moyo, 'No Democratic Country Should Forbid by Law the Existence of Any Party', 30 March 1990; and K. Makamure, One-Party State a Way for Leaders to Secure Permanent Tenure of Office', 6 April 1990. See also A. Musarurwa, 'The Labor Movement and the One-Party State Debate', in I. Mandaza and L.M. Sachikonye (eds.), The One-Party State and Democracy: The Zimbabwe Debate (Harare: SAPES, 1991), 143-54.
5. The Financial Gazette (Harare), commonly understood as representing the views of the Zimbabwean business community, published several analytical and critical essays on the topic during 1990. For example J. Moyo, 'No Democratic Country Should Forbid by Law the Existence of Any Party', 30 March 1990; and K. Makamure, One-Party State a Way for Leaders to Secure Permanent Tenure of Office', 6 April 1990. See also A. Musarurwa, 'The Labor Movement and the One-Party State Debate', in I. Mandaza and L.M. Sachikonye (eds.), The One-Party State and Democracy: The Zimbabwe Debate (Harare: SAPES, 1991), 143-54.
6. Interviews with Enoch Dumbutshena, President of the Forum Party, 27 March 1995; Abel Muzorewa, President of the United Parties, 28 March 1995; and Ndabaningi Sithole, President of the Zimbabwe African National Union (Ndonga), 3 April 1995.
7. Interviews with Enoch Dumbutshena, President of the Forum Party, 27 March 1995; Abel Muzorewa, President of the United Parties, 28 March 1995; and Ndabaningi Sithole, President of the Zimbabwe African National Union (Ndonga), 3 April 1995.
8. Interviews with Enoch Dumbutshena, President of the Forum Party, 27 March 1995; Abel Muzorewa, President of the United Parties, 28 March 1995; and Ndabaningi Sithole, President of the Zimbabwe African National Union (Ndonga), 3 April 1995.
9. In addition to the campaigning costs, each contesting candidate had to pay to the government a deposit of Zim$500, which was refundable only if he or she scored at least 20 per cent of the number of votes cast for the winning candidate in the constituency.
10. S. Darnolf, 'Pressens bevakning av parlamentsvalet i Zimbabwe 1995: En innehillsanalys av sju lokala tidningar', paper for the Statsvetenskapliga Förbundets Årsmöle, Sigtuna, Sweden, 1-3 Oct. 1995.
11. Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, Strategy Document fur the 1990 Congress, 3.
12. T. Deve and F. Gonçalves, 'Whither the Opposition in Zimbabwe?', Southern Africa Political & Economic Monthly, 7, 8 (1994), 9-11.
13. Interview with ZTCU Secretary General Morgan Tsvangirai and President Gibson Sibanda, 10 April 1995.
14. See the resolutions of the National Consultative Conference hosted by Zimbabwe Human Rights Association in June 1994, ZimRights News (Harare), August 1994, 5-6.
15. See A. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and translated by Q. Hoare and G.N. Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971).
16. Ibid., 238.
17. Ibid., 268.
18. See his 'Civil Society in Africa', in P. Chabal (ed.), Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 109-25; also C. Young, 'In Search of Civil Society', in J.W. Harberson, D. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), 35-6.
19. See his 'Civil Society in Africa', in P. Chabal (ed.), Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 109-25; also C. Young, 'In Search of Civil Society', in J.W. Harberson, D. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994), 35-6.
20. G. O'Donnell, 'Corporatism and the Question of the State', in J.M. Malloy (ed.), Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), 48.
21. J. Nyang'oro and T. Shaw (eds.), Corporatism in Africa: Comparative Analysis and Practice (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989).
22. See N. Mouzelis, On the Concept of Populism: Populist and Clientelist Modes of Incorporation in Semiperipheral Politics', Politics and Society, 14, 3 (1985), 329-48
23. See Mandaza and Sachikonye (eds.), The One-Party State and Democracy.
24. According to the Lancaster House agreement, 20 seats had to be reserved for the white minority.
25. The white seats were abolished in'1987 and the total number of MPs was increased to the present 150 before the 1990 elections.
26. Most importantly ZUM, the Democratic Party (an offshoot from ZUM), and the United Parties led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa.
27. The herald (Harare), 31 March 1995.
28. Women Voters Association of Zimbabwe, Women Voter Education: Project Document, 4.
29. Interviews with Michael Auret, Director of CCJP, 10 April 1995; and Ozias Tungwarara, Executive Director of ZimRights, 20 April 1995.
30. The Herald (Harare), 7 April 1995.
31. Facts and Reports (Amsterdam), 29 July 1994. During the 1960s, house-to-house campaigns became infamous because of petrol-bombing of homes of the suspected 'sell-outs'.
32. Interview with Tungwarara, 20 April 1995.
33. 'Why Should You Vote?', 'Choosing a Member of Parliament (MP)', 'The Work of Members of Parliament (MPs)', 'The Election of Members of Parliament (MPs)', 'How to Vote' and 'Individual Freedoms and Electoral Rights', Voter Education Project, Leaflets 1-6; and 'Why Should We Vote?' (Harare: Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe).
34. 'Why Should You Vote?', 'Choosing a Member of Parliament (MP)', 'The Work of Members of Parliament (MPs)', 'The Election of Members of Parliament (MPs)', 'How to Vote' and 'Individual Freedoms and Electoral Rights', Voter Education Project, Leaflets 1-6; and 'Why Should We Vote?' (Harare: Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe).
35. ZimRights Information Department, Election Monitoring Report, Parliamentary Elections, 1995, 20 May 1995, 7.
36. Sunday Gazette (Harare), 16 April 1995.
37. The Herald (Harare), 11 April 1995.
38. It has to be noted that there were also several allegations of irregularities and bribery concerning the primary elections.
39. Interview with Eddison Zvobgo, 26 April 1995.
40. The Herald (Harare), 13 April 1995.
41. Ibid., 6 April 1995.
42. Ibid., 11 April 1995.
43. Election Monitoring Report, 8-10.
44. Interview with Auret, 10 April 1995.
45. Interview with Tungwarara, 20 April 1995.
46. Election Monitoring Report, 13. See also ZimRights News (Harare), Aug. 1994, 6.
47. Election Monitoring Report, 13. See also ZimRights News (Harare), Aug. 1994, 6.
48. Interview with Tungwarara, 20 April 1995.
49. Zimbabwe News (Harare), 26, 2 (1995), 2.
50. The Herald (Harare), 11 and 12 April 1995.
51. Ibid., 12 April 1995.
52. Interview with Dr John Makumbe, University of Zimbabwe, 19 April 1995.
53. The Herald (Harare), 11 April 1995.
54. Facts and Reports (Amsterdam), 1 Sept. 1995; 18 Aug. 1995.
55. D. Muchena, 'The New University of Zimbabawe', Southern Africa Political & Economic Monthly, 8, 12 (1995), 23-4; Facts and Reports (Amsterdam), 1 Sept. 1995.
56. D. Muchena, 'The New University of Zimbabawe', Southern Africa Political & Economic Monthly, 8, 12 (1995), 23-4; Facts and Reports (Amsterdam), 1 Sept. 1995.
57. Facts and Reports (Amsterdam), 1 Aug. 1995.
58. The existence of an armed opposition was a reality for Zimbabwe for almost a decade: first because of the 'dissident' war in Matabeleland, and then because of Renamo's activities along the eastern border.
59. Interview with Auret, 10 April 1995.
60. The University of Zimbabwe Amendment Act was introduced in 1990, after ZUM started to become popular there. It gives disciplinary powers to university authorities appointed by the government.