Urban inequalities in mental health: The case of São Paulo, Brazil

Environment and Urbanization

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 91-99

  Blue, Ilona ^a  

^a LONDON SOUTH BANK UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MENTAL HEALTH; URBAN AREA;

BRAZIL, SAO PAULO;

EID: 0030390304     PISSN: 09562478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1630/095624796101287283     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. WHO(1996), "Creating healthy cities in the 21st century", dialogue on health in human settlements, background paper, United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, 3-14 June 1996, page 1.
2. In this paper, the term "the South" is used to denote countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia (except Japan). The author is aware of the unsatisfactory nature of this term.
3. Stephens, C., I. Timaeus, M. Akerman, et al (1994), Environment and Health in Developing Countries: an Analysis of Intra-urban Differentials using Existing Data, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; SEADE, Brazil; and Republic of Ghana.
4. Stephens, C. (1995), "The urban environment, poverty and health in developing countries" in Health Policy and Planning Vol.10, No.2, pages 109-121.
5. Harpham, T. (1994), "Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: a research role for social scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists" in Social Science and Medicine Vol.39, No.2, pages 233-245.
6. Goldberg, D. and P. Huxley (1992), Common Mental Disorders, Routiedge, London.
7. Cheng, T.A. (1989), "Urbanization and minor psychiatric morbidity: a community study in Taiwan" in Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol.24, pages 309-316.
8. See reference 5.
9. World Bank (1993), World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health, Oxford University Press.
10. Blue, I. and T. Harpham (1994), "The World Bank World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health reveals the burden of common mental disorders but ignores its implications" in British Journal of Psychiatry Vol.165, pages 9-12.
11. Paykel, E.S. (1991), "Depression in women" in British Journal of Psychiatry Vol.158 (supplement 10), pages 22-29.
12. See reference 7.
13. See reference 5.
14. Thoits, P.A. (1995), "Stress, coping, and social support processes: where are we? What next?" in Journal of Health and Social Behaviour (extra issue) pages 64 and 70.
15. Ormel, J., B. VonKroff, S. Ustun, et al (1994), "Common mental disorders and disability across cultures" in JAMA Vol.272, pages 1741-1748;
16. see also Pretorius, W. (1995), "Mental disorders and disability across cultures: a view from South Africa" in The Lancet Vol.345, page 534.
17. Webb, L. (1984), "Rural-urban difference in mental disorder" in Freeman, H.L. (editor), Mental Health and the Environment, Churchill Livingstone, London.
18. Harpham, T. and I. Blue (editors) (1995), Urbanization and Mental Health in Developing Countries, Avebury, Aldershot, UK;
19. see also Desjarlais, R., L. Eisenberg, B. Good and A. Kleinman (1995), World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-income Countries, Oxford University Press, New York.
20. Stephens, C., G. McGranahan, et al (1996), "Urban environment and health" in World Resources Institute, World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment 1996-97, Oxford University Press, page 31.
21. See note 4.
22. Almeida-Filho, N., J.J. Mari, E. Coutinho, et al (1991), The Brazilian Multicentric Study of Psychiatric Morbidity: Methodological Features and Prevalence Estimates, unpublished manuscript;
23. see also Mari, J.J., N. Almeido-Filho, E. Coutinho, E. et al (1993), "The epidemiology of psychotropio drug use in the city of São Paulo" in Psychological Medicine Vol.23, pages 467-474.
24. Santana, V. (1982), "Estudo epidemiologico das doencas mentais em um bairro de Salvador" in Serie de Estudos em Saude (Secretaris de Saude de Bahia) Vol.3, pages 1-122 (supplement).
25. Marsella, A. (1990), "Urbanization and mental disorders: an overview of theory and research, and recommendations for interventions and research, Paper prepared for the World Health Organization's Commission on Health and the Environment, pages 2 and 4.
26. Reichenheim, M. and T. Harpham (1991), "Maternal mental health in a squatter settlement in Rio de Janeiro" British Journal of Psychiatry Vol.159, pages 683-690.
27. See reference 4.
28. Wilkinson, R. (1994), "The epidemiological transition: from material scarcity to social disadvantage?" in Daedalus Vol.123, No.4, pages 61-78;
29. see also Wilkinson, R. (in press) "How can secular improvements in life expectancy be explained?" in Blaub, D., et al (editors), Health and Society, Routledge, UK.
30. See Wilkinson 1994 in reference 25.
31. Ekblad, S. (1993), "Stressful environments and their effects on quality of life in Third World Cities" in Environment and Urbanization Vol.5(2), pages 125-134;
32. see also Satterthwaite, D. (1993), "The impact on health of urban environments" in Environment and Urbanization Vol.5, No.2, pages 87-111;
33. also Jones, K., C. Duncan and G. Moon (1994), "Individuals and their ecologies: analyzing the geography of chronic illness within a multilevel modelling framework, paper presented at the 6th International Medical Geography Symposium, July 1994, University of British Columbia, Vancouver;
34. and Macintyre, S., S. Maciver and A. Sooman, (1994), "Area, class and health: should we be focusing on places or people?" in Journal of Social Policy Vol. 22, No.2, pages 213-234.
35. See Macintyre, Maciver and Sooman 1994, page 232, in reference 27.
36. See Ekblad 1993 in reference 27; see also Selye, H. (1956), The Stress of Life, McGraw Hill, New York;
37. and Selye, H. (1974), Stress Without Distress, Lippincott: Philadelphia.
38. Ekblad, S., et al (1991), Stressors, Chinese City Dwellings and Quality of Life, Swedish Council for Building Research, D12.
39. See Satterthwaite 1993 in reference 27.
40. Anon (1994), "Editorial: city limits" in The Lancet Vol.343, pages 1303-1304, May 28.
41. See reference 1; see also Werna, E., I. Blue and T. Harpham (1996), "The changing agenda for urban health" in Cohen, M., et al (editors), Preparing for the Urban Future: Global Pressures and Local Forces, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington DC and reference 4.