National development and the globalisation discourse: Confronting 'imperative' and 'convergence' notions

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 875-902

  Marshall, Don D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES   (Jamaica)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPITALISM; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; GLOBALISATION; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONALISM; TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE;

EID: 0030389893     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599615164     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. See for example. C R Goddard, J T Passe-Smith & J G Conklin. International Political Economy State-Market Relations, in the Changing Global Order, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; Waters, Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1995; P Kennedy, Preparing for the 21st, Century, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and R Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the intearntional division of labour in manufacturing: a place for the Third World?', The European Journal of Development Research, Vol 1, No 1, 1989, pp 5-37.
2. See for example. C R Goddard, J T Passe-Smith & J G Conklin. International Political Economy State-Market Relations, in the Changing Global Order, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; Waters, Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1995; P Kennedy, Preparing for the 21st, Century, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and R Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the intearntional division of labour in manufacturing: a place for the Third World?', The European Journal of Development Research, Vol 1, No 1, 1989, pp 5-37.
3. See for example. C R Goddard, J T Passe-Smith & J G Conklin. International Political Economy State-Market Relations, in the Changing Global Order, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; Waters, Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1995; P Kennedy, Preparing for the 21st, Century, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and R Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the intearntional division of labour in manufacturing: a place for the Third World?', The European Journal of Development Research, Vol 1, No 1, 1989, pp 5-37.
4. See for example. C R Goddard, J T Passe-Smith & J G Conklin. International Political Economy State-Market Relations, in the Changing Global Order, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; Waters, Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1995; P Kennedy, Preparing for the 21st, Century, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and R Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the intearntional division of labour in manufacturing: a place for the Third World?', The European Journal of Development Research, Vol 1, No 1, 1989, pp 5-37.
5. See R B Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for Twenty-first-Century Capitalism, New York: Konpf, 1991.
6. See C Raghavan, Recolonisation: Multilateral Institutions and International Trade, New York: Zed Books, 1991; D Pantin, 'Techno-industrial policy in the restructuring of the Caribbean', in H A Watson (ed), The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994; S Gill, 'Globalisation, market civilisation, and disciplinary neoliberalism', Millennium, Vol 24, No 3, 1995, pp 399-423; and J H Mittleman, 'Rethinking the international division of labour m the context of globalisation', Third World Quarterly, Vol 16, No 2, 1995, pp 273-295.
7. See C Raghavan, Recolonisation: Multilateral Institutions and International Trade, New York: Zed Books, 1991; D Pantin, 'Techno-industrial policy in the restructuring of the Caribbean', in H A Watson (ed), The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994; S Gill, 'Globalisation, market civilisation, and disciplinary neoliberalism', Millennium, Vol 24, No 3, 1995, pp 399-423; and J H Mittleman, 'Rethinking the international division of labour m the context of globalisation', Third World Quarterly, Vol 16, No 2, 1995, pp 273-295.
8. See C Raghavan, Recolonisation: Multilateral Institutions and International Trade, New York: Zed Books, 1991; D Pantin, 'Techno-industrial policy in the restructuring of the Caribbean', in H A Watson (ed), The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994; S Gill, 'Globalisation, market civilisation, and disciplinary neoliberalism', Millennium, Vol 24, No 3, 1995, pp 399-423; and J H Mittleman, 'Rethinking the international division of labour m the context of globalisation', Third World Quarterly, Vol 16, No 2, 1995, pp 273-295.
9. See C Raghavan, Recolonisation: Multilateral Institutions and International Trade, New York: Zed Books, 1991; D Pantin, 'Techno-industrial policy in the restructuring of the Caribbean', in H A Watson (ed), The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994; S Gill, 'Globalisation, market civilisation, and disciplinary neoliberalism', Millennium, Vol 24, No 3, 1995, pp 399-423; and J H Mittleman, 'Rethinking the international division of labour m the context of globalisation', Third World Quarterly, Vol 16, No 2, 1995, pp 273-295.
10. See C Edwards, The Fragmented World: Competing Perspectives on Trade, Money and Crisis, London: Methuen, 1985.
11. R J B Jones, Globalisation and Interdependence in the International Political Economy: Rhetoric and Reality, London: Pinter Publishers, 1995.
12. See C Chase-Dunn, Global Formations: Structures of the World-Economy, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
13. For a statement of this viewpoint, see B K Gills, 'The international origins of South Korea's export orientation', in R P Palan & B K Gills (eds). Transcending the State-Global Divide: A Neostructuralist Agenda in International Relations, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994, pp 221. For an elaboration of this framework, see D D Marshall, 'From the Triangular Trade to NAFTA. a neostructuralist insight into missed Caribbean opportunities', Third World Quarterly, Vol 17, No 3, 1996.
14. For a statement of this viewpoint, see B K Gills, 'The international origins of South Korea's export orientation', in R P Palan & B K Gills (eds). Transcending the State-Global Divide: A Neostructuralist Agenda in International Relations, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994, pp 221. For an elaboration of this framework, see D D Marshall, 'From the Triangular Trade to NAFTA. a neostructuralist insight into missed Caribbean opportunities', Third World Quarterly, Vol 17, No 3, 1996.
15. See for example, K Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: Harper Collins, 1990; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and Reich The Work of Nations. Indeed, one scholar using such a trajectory was prepared to argue that ' "globalization" will not allow for substantially different strategies in different regions for any sustained period ... distinctions have been reduced, and economic life as well as culture is increasingly homogenised'. See A MacEwan, 'Technological options and free trade agreements', Science & Society, Vol 59, No 1, 1995, pp 35-36.
16. See for example, K Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: Harper Collins, 1990; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and Reich The Work of Nations. Indeed, one scholar using such a trajectory was prepared to argue that ' "globalization" will not allow for substantially different strategies in different regions for any sustained period ... distinctions have been reduced, and economic life as well as culture is increasingly homogenised'. See A MacEwan, 'Technological options and free trade agreements', Science & Society, Vol 59, No 1, 1995, pp 35-36.
17. See for example, K Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: Harper Collins, 1990; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and Reich The Work of Nations. Indeed, one scholar using such a trajectory was prepared to argue that ' "globalization" will not allow for substantially different strategies in different regions for any sustained period ... distinctions have been reduced, and economic life as well as culture is increasingly homogenised'. See A MacEwan, 'Technological options and free trade agreements', Science & Society, Vol 59, No 1, 1995, pp 35-36.
18. See for example, K Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: Harper Collins, 1990; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, London: Harper Collins, 1995; and Reich The Work of Nations. Indeed, one scholar using such a trajectory was prepared to argue that ' "globalization" will not allow for substantially different strategies in different regions for any sustained period ... distinctions have been reduced, and economic life as well as culture is increasingly homogenised'. See A MacEwan, 'Technological options and free trade agreements', Science & Society, Vol 59, No 1, 1995, pp 35-36.
19. For an example of this, see MacEwan, 'Technological options and free trade agreements'.
20. See J Stopford and S Strange (with J S Henley), Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
21. See the work of K Ohmae cited in note 8.
22. See R Robertson, Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage Publications, 1992. Also see Waters, Globalisation.
23. See R Robertson, Globalisation: Social Theory and Global Culture, London: Sage Publications, 1992. Also see Waters, Globalisation.
24. I discuss the rival claims of globalisation later in this article. But for a recent example of work aimed at countering the neoclassical interpretation of globalisation - while leaving the term itself ill-defined, see R Ghorashi, 'Marx on free trade', Science & Society, Vol 59, No 1, 1995, pp 38-51.
25. See B Massumi, 'The autonomy of affect', Cultural Critique, No 31, 1995, pp 105-106.
26. A Hurrell & N Woods, 'Globalisation and inequality', Millennium Special Issue: The Globalisation of Liberalism, Vol 24, No 3, 1995, pp 456. Others offer a sociological definition of globalisation referring to the homogenisation of culture and products; the standardisation of habits and business norms. See Robertson, Globalisation. However, it is not pointed out how this process differs from the nature of capitalism defined by and understood in the Marxist, Smithian, Weberian, and/or Wallersteinian sense.
27. See S Strange, States and Markets, London: Frances Pinter, 1988.
28. Select examples of 'high cultures' include (Pharaonic) Egypt, the Sumerian civilisation (Mesopotamia), Harappa (north India), Greece (Alexandria), Rome and Song China, For more on this, see C A Diop, Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology, New York: Lawrence Hill, 1990; R Cameron, A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; and K N Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
29. Select examples of 'high cultures' include (Pharaonic) Egypt, the Sumerian civilisation (Mesopotamia), Harappa (north India), Greece (Alexandria), Rome and Song China, For more on this, see C A Diop, Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology, New York: Lawrence Hill, 1990; R Cameron, A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; and K N Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
30. Select examples of 'high cultures' include (Pharaonic) Egypt, the Sumerian civilisation (Mesopotamia), Harappa (north India), Greece (Alexandria), Rome and Song China, For more on this, see C A Diop, Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology, New York: Lawrence Hill, 1990; R Cameron, A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; and K N Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
31. R Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
32. For a recent work that extends analysis of capital accumulation processes before 1500 AD, see A G Frank & B K Gills (eds), The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?, London: Routledge, 1993.
33. See U N Centre on Transnational Corporations, World Investment Report 1992: Transnational Corporations as Engines of Growth, 1992, p 1.
34. For a reading of this view, see F Froebel, J Heinrichs & O Kreye, The New International Division of Labour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; and F Froebel & H Watson, The Future of the Caribbean in the World System. Two Contributions, Kingston: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1988.
35. For a reading of this view, see F Froebel, J Heinrichs & O Kreye, The New International Division of Labour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; and F Froebel & H Watson, The Future of the Caribbean in the World System. Two Contributions, Kingston: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1988.
36. See J Dunning, Multinational Enterprises and the World Economy, Reading: Addison Wesley, 1992.
37. See E Mandel, Late Capitalism, Princeton NJ: Humanities Press, 1975; and V Bornschier & C Chase-Dunn, Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment, New York: Praeger, 1985.
38. See E Mandel, Late Capitalism, Princeton NJ: Humanities Press, 1975; and V Bornschier & C Chase-Dunn, Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment, New York: Praeger, 1985.
39. See W Ruigrok & R Van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring, London: Routledge, 1995.
40. Ibid, ch 7. These top 100 firms were drawn from Fortune's Global 500 published in 1993 and the 1993 Business Week Global 1000.
41. Ibid, p 159.
42. For ideas on the 'domestic embeddedness' of TNCS, see R Sally, 'Multinational enterprises, political economy and institutional theory', in Review of International Political Economy, Vol 1, No 1, 1994, pp 161-192.
43. As Jones (1995) explains, human interdependence is used to emphasise that human beings do not and cannot live in isolation from their fellows. A commitment to sociability and solidarity is often inherent in doctrines of human interdependence. See Jones, Globalisation and Interdependence in the International Political Economy.
44. Ibid. International interdependence embraces those forms of interdependence that arise among properly constituted nation-states, ie economic, political and social exchanges within countries.
45. Ibid. Global interdependence moves beyond interstate relations and conjures up the image of a world village, a global community. At a minimum, such global conceptions invoke a recognition of a common fate all face on planet earth; at a maximum, they embrace far-reaching notions of moral commonality and mutual impact.
46. See R O Keohane & J S Nye, Jr, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1977. 'Complex interdependence' as per Keohane and Nye speaks of a growth and deepening of associations among sovereign states.
47. See J H Mittleman, 'Rethinking the international division of labour', p 273.
48. See D Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, New York: Basic Books, 1973.
49. The 'First Wave', he argues was based on agriculture-led economies; the 'Second Wave' represented the rise of industrial mass production. See his trilogy, all published in New York by Bantam Books; A Toffler, Future Shock, 1971, The Third Wave, 1981; and Powershift, 1991.
50. The 'First Wave', he argues was based on agriculture-led economies; the 'Second Wave' represented the rise of industrial mass production. See his trilogy, all published in New York by Bantam Books; A Toffler, Future Shock, 1971, The Third Wave, 1981; and Powershift, 1991.
51. The 'First Wave', he argues was based on agriculture-led economies; the 'Second Wave' represented the rise of industrial mass production. See his trilogy, all published in New York by Bantam Books; A Toffler, Future Shock, 1971, The Third Wave, 1981; and Powershift, 1991.
52. See S Clegg, Frameworks of Power, London: Sage Publications, 1989.
53. Here, I use Ruigrok & Van Tulder's useful typology. See Ruigrok & Van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring.
54. See M Aglietta, A Theory of Capitalist Regulation: The US Experience, London: Verso, 1979; and A Lipietz, Mirages and Miracles: The Crisis in Global Fordism, London: Verso, 1987.
55. See M Aglietta, A Theory of Capitalist Regulation: The US Experience, London: Verso, 1979; and A Lipietz, Mirages and Miracles: The Crisis in Global Fordism, London: Verso, 1987.
56. Harvey states this when discussing the views of the Regulation School. See D Harvey, 'Flexibility: threat or opportunity?', Socialist Review, Vol 21, No 1, 1991, p 70.
57. See M J Piore & C F Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity, New York: Basic Books, 1984.
58. I use this timeframe based on the complementary viewpoints of select scholars. The scholars cited here speak of a 'post-1966' structural crisis in the world economy. See M Kalecki (ed), Selected Essays on the Dynamics of Capitalist Economy 1933-1970, London: Cambridge University Press, 1971 (especially this chapter, 'Political aspects of full employment', pp 138-145); R Boddy & J Crotty, 'Class conflict and macro-policy: the political business cycle', Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol 7, No 1, 1975, pp 26-37; J B Foster, 'Sources of instability in the US political economy and empire', Science & Society, No 49, 1985, pp 167-193; and H Sherman, 'Theories of economic crisis', Science & Society, No 53, 1989, pp 62-70.
59. I use this timeframe based on the complementary viewpoints of select scholars. The scholars cited here speak of a 'post-1966' structural crisis in the world economy. See M Kalecki (ed), Selected Essays on the Dynamics of Capitalist Economy 1933-1970, London: Cambridge University Press, 1971 (especially this chapter, 'Political aspects of full employment', pp 138-145); R Boddy & J Crotty, 'Class conflict and macro-policy: the political business cycle', Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol 7, No 1, 1975, pp 26-37; J B Foster, 'Sources of instability in the US political economy and empire', Science & Society, No 49, 1985, pp 167-193; and H Sherman, 'Theories of economic crisis', Science & Society, No 53, 1989, pp 62-70.
60. I use this timeframe based on the complementary viewpoints of select scholars. The scholars cited here speak of a 'post-1966' structural crisis in the world economy. See M Kalecki (ed), Selected Essays on the Dynamics of Capitalist Economy 1933-1970, London: Cambridge University Press, 1971 (especially this chapter, 'Political aspects of full employment', pp 138-145); R Boddy & J Crotty, 'Class conflict and macro-policy: the political business cycle', Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol 7, No 1, 1975, pp 26-37; J B Foster, 'Sources of instability in the US political economy and empire', Science & Society, No 49, 1985, pp 167-193; and H Sherman, 'Theories of economic crisis', Science & Society, No 53, 1989, pp 62-70.
61. I use this timeframe based on the complementary viewpoints of select scholars. The scholars cited here speak of a 'post-1966' structural crisis in the world economy. See M Kalecki (ed), Selected Essays on the Dynamics of Capitalist Economy 1933-1970, London: Cambridge University Press, 1971 (especially this chapter, 'Political aspects of full employment', pp 138-145); R Boddy & J Crotty, 'Class conflict and macro-policy: the political business cycle', Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol 7, No 1, 1975, pp 26-37; J B Foster, 'Sources of instability in the US political economy and empire', Science & Society, No 49, 1985, pp 167-193; and H Sherman, 'Theories of economic crisis', Science & Society, No 53, 1989, pp 62-70.
62. For evidence of this, see R J Samuels, The Business of the Japanese State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987; K Dyson & S Wilks (eds), Industrial Crisis: A Comparative Study of the State and Industry, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985; M Dixon, 'The world capitalist crisis and the rise of the right', Contemporary Marxism, No 3, 1982, pp 46-59; and S Bell, 'The politics of economic adjustment: explaining the transformation of industry-state relationships in Australia', Political Studies, Vol 43, No 1, 1995, pp 22-47.
63. For evidence of this, see R J Samuels, The Business of the Japanese State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987; K Dyson & S Wilks (eds), Industrial Crisis: A Comparative Study of the State and Industry, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985; M Dixon, 'The world capitalist crisis and the rise of the right', Contemporary Marxism, No 3, 1982, pp 46-59; and S Bell, 'The politics of economic adjustment: explaining the transformation of industry-state relationships in Australia', Political Studies, Vol 43, No 1, 1995, pp 22-47.
64. For evidence of this, see R J Samuels, The Business of the Japanese State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987; K Dyson & S Wilks (eds), Industrial Crisis: A Comparative Study of the State and Industry, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985; M Dixon, 'The world capitalist crisis and the rise of the right', Contemporary Marxism, No 3, 1982, pp 46-59; and S Bell, 'The politics of economic adjustment: explaining the transformation of industry-state relationships in Australia', Political Studies, Vol 43, No 1, 1995, pp 22-47.
65. For evidence of this, see R J Samuels, The Business of the Japanese State, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987; K Dyson & S Wilks (eds), Industrial Crisis: A Comparative Study of the State and Industry, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985; M Dixon, 'The world capitalist crisis and the rise of the right', Contemporary Marxism, No 3, 1982, pp 46-59; and S Bell, 'The politics of economic adjustment: explaining the transformation of industry-state relationships in Australia', Political Studies, Vol 43, No 1, 1995, pp 22-47.
66. For a reading and analysis of this, see M Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class, London: Verso, 1986.
67. I summarise some of the points made in Nielsen's introductory chapter in Jessop et al. See K Nielsen, 'Towards a flexible future: theories and politics', in B Jessop, K Nielsen, H Kastendiek & Ove K Pedersen (eds), The Politics of Flexibility: Restructuring State and Industry in Britain, Germany and Scandinavia, 1991, pp 3-30.
68. See D Kotz, 'A comparative analysis of the theory of regulation and the social structure of accumulation theory', Science & Society, Vol 54, No 1, 1990, pp 5-28.
69. For a concise reading of this, see H Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the 20th Century, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984; and Sherman, 'Theories of economic crisis'.
70. For a concise reading of this, see H Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the 20th Century, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984; and Sherman, 'Theories of economic crisis'.
71. Two key proponents of this view are A Bayat, Work, Politics and Power: An International Perspective on Workers' Control and Self-Management, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1991; and B Harrison, Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility, New York: Basic Books, 1994.
72. Two key proponents of this view are A Bayat, Work, Politics and Power: An International Perspective on Workers' Control and Self-Management, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1991; and B Harrison, Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility, New York: Basic Books, 1994.
73. See K Hoffmann & R Kaplinsky, Driving Force: The Global Restructuring of Technology, Labor, and Investment in the Automobile and Components Industries, a UNCTC Study, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988; and H Watson, 'Recent attempts at industrial restructuring in Barbados', Latin American Perspectives, Vol 17, No 64, 1990, pp 10-32. See also Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the international division of labour in manufacturing'.
74. See K Hoffmann & R Kaplinsky, Driving Force: The Global Restructuring of Technology, Labor, and Investment in the Automobile and Components Industries, a UNCTC Study, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988; and H Watson, 'Recent attempts at industrial restructuring in Barbados', Latin American Perspectives, Vol 17, No 64, 1990, pp 10-32. See also Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the international division of labour in manufacturing'.
75. See K Hoffmann & R Kaplinsky, Driving Force: The Global Restructuring of Technology, Labor, and Investment in the Automobile and Components Industries, a UNCTC Study, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988; and H Watson, 'Recent attempts at industrial restructuring in Barbados', Latin American Perspectives, Vol 17, No 64, 1990, pp 10-32. See also Kaplinsky, 'Technological revolution and the international division of labour in manufacturing'.
76. See H Watson, 'Global restructuring and the prospects for Caribbean competitiveness: with a case study from Jamaica', in Watson, The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy.
77. See H Overbeek, Global Capitalism and National Decline: The Thatcher Decade in Perspective, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
78. For a discussion of international epistemic communities and policy coordination, see P M Haas, 'Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination', International Organization, Vol 46, No 1, 1992, pp 1-35.
79. See A Touraine, The Post-Industrial Society, New York: Random House, 1971; Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society; and J Rifkin, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labour Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era, New York: G P Putman's Sons, 1995.
80. See A Touraine, The Post-Industrial Society, New York: Random House, 1971; Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society; and J Rifkin, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labour Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era, New York: G P Putman's Sons, 1995.
81. See A Touraine, The Post-Industrial Society, New York: Random House, 1971; Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society; and J Rifkin, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labour Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era, New York: G P Putman's Sons, 1995.
82. See H J Boyet & H P Conn, Workplace 2000: The Revolution Shaping American Business, London: Penguin Books, 1991; and Piore & Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide.
83. See H J Boyet & H P Conn, Workplace 2000: The Revolution Shaping American Business, London: Penguin Books, 1991; and Piore & Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide.
84. See P G Cerny, 'Globalization and the changing logic of collective action', International Organization, Vol 49, No 4, 1995, pp 595-625.
85. See Ruigrok & Van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring, p 6.
86. For another recent example of this, see P Hirst, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.
87. For elaboration on teamwork systems, quality-circles and other such human resource management strategies, see especially Boyet & Conn, Workplace 2000, On just-in-time production networks, see Huffman & Kaplinsky, Driving Force, and C Freeman, 'The factory of the future: the productivity paradox, Japanese just-in-time, and information technology', London: Economic and Social Research Council, Research Paper No 3, 1988.
88. For elaboration on teamwork systems, quality-circles and other such human resource management strategies, see especially Boyet & Conn, Workplace 2000, On just-in-time production networks, see Huffman & Kaplinsky, Driving Force, and C Freeman, 'The factory of the future: the productivity paradox, Japanese just-in-time, and information technology', London: Economic and Social Research Council, Research Paper No 3, 1988.
89. For elaboration on teamwork systems, quality-circles and other such human resource management strategies, see especially Boyet & Conn, Workplace 2000, On just-in-time production networks, see Huffman & Kaplinsky, Driving Force, and C Freeman, 'The factory of the future: the productivity paradox, Japanese just-in-time, and information technology', London: Economic and Social Research Council, Research Paper No 3, 1988.
90. In the suggested new state-model, solidaristic or collectivist values are deemed incompatible with the new flexibility imperatives of contemporary capitalism. See Reich, The Work of Nations.
91. See J K Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment, London: Penguin, 1993.
92. For more on this, see W Graf, 'The state in the Third World', in L Panitch, E M Wood & J Saville (eds), Socialist Register 1995: Why Not Capitalism?, London: Merlin Press, 1995.
93. For more on this, see Ohmae, The End of the Nation-State. See especially his chapter discussing the concept of a regionalised economy.
94. See U N Centre on Transnational Corporations, World Investment Report: 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct Investment, 1992.
95. See Watson, The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, pp 72, and 73.
96. See P F Drucker, 'The age of social transformation', Atlantic Monthly, November 1994, pp 53-80. For more on how modern technology presents new challenges to governments, see M Blumenthal, 'The world economy and technological change', Foreign Affairs, Vol 66, No 3, 1988, pp 529-550.
97. See P F Drucker, 'The age of social transformation', Atlantic Monthly, November 1994, pp 53-80. For more on how modern technology presents new challenges to governments, see M Blumenthal, 'The world economy and technological change', Foreign Affairs, Vol 66, No 3, 1988, pp 529-550.
98. As neatly summarised by Watson, The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy.
99. This is a point made by J Brohman, 'Economism and critical silences in development studies: a theoretical critique of neoliberalism', Third World Quarterly, Vol 16, No 2, 1995, pp 297-318.
100. For a recent reading of this pessimistic view, see Goddard et al., International Political Economy.
101. To be sure, this was encouraged under the Thatcher-Reagan-Kohl triad and in some academic and policy circles.
102. The Third World, via the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77, acted on the idea of a 'democratisation of international relations'. As Piore & Sabel put it, the campaign for a New Information Order and a New International Economic Order 'created an uncertain world'. Piore & Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide, p 10.
103. Homo economicus according to J Brohman is rooted in the (Eurocentric) belief that economic behaviour in all places at all times follows the strictures of economic rationality. Brohman, 'Economism and critical silences in development studies', p 298.
104. For a comprehensive summary of neoliberal arguments, see R Vernon, 'Introduction', in Vernon (ed), The Promise of Privatization: A Challenge for US Policy, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1989, pp 1-22.
105. See D North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
106. See, for example, D McNally, Political Economy and the Rise of Capitalism, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988. He speaks of the rise of market society in chs 4 and 5. See also E L Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; and for an elaboration see J Lie, 'Embedding Polanyi's market society', Sociological Perspectives, No 34, 1991, pp 219-235.
107. See, for example, D McNally, Political Economy and the Rise of Capitalism, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988. He speaks of the rise of market society in chs 4 and 5. See also E L Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; and for an elaboration see J Lie, 'Embedding Polanyi's market society', Sociological Perspectives, No 34, 1991, pp 219-235.
108. See, for example, D McNally, Political Economy and the Rise of Capitalism, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988. He speaks of the rise of market society in chs 4 and 5. See also E L Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; and for an elaboration see J Lie, 'Embedding Polanyi's market society', Sociological Perspectives, No 34, 1991, pp 219-235.
109. See Gill, 'Globalisation, market civilisation, and disciplinary neoliberalism'.
110. Ibid, p 405. (Gill's emphasis).
111. See B K Gills & J Rocamora, 'Low intensity democracy', Third World Quarterly, Vol 13, No 3, 1991, pp 501-523. They note that the US Secretary of State (1990) James Baker had declared that the 'promotion and consolidation of democracy' was the new post-cold war mission (p 30). For a broader philosophical discussion on the idea of 'liberating civil society', see K R Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966.
112. See B K Gills & J Rocamora, 'Low intensity democracy', Third World Quarterly, Vol 13, No 3, 1991, pp 501-523. They note that the US Secretary of State (1990) James Baker had declared that the 'promotion and consolidation of democracy' was the new post-cold war mission (p 30). For a broader philosophical discussion on the idea of 'liberating civil society', see K R Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966.
113. For an elaboration of this argument, see R Hyman, 'Plus ça change? The theory of production and the production of theory', in A Pollert (ed), Farewell to Flexibility?, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
114. See for example, the recently signed (1994) Generalised Agreement on Trade and Tariffs; the (1989) Canadian-United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) which became the (1994) North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (inclusive of Mexico) and is to be expanded into a wider (2005) Americas Free Trade Area (AFTA); the various G7 summits; and current IMF/ World Bank stipulations.
115. For more on credit-creation capacities as an important component in the measurement of financial power, see S Strange, States and Markets, p 30.
116. See for example the arguments made by M Wachtel, The Money Mandarins: The Making of a New Supranational Economic Order, Armonk, NY M E Sharpe, 1990; and S Strange, 'The defective state', Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol 124, No 2, pp 55-74.
117. See for example the arguments made by M Wachtel, The Money Mandarins: The Making of a New Supranational Economic Order, Armonk, NY M E Sharpe, 1990; and S Strange, 'The defective state', Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol 124, No 2, pp 55-74.
118. See B Eichengreen, A K Rose & C Wyplosz, 'Exchange market mayhem: the antecedents and aftermath of speculative attacks', Economic Policy, No 21, October, 1995, pp 294-307.
119. See E L Feige, 'The underground economy and the currency enigma', Public Finance, (Supplement), Vol 49, 1995, pp 119-136, p 119.
120. See G Yaniv, 'Taxation and dirty money laundering', Public Finance, Vol 49, (Supplement), 1995, pp 40-51, p 40.
121. See R C Merton, 'A functional perspective of financial intermediation', Financial Management, Vol 24, No 2, 1995, pp 23-41.
122. See the arguments put forward by W Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution is Transforming Our World, New York: Scribner's, 1992; and P Cerny, 'Money and finance in the international political economy: structural change and paradigmatic muddle', Review of International Political Economy, Vol 1, 1994, pp 587-592.
123. See the arguments put forward by W Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution is Transforming Our World, New York: Scribner's, 1992; and P Cerny, 'Money and finance in the international political economy: structural change and paradigmatic muddle', Review of International Political Economy, Vol 1, 1994, pp 587-592.
124. See A Amin, B Gills, R Palan & P Taylor, 'Editorial: forum for heterodox international political economy', Review of International Political Economy, Vol 1, No 1, 1994, p 3.
125. For a concise account of the various schools of thought on financial globalisation, see B J Cohen, 'Phoenix risen: the resurrection of global finance', in World Politics, Vol 48, No 2, 1996, pp 268-296.
126. Quoted from ibid, p 294.
127. For the decline vs revival debate, see the various articles in Dialogue, Vol 86, No 4, 1989; and for a critical review of the relevant issues, see S Strange, 'An eclectic approach', in C N Murphy & R Tooze (eds), The New International Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988, pp 33-50; B K Gills, 'International relations theory and the processes of world history: three approaches', in H C Dyer & L Mangasarian (eds), The Study of International Relations: The State of the Art, Basingstoke: Macmillan and Millennium, 1989; J S Levy, 'Long cycles, hegemonic transitions, and the long peace', in C Kegley (ed), The Long Postwar Peace, New York: Harper Collins, 1991; and A Payne, 'US hegemony and the reconfiguration of the Caribbean', Review of International Studies, Vol 20, No 2, 1994, pp 149-168.
128. For the decline vs revival debate, see the various articles in Dialogue, Vol 86, No 4, 1989; and for a critical review of the relevant issues, see S Strange, 'An eclectic approach', in C N Murphy & R Tooze (eds), The New International Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988, pp 33-50; B K Gills, 'International relations theory and the processes of world history: three approaches', in H C Dyer & L Mangasarian (eds), The Study of International Relations: The State of the Art, Basingstoke: Macmillan and Millennium, 1989; J S Levy, 'Long cycles, hegemonic transitions, and the long peace', in C Kegley (ed), The Long Postwar Peace, New York: Harper Collins, 1991; and A Payne, 'US hegemony and the reconfiguration of the Caribbean', Review of International Studies, Vol 20, No 2, 1994, pp 149-168.
129. For the decline vs revival debate, see the various articles in Dialogue, Vol 86, No 4, 1989; and for a critical review of the relevant issues, see S Strange, 'An eclectic approach', in C N Murphy & R Tooze (eds), The New International Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988, pp 33-50; B K Gills, 'International relations theory and the processes of world history: three approaches', in H C Dyer & L Mangasarian (eds), The Study of International Relations: The State of the Art, Basingstoke: Macmillan and Millennium, 1989; J S Levy, 'Long cycles, hegemonic transitions, and the long peace', in C Kegley (ed), The Long Postwar Peace, New York: Harper Collins, 1991; and A Payne, 'US hegemony and the reconfiguration of the Caribbean', Review of International Studies, Vol 20, No 2, 1994, pp 149-168.
130. For the decline vs revival debate, see the various articles in Dialogue, Vol 86, No 4, 1989; and for a critical review of the relevant issues, see S Strange, 'An eclectic approach', in C N Murphy & R Tooze (eds), The New International Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988, pp 33-50; B K Gills, 'International relations theory and the processes of world history: three approaches', in H C Dyer & L Mangasarian (eds), The Study of International Relations: The State of the Art, Basingstoke: Macmillan and Millennium, 1989; J S Levy, 'Long cycles, hegemonic transitions, and the long peace', in C Kegley (ed), The Long Postwar Peace, New York: Harper Collins, 1991; and A Payne, 'US hegemony and the reconfiguration of the Caribbean', Review of International Studies, Vol 20, No 2, 1994, pp 149-168.
131. For the decline vs revival debate, see the various articles in Dialogue, Vol 86, No 4, 1989; and for a critical review of the relevant issues, see S Strange, 'An eclectic approach', in C N Murphy & R Tooze (eds), The New International Political Economy, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988, pp 33-50; B K Gills, 'International relations theory and the processes of world history: three approaches', in H C Dyer & L Mangasarian (eds), The Study of International Relations: The State of the Art, Basingstoke: Macmillan and Millennium, 1989; J S Levy, 'Long cycles, hegemonic transitions, and the long peace', in C Kegley (ed), The Long Postwar Peace, New York: Harper Collins, 1991; and A Payne, 'US hegemony and the reconfiguration of the Caribbean', Review of International Studies, Vol 20, No 2, 1994, pp 149-168.
132. See the contributions of P Taylor (pp 363-364), G Arrighi (pp 365-366), R Cox (pp 366-367) and G Modelski (pp 372-374) to 'The Forum: hegemony and social change', Mershon International Studies Review, Vol 38, 1994, pp 361-376.
133. Ibid. I refer to B K Gills (p 372), A G Frank (p 372), and to a lesser extent, H Overbeek (p 368).
134. Ibid. See the contribution of H Overbeek, p 368.
135. See the APEC Economic Leaders' Declaration of Common Resolve, Bogor, Indonesia. Signed 15 November 1994 by the ASEAN countries.
136. Bernard & Ravenhill make the point that the years after the Plaza Agreement (1985) marked a deepening of the regionalisation of production in East Asia. See M Bernard & J Ravenhill, 'Beyond product cycles and flying geese: regionalization, hierarchy and the industrialization of East Asia', World Politics, Vol 47, No 2, 1995, pp 171-209.
137. This idea was drawn from the article by B Eichengreen, A K Rose & C Wyplosz, 'Exchange market mayhem'.
138. See Bernard & Ravenhill, 'Beyond product cycles and flying geese'.
139. See S Breslin, 'China in East Asia: regionalisation, regionalism and regional hegemons', a Research Paper presented at the University of Sheffield symposium on 'The Future of Regionalism: Theoretical and Empirical Issues', 15-16 February 1996.
140. Ibid, pp 13-16.
141. See L Hollerman, Japan's Economic Strategy in Brazil, New York: Lexington. 1988.
142. Nester speaks of Japan's 'structural power' in Asia by making reference to its central position in an import-export web that includes many countries in Asia. See W Nester, Japan 's Growing Power Over East Asia: Ends and Means, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990.
143. This refers to the 1992 initiative proposed by former Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago Patrick Manning of a triangular bloc between Barbados, Trinidad and Guyana.
144. See R A Higgott, 'Economic cooperation in the Asia Pacific: a theoretical comparison with the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, Vol 2, No 3, 1995, pp 361-383.
145. The example below indicates how state sovereignty could be enhanced by sub-regional responses. Recently, an article in the International Herald Tribune (22 April 1996) reviewed the soon-to-be published memoirs of President François Mitterrand. What was revealed was that President Mitterrand wanted Franco-German unity completed and to include Russia precisely to drive US influence out of the EU and to get rid of NATO.
146. See M Singer & A Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace, Zones of Turmoil, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, 1993.
147. See S Amin, 'A brief biography of Samir Amin', Monthly Review, Vol 44, 1992, p 54.
148. See Breslin, 'China in East Asia', p 23.
149. That is in terms of industrial targetting and promotion; regulation of TNCS; and discouraging speculative investment in the real estate sector. For more on this see A Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.