Facies analysis of a 1.9 Ga, continental margin, back-arc, felsic caldera province with diverse Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) sulfide and Fe oxide deposits, Bergslagen Region, Sweden

Economic Geology

Volumn 91, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 979-1006

  Allen, Rodney L ^a   Lundström, Ingmar ^b   Ripa, Magnus ^b   Simeonov, Assen ^c,e   Christofferson, Hans ^d  

^a Volcanic Resources Ltd   (Norway)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SWEDEN   (Sweden)

^c Ammeberg Mining   (Sweden)

^d Boliden AB ^*  (Sweden)

^e ProRok   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; FACIES ANALYSIS; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; METAL DEPOSIT; METAMORPHISM; PROTEROZOIC; SULPHIDE;

SWEDEN, BERGSLAGEN;

EID: 0030389799     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.91.6.979     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Allen, R.L., 1988, False pyroclastic textures in altered silicic lavas, with implications for volcanic-associated mineralization: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 1424-1446.
2. _1990, Subaqueous welding, or alteration, diagenetic compaction and tectonic dissolution? [abs.]: International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior International Volcanological Congress, Mainz, Germany, p. 2.
3. _1992, Reconstruction of the tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary setting of strongly deformed Cu-Zn massive sulfide deposits at Benambra, Victoria: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 825-854.
4. Allen, R.L., Weihed, P., and Svenson, S-Å., 1996, Setting of Zn-Cu-Au-Ag massive sulfide ores in the evolution and facies architecture of a 1.9 Ga marine volcanic arc, Skellefte district, Sweden: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 1022-1053.
5. Ambros, M., 1988, Description to the maps of solid rocks Avesta NV and SV: Swedish Geological Survey, series Af 152, 153, 84 p.
6. Baker, J.H., 1985, The petrology and geochemistry of 1.8-1.9 Ga granitic magmatism and related sub-seafloor hydrothermal alteration and ore-forming processes, W. Bergslagen, Sweden: University of Amsterdam, GUA Papers in Geology, series 1, v. 21, 204 p.
7. Baker, J.H., and de Groot, P.A., 1983, Proterozoic seawater - felsic volcanics interaction, W. Bergslagen, Sweden. Evidence for high REE mobility and implications for 1.8 Ga seawater compositions: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 82, p. 119-130.
8. Barrett, T.J., Cattalani, S., and MacLean, W.H., 1993, Volcanic lithogeochemistry and alteration at the Delbridge massive sulfide deposit, Noranda, Quebec: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 48, p. 135-173.
9. Beeson, R., 1990, Broken Hill-type lead-zinc deposits - an overview of their occurrence and geological setting: Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Transactions, v. 99, p. B163-175.
10. Beunk, F.F., Baker, J.H., and van Raaphorst, J.G., 1985, A Sm-Nd isotope study of the 1.85 Ga Hjulsjö volcano-plutonic complex, W. Bergslagen, south central Sweden [abs.]: Terra Cognita, v. 5, p. 278.
11. Boekschoten, G.J., Van der Raad, A.C., Kenter, J.A.M., and Reymer, J.J.G., 1988, Note on mid-Proterozoic stromatolite limestone south of Grythyttan, Bergslagen, Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 467-469.
12. Carlon, C.J., and Bleeker, W., 1988, The geology and structural setting of the Håkansboda Cu-Co-As-Sb-Bi-Au deposit and associated Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Sb mineralization, Bergslagen, Central Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 279-292.
13. Cas, R.A.F., and Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic successions: Modern and ancient. A geological approach to processes, products and successions: London, Allen and Unwin, 518 p.
14. _1991, Subaqueous pyroclastic flows and ignimbrites: An assessment: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, p. 357-380.
15. Christofferson, H., Lundström, I., and Vivallo, W., 1986, The Garpenberg area and zinc-lead-copper deposit: Swedish Geological Survey, series Ca, v. 61, p. 30-32.
16. Claesson, S., Huhmaa, H., Kinny, P.D., and Williams, I.S., 1993, Svecofennian detrital zircon ages - implications for the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic Shield: Precambrian Research v. 64, p. 109-130.
17. Cole, J.W., 1979, Structure, petrology and genesis of Cenozoic volcanism, Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand - a review: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 22, p. 631-657.
18. _1984, Taupo-Rotorua depression: An ensialic marginal basin of North Island, New Zealand: Geological Society of London Special Publication 16, p. 109-120.
19. De Groot, P.A., Baker, J.H., and Oen, I.S., 1988, Evidence for gravity subsidence and granite diapirism in the 1.8-1.9 Ga Proterozoic succession of W. Bergslagen, Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 19-29.
20. Du Rietz, T., 1968, Huvuddragen av Garpenbergstraktens bergbyggnad: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 631, 22 p. (in Swedish with English abstract).
21. Ewart, A., 1982, The mineralogy and petrology of Tertiary-Recent orogenic volcanic rocks: With special reference to the andesitic-basaltic compositional range, in Thorpe, R.S., ed., Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks: Chichester, Wiley, p. 26-87.
22. Fisher, R.V., and Schmincke, H-U., 1984, Pyroclastic rocks: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 472 p.
23. Franklin, J.M., Lydon, J.W., and Sangster, D.F., 1981, Volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 485-627.
24. Frietsch, R., 1982a, Alkali metasomatism in the ore-bearing metavolcanics of central Sweden: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 791, 54 p.
25. _1982b, A model for the formation of the nonapatitic iron ores, manganese ores and sulfide ores of central Sweden: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 795, 42 p.
26. _1986, Metallogenesis of the Bergslagen region: Swedish Geological Survey, series Ca, v. 61, p. 11-15.
27. Gavelin, S., 1989, Genesis of the Falun sulfide ores, central Sweden: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, v. 111, p. 213-227.
28. Gavelin, S., Lundström, I., and Norström, S., 1976, Svecofennian stratigraphy on Utö, Stockholm archipelago: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 719, 44 p.
29. Geijer, P., 1917, Falutraktens berggrund och malmfyndigheter: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 275, 319 p. (in Swedish)
30. _1965, Types of sulfide ore and associated wall rock alteration in the Öster-Silvberg district, central Sweden: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 603, 32 p.
31. Geijer, P., and Magnusson, N. H., 1944, De mellansvenska järnmalmernas geologi: Swedish Geological Survey, series Ca, v. 35, 654 p. (in Swedish).
32. Gustafson, L.B., and Williams, N., 1981, Sediment-hosted stratiform deposits of copper, lead and zinc: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 139-178.
33. Hedström, P., Simeonov, A., and Malmström, L., 1989, The Zinkgruvan ore deposit, south-central Sweden: A Proterozoic, proximal Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in distal volcanic facies: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 1235-1261.
34. Hellingwerf, R.H., and Oen, I.S., 1986, Some geochemical aspects of altered and less altered metabasic rocks in the Saxå area, Bergslagen, Sweden: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, v. 2, p. 65-81.
35. Hellingwerf, R.H., Lilljequist, R., and Ljung S., 1988, Stratiform Zn-Pb-Fe-Mn mineralization in the Älvlången-Vikern area, Bergslagen, Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 313-332.
36. Howells, M.F., Reedman, A.J., and Campbell, S.D.G., 1991, Ordovician (Caradoc) marginal basin volcanism in Snowdonia (north-west Wales): London, HMSO, British Geological Survey, 191 p.
37. Hughes, C.J., 1973, Spilites, keratophyres and the igneous spectrum: Geological Magazine, v. 6, p. 513-527.
38. Irvine, T.N., and Baragar, W.R.A., 1971, A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 8, p. 523-548.
39. Johansson, A., and Rickard, D., 1985, Some new lead isotope determinations from the Proterozoic sulfide ores of central Sweden: Mineralium Deposita, v. 20, p. 1-7.
40. Johnson, H.D., and Baldwin, C.T., 1986, Shallow siliclastic seas, in Reading H.G., ed., Sedimentary environments and facies: Oxford, Blackwell, p. 229-282.
41. Koark, H.J., 1962, The alteration and formation of the sulfide ores of the Falun type: Geologische Rundschau, v. 52, p. 123-146 (in German).
42. Kuipers, G., 1987, Volcaniclastic fades associations in the mid-Proterozoic Grythyttan rift-basin and their lithostratigraphic relationship, west Bergslagen, central Sweden: University of Amsterdam, GUA Papers in Geology, series 1, v 28, 166 p.
43. Kumpulainen, R., Mansfield, J., Sundblad, K., Neymark, L., and Bergman, T., 1996, Stratigraphy, age and Sm-Nd isotope systematics of the country rocks to Zn-Pb sulfide deposits, Åmmeberg district, Sweden: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 1009-1021.
44. Lager, I., 1986, The Dannemora iron ore deposit: Swedish Geological Survey, series Ca, v. 61, p. 26-30.
45. Lagerblad, B., 1988, Evolution and tectonic history of the Bergslagen volcano-plutonic complex, central Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 165-176.
46. Lagerblad, B., and Gorbatschev, R., 1985, Hydrothermal alteration as a control of regional geochemistry and ore formation in the central Baltic Shield: Geologische Rundschau, v. 74, p. 33-49.
47. Lipman, P.W., 1984, The roots of ash flow calderas in western North America: Windows into the tops of granitic batholiths: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 8801-8841.
48. Loberg, B.E.H., 1980, A Proterozoic subduction zone in southern Sweden: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 46, p. 287-294.
49. Löfgren, C., 1979, Do leptites represent Precambrian island arc rocks?: Lithos, v. 12, p. 159-165.
50. Lundqvist, T., 1979, The Precambrian of Sweden: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 768, 87 p.
51. _1987, Early Svecofennian stratigraphy of southern and central Norrland, Sweden, and the possible existence of an Archean basement west of the Svecokarelides: Precambrian Research, v. 35, p. 343-352
52. Lundström, I., 1983, Description to the map of solid rocks Lindesberg SV: Swedish Geological Survey, series Af 126, 140 p.
53. _1985, Description to the map of solid rocks Lindesberg NV: Swedish Geological Survey, scries Af 140, 131 p.
54. _1987, lateral variations in supracrustal geology within the Swedish part of the southern Svecokarelian volcanic belt: Precambrian Research, v. 35, p. 353-365.
55. _1988, Regional inter-relationships in the Proterozoic geology of Bergslagen and southeastern central Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 157-164.
56. _1995, Description to the map of solid rocks Filipstad NO, SO: Swedish Geological Survey, series Af 177, 185, 218 p.
57. Magnusson, N.H., 1970, The origin of the iron ores in central Sweden and the history of their alterations: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 643, 127 p.
58. McPhie, J., Doyle, M., and Allen, R. L., 1993, Volcanic textures: A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks: Hobart, University of Tasmania, Center for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, 198 p.
59. Miall, A.D., 1984, Deltas, in Walker, R.G., ed., Facies models, 2nd ed.: Geological Association of Canada, Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 1, p. 105-118.
60. Oen, I.S., 1987, Rift-related igneous activity and metallogenisis in SW Bergslagen, Sweden: Precambrian Research, v. 35, p. 367-382.
61. Oen, I.S., Helmers, II., Verschure, R.H., and Wiklander, U., 1982, Ore deposition in a Proterozoic incipient rift zone environment: A tentative model for the Filipstad-Grythyttan-Hjulsjö region, Bergslagen, Sweden: Geologische Rundschau, v. 71, p. 182-194.
62. Parr, J.M., and Rickard, D.T., 1987, Early Proterozoic subaerial volcanism and its relationship to Broken Hill-type mineralization in central Sweden: Geological Society of London Special Publication 33, p. 81-93.
63. Patchett, P.J., Todt, W., and Gorbatschev, R., 1987, Origin of continental crust of 1.9-1.7 Ga age: Nd isotopes in the Svecofennian orogenic terranes of Sweden: Precambrian Research, v. 35, 145-160.
64. Ripa, M., 1988, Geochemistry of wall-rock alteration and of mixed volcanic-exhalative facies at the Proterozoic Stollberg Fe-Pb-Zn-Mn(-Ag) deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 443-457.
65. _1996, The Stollberg ore field - petrography, lithogeochemistry, mineral chemistry, and ore formation: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Sweden, Lund University.
66. Ross, C.S., and Smith, R.L., 1961, Ash-flow tuffs: Their origin, geologic relations and identification: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 366, p. 1-81.
67. Self, S., and Sparks, R.S.J., 1978, Characteristics of widespread pyroclastic deposits formed by the interaction of silicic magma and water: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 41, p. 196-212.
68. Stålhös, G., 1982, Description to the map of solid rocks Nynäshamn NO/ SO: Swedish Geological Survey, series Af 138, 124 p.
69. _1984, Svecokarelian folding and interfering macrostructures in eastern Central Sweden, in Kröner, A., and Greiling R., eds., Precambrian tectonics illustrated: Stuttgart, Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 369-379.
70. Stephens, M.B., and Wahlgren, C.-H., 1993, Oblique-slip, right-lateral ductile deformation zones in the Svecokarelian orogen, south-central Sweden: Swedish Geological Survey Report and Communication 76, p. 18-19.
71. Sundblad, K., and Schöberg, H., 1993, Age and geochemistry of granites associated with Mo mineralizations in western Bergslagen, Sweden: Precambrian Research, v. 64, p. 319-335.
72. Sundius, N., 1923, Grythyttefältets geologi: Swedish Geological Survey, series C, v. 312, 354 p. (in Swedish with English summary).
73. Trägårdh, J., 1991, Metamorphism of magnesium-altered felsic volcanic rocks from Bergslagen, central Sweden. A transition from Mg-chlorite-to cordierite-rich rocks: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 6, p. 485-497.
74. Valbracht, P.J., Oen, I.S., and Beunk, F.F., 1994, Sm-Nd isotope systematics of 1.9-1.8 Ga granites from western Bergslagen, Sweden: Inferences on a 2.1-2.0 Ga precursor: Chemical Geology, v. 112, 21-37.
75. Van der Velden, W., Baker, J., de Maesschalck, S., and van Meerten, T., 1982, Bimodal early Proterozoic volcanism in the Grythytte field and associated volcano-plutonic complexes, Bergslagen, central Sweden: Geologische Rundschau, v. 71, p. 171-181.
76. Van Meerten, T.G., 1988, Lithostratigraphic correlations in an asymmetrical rift-basin: The Grythyttan area, W. Bergslagen, Sweden: Geologie en Mijnbouw, v. 67, p. 203-212.
77. Vivallo, W., 1985, The geology and genesis of an Early Proterozoic massive sulfide deposit at Garpenberg, central Sweden: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 17-32.
78. Vivallo, W., and Rickard, D., 1984, Early Proterozoic ensialic spreading-subsidence: Evidence from the Garpenberg enclave, central Sweden: Precambrian Research, v. 26, p. 203-221.
79. Vokes, F.M., 1973, "Ball texture" in sulfide ores: Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, v. 95, p. 403-406.
80. Walker, R.G., and Cant, D.J., 1984, Sandy fluvial systems, in Walker, R.G., ed., Facies models, 2nd ed.: Geological Association of Canada, Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 1, p. 71-90.
81. Walter, M.R., ed., 1976, Stromatolites: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 790 p.
82. Welin, E., 1987, The depositional evolution of the Svecofennian supracrustal sequence in Finland and Sweden: Precambrian Research, v. 35, p. 95-113.
83. Wikström, A., and Karis, L., 1991, Description to the maps of solid rocks, Finspång NO, SO, NV, SV: Swedish Geological Survey, series Af 162, 163, 164, 165, 216 p.
84. Wilson, C.J.N., Rogan, A.M., Smith, I.E.M., Northey, D.J., Nairn, I.A., and Houghton, B.F., 1984, Caldera volcanoes of the Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 8463-8484.
85. Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A., 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements: Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325-343.