The Pomaks: A religious minority in the Balkans

Nationalities Papers

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 727-742

  Apostolov, Mario ^a  

^a GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL IDENTITY; HISTORICAL STUDY; IDENTITY FORMATION; MUSLIM PEOPLE; POMAK PEOPLE; RELIGIOUS MINORITY;

BALKANS;

EID: 0030389787     PISSN: 00905992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00905999608408481     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Hugh Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, Minority Rights Group Report No. 87 (London: Minority Rights Group, 1988), 7; and Alexandre Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen, Band 11 (Berlin, Osteuropa Institut an der Freien Universität Berlin, 1986), 172.
2. Hugh Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, Minority Rights Group Report No. 87 (London: Minority Rights Group, 1988), 7; and Alexandre Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen, Band 11 (Berlin, Osteuropa Institut an der Freien Universität Berlin, 1986), 172.
3. H. R. Wilkinson, Maps and Politics. A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia (Liverpool: University Press, 1951), fig. 85. See also Petar Petrov, Po sledite na nasilieto (Sofia: INI, 1972), 1-60 and Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 66.
4. H. R. Wilkinson, Maps and Politics. A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia (Liverpool: University Press, 1951), fig. 85. See also Petar Petrov, Po sledite na nasilieto (Sofia: INI, 1972), 1-60 and Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 66.
5. H. R. Wilkinson, Maps and Politics. A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia (Liverpool: University Press, 1951), fig. 85. See also Petar Petrov, Po sledite na nasilieto (Sofia: INI, 1972), 1-60 and Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 66.
6. Felix Kanitz, Donau Bulgarien und der Balkanen (Leipzig, 1882), II.
7. Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 80, 173; see also S. D. Salomone, "The Dialectics of Turkish National Identity. Ethnic Boundary Maintenance and State Ideology" in East European Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1-2 (March-June 1989): 49,
8. Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 80, 173; see also S. D. Salomone, "The Dialectics of Turkish National Identity. Ethnic Boundary Maintenance and State Ideology" in East European Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1-2 (March-June 1989): 49,
9. and Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 7, 29, 32.
10. Andre Liebich, "Minorities in Eastern Europe: Obstacles to a Reliable Count," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 20 (15 May 1992): 32-39.
11. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 7, 29, 32.
12. Nijazi Limanoski, Islamskata religija i islamiziranite makedontsi (Skopje: Makedonska kniga, 1989), 133.
13. Tsvetana Georgieva, "Strukturata na vlastta v traditsionnata obshtnost na pomatsite v rayona na Chech (Zapadni Rodopi)" in Etnichestata kartina v Balgariya (Sofia: Club'90, 1993), 74.
14. See Arendt Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies. A Comparative Exploration (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980), 1-3.
15. Ibid., 71-75.
16. See Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: minorities and states in conflict (London: Minority Rights Publications, 1991), x-244 pp.
17. 168 chassa, No. 21, 30 May-5 June 1994.
18. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 8, 32.
19. See Dictionnaire des religions, 2nd ed. (Paris: Presse Universitaire de France, 1985), s.v. "Les bogomils," by Kalman Sass. Sass traces the origins of the Pomaks to Bulgarian Bogomils or another heretic sect. Some Pomaks of Macedonia are still called "Torbeshi" which is the earlier name of the Bogomils in the same area. Bulgaria's Bogomils, however, never managed to become the dominant sect in their country and lived scattered around it.
20. See Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 77, 92, 103.
21. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 7.
22. Ibid., 7-8.
23. Ibid., 8.
24. Demokratsia, No. 78, 9 April 1994.
25. 24 chassa, No. 176, 7 July 1994, p. 5; Standart, No. 676, 31 July 1994; Demokratsia, No. 66, 22 March 1994 and No. 77, 8 April 1994.
26. 24 chassa, No. 176, 7 July 1994, p. 5; Standart, No. 676, 31 July 1994; Demokratsia, No. 66, 22 March 1994 and No. 77, 8 April 1994.
27. 24 chassa, No. 176, 7 July 1994, p. 5; Standart, No. 676, 31 July 1994; Demokratsia, No. 66, 22 March 1994 and No. 77, 8 April 1994.
28. 24 chassa, No. 176, 7 July 1994, p. 5; Standart, No. 676, 31 July 1994; Demokratsia, No. 66, 22 March 1994 and No. 77, 8 April 1994.
29. Trud, No. 148, 4 July 1994.
30. Demokratsia, No. 183, 13 August 1994.
31. Duma, No. 47, 25 February 1994.
32. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 7.
33. Zhivko Georgiev, "Nyakoi rezultati ot izsledvaneto 'Etno-kulturnata situatsia v Balgaria - 1992'" in Sotsiologicheski pregled No. 3 (1993): 58.
34. Ibid., 54-81.
35. The Chech region is divided between Greece and Bulgaria since 1913. Its economy suffered when the road to Drama was closed in 1913. It has a specific economic and cultural system. Religious dissidence existed since the Middle Ages when punitive expeditions were sent from Mount Athos, a religious center of Orthodox Christianity.
36. Zhivko Georgiev, "Nyakoi rezultati," 54-81.
37. Evidence for this is provided in the reply to the questionaire of the UN Special Rapporteur on minorities, submitted by the Greek government: UN document E/CN.4/1994/72/Corr.1 from 10 February 1994.
38. Kontinent, No. 119, 31 May 1994, and Duma, No. 49, 28 February 1994.
39. Kontinent, No. 119, 31 May 1994, and Duma, No. 49, 28 February 1994.
40. Demokratsia, No. 30, 4 February 1994.
41. 24 chassa, 4 July 1994, p. 13.
42. Interview with Yusuf Djudjo in Standart, No. 676, 31 July 1994.
43. Ibid.
44. Kontinent, No. 127, 9 June 1994, and
45. 24 chassa, No. 200, 31 July 1994.
46. Duma, No. 151, 7 July 1994, and Demokratsia, No. 151, 7 July 1994.
47. Duma, No. 151, 7 July 1994, and Demokratsia, No. 151, 7 July 1994.
48. Trud, No. 112, 20 May 1994, and
49. Duma, No. 299, 15 December 1994.
50. 24 chassa, No. 176, 7 July 1994, p. 5.
51. Duma, No. 174, 3 August 1994.
52. Trud, No. 118, 30 May 1994, and Demokratsia, No. 108, 16 May 1994. Duma, No. 174, 3 August 1994, and Duma, No. 61, 16 March 1994.
53. Trud, No. 118, 30 May 1994, and Demokratsia, No. 108, 16 May 1994. Duma, No. 174, 3 August 1994, and Duma, No. 61, 16 March 1994.
54. Trud, No. 118, 30 May 1994, and Demokratsia, No. 108, 16 May 1994. Duma, No. 174, 3 August 1994, and Duma, No. 61, 16 March 1994.
55. Trud, No. 118, 30 May 1994, and Demokratsia, No. 108, 16 May 1994. Duma, No. 174, 3 August 1994, and Duma, No. 61, 16 March 1994.
56. Duma, No. 174, 3 August 1994.
57. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 29.
58. Wilkinson, Maps and Politics, 162-163 and fig. 85. According to Wilkinson, it was Cvijic who created in 1906 the theory of the distinct Macedonian nation.
59. Demokratsia, No. 147, 2 July 1994.
60. Nijazi Limanoski, Islamskata religija, 29.
61. Nova Makedonija, 8 August 1994.
62. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 29.
63. See Nova Makedonija, 7-10 January 1993, and Nijazi Limanoski, Islamskata religija, 116, 133.
64. See Nova Makedonija, 7-10 January 1993, and Nijazi Limanoski, Islamskata religija, 116, 133.
65. Demokratsia, No. 183, 13 August 1994.
66. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 32.
67. Archives de la Société des Nations Doc. No. R.82/2/33969/31152.
68. Archives de la Société des Nations Doc. No. R.82/2/32701/31152 and Doc.No. R.82/2/32587/ 31152.
69. Archives de la Société des Nations Doc. No. R.82/2/33969/31152.
70. Apostolos Hristakudis, "Musulmanskoto maltsinstvo v Gartsia" in Natsionalni problemi na Balkanite (Sofia: ARGES, 1992), 245-262; Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 80, 173; and
71. Apostolos Hristakudis, "Musulmanskoto maltsinstvo v Gartsia" in Natsionalni problemi na Balkanite (Sofia: ARGES, 1992), 245-262; Popovic, L'Islam balkanique, 80, 173; and
72. Salomone, "The Dialectics of Turkish National Identity," 49.
73. Apostolos Hristakudis, "Musulmanskoto maltsinstvo," 245-262.
74. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 32.
75. The Southeastern European Yearbook 1991 (Athens: ELIAMEP, 1992), 318.
76. Poulton, Minorities in Bulgaria, 32.
77. UN document E/CN.4/1994/72 from 13 December 1993, p. 17. Apostolos Christakudis, while admitting the Bulgarian background of the Pomak vernacular, only claimed that some borrowings from Turkish and Greek exist.
78. See A. Lyapis, "The Pomaks in Time" in Trakiki Epetrida, No. 4 (1983): pp. 10-13 (in Greek).
79. Stefan Troebst, "Ethnopolitics in Bulgaria: The Turkish, Macedonian, Pomak, and Gypsy Minorities," Helsinki Monitor, Vol. 5, No. 1: 39.
80. Cited from Enver M. Serifgil. "Toponimik bir arastirma: Gocler ve yer adlari (Turkler, Pomaklar ve Bulgarlar)," Turk Dunyasi Arasirmalari Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 7 (1980): 81-126.