The evaluation of living renal transplant donors: Clinical practice guidelines

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 1996, Pages 2288-2313

  Kasiske, Bertram L ^a   Ravenscraft, Mark ^b   Ramos, Eleanor L ^b   Gaston, Robert S ^b   Bia, Margaret J ^b   Danovitch, Gabriel M ^b  

^a HENNEPIN COUNTY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMINO ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM OXALATE; CREATININE; CYCLOSPORIN; DIURETIC AGENT; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HLA ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ANTIBODY; LITHIUM CARBONATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PHENYTOIN; STRUVITE; URIC ACID;

ALGORITHM; BLOOD COMPATIBILITY; BLOOD GROUP TYPING; COST; FAMILY; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HLA TYPING; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INFECTION; KIDNEY ANGIOGRAPHY; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVING DONOR; MEDICAL ETHICS; NEPHRECTOMY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SURGICAL RISK;

EID: 0030367448     PISSN: 10466673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Reding R, Squifflet JP, Pirson Y, et al.: Living-related and unrelated donor kidney transplantation: Comparison between ABO-compatible and incompatible grafts. Transplant Proc 1987;19:1511-1513.
2. Alexandre GPJ, Squifflet JP, De Bruyere M, et al.: Present experiences in a series of 26 ABO-incompatible living donor renal allografts. Transplant Proc 1987;19: 4538-4542.
3. MacDonald AS, Belitsky P, Bitter-Seurmann H, Cohen A, Gorelick M, Gupta R: ABO-incompatible living related donor kidney transplantation: Report of two cases. Transplant Proc 1989;21:3362-3363.
4. Kasiske BL, Ramos EL, Gaston RS, et al.: The evaluation of renal transplant candidates: Clinical practice guidelines. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995;6:1-34.
5. Merrill JP, Murray JE, Harrison JH, Guild WR: Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. JAMA 1956;160:277-282.
6. Guo TJ, Daily OP, Davies DB. The UNOS OPTN waiting list from 1988 to 1994. In: Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Eds. Clinical Transplants 1994. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory; 1995:69-86.
7. United States Renal Data System. 1995 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995.
8. Cecka JM, Terasaki PI. The UNOS scientific renal transplant registry. In: Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Eds. Clinical Transplants 1993. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory; 1994:1-18.
9. Ojo AO, Port FK, Mauger EA, Wolfe RA, Leichtman AB: Relative impact of donor type on renal allograft survival in black and white recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 25:623-628.
10. Bay WH, Hebert LA: The living donor in kidney transplantation. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:719-727.
11. Jones J, Payne WD, Matas AJ: The living donor-Risks, benefits, and related concerns. Transplant Rev 1993;7: 115-128.
12. Anderson CF, Velosa JA, Frohnert PP, et al.: The risks of unilateral nephrectomy. Status of kidney donors 10 to 20 years postoperatively. Mayo Clin Proc 1985;60: 367-374.
13. Hakim RM, Goldszer RC, Brenner BM: Hypertension and proteinuria: Long-term sequelae of uninephrectomy in humans. Kidney Int 1984;25:930-936.
14. Laskow DA, Jones P, Deierhoi MH, et al.: Are black living-related renal donors at greater long-term risk of renal complications than white donors? Transplant Proc 1991;23:1328-1329.
15. Miller IJ, Suthanthiran M, Riggio RR, et al.: Impact of renal donation: Long-term clinical and biochemical follow-up of living donors in a single center. Am J Med 1985;79:201-208.
16. Najarian JS, Chavers BM, McHugh LE, Matas AJ: 20 years or more of follow-up of living kidney donors. Lancet 1992;340:807-810.
17. Narkun-Burgess DM, Nolan CR, Norman JE, Page WF, Miller PL, Meyer TW: Forty-five year follow-up after uninephrectomy. Kidney Int 1993;43:1110-1115.
18. Smith MD, Kappell DF, Province MA, et al.: Living-related kidney donors: A multicenter study of donor education, socioeconomic adjustment, and rehabilitation. Am J Kidney Dis 1986;8:223-233.
19. Shaw LR, Miller JD, Slutsky AS, et al.: Ethics of lung transplantation with live donors. Lancet 1991;338: 678-681.
20. Simmons RG, Anderson CR: Related donors and recipients: Five to nine years post-transplant. Transplant Proc 1982;14:9-12.
21. Simmons RG, Kamstra-Hennen L: The living-related kidney donor: Psychological reactions when the kidney fails. Dial Transplant 1979;8:572-574.
22. John Paul II: Address of the Holy Father to the participants of the Society for Organ Sharing. Transplant Proc 1991;23:17-18.
23. Rhodes R: Debatable donors: When can we count their consent. Mt Sinai J Med 1993;60:45-50.
24. Singer PA: A review of public policies to procure and distribute kidneys for transplantation. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:523-527.
25. Spital A, Spital M: Donor's choice or Hobson's choice? Arch Intern Med 1985;145:1297-1301.
26. Task Force on Organ Transplantation. Organ Transplantation: Issues and Recommendations. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1986.
27. Basadonna G, Matas AJ, Gillingham K, et al. Kidney transplantation in patients with Type I diabetes: 26-year experience at the University of Minnesota. In: Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Eds. Clinical Transplants 1992. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory; 1993: 227-235.
28. Benedetti E, Matas AJ, Hakim N, et al.: Renal transplantation for patients 60 years or older: A single institution experience. Ann Surg 1994;220:445-460.
29. Schulak JA, Mayes JT, Johnston KH, Hricik DE: Kidney transplantation in patients aged sixty years and older. Surgery 1990;108:726-733.
30. British Transplantation Society, Sells RA, Johnson RWG, Hutchinson I: Recommendations on the use of living kidney donors in the United Kingdom. Br Med J 1986;293:257-258.
31. Levey AS, Hou S, Bush HL Jr: Kidney transplantation from unrelated living donors: Time to reclaim a discarded opportunity. N Engl J Med 1986;314:914-916.
32. Alexandre GPJ, Latinne D, Carlier M, et al.: ABO-incompatibility and organ transplantation. Transplant Rev 1991;5:230-241.
33. Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Gjertson DW, Takemoto S: High survival rates of kidney transplants from spousal and living unrelated donors. N Engl J Med 1995;333: 333-336.
34. Soulillou JP: Kidney transplantation from spousal donors. N Engl J Med 1995;333:379-380.
35. Bia MJ, Ramos EL, Danovitch GM, et al.: Evaluation of living renal donors: The current practice of US transplant centers. Transplantation 1995;60:322-327.
36. Pirsch JD, Sollinger HW, Kalayoglu M, et al.: Living-unrelated renal transplantation: Results in 40 patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;12:499-503.
37. Sesso R, Klag MJ, Ancao MS, et al.: Kidney transplantation from living unrelated donors. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:983-989.
38. Spital A: The ethics of unconventional living organ donation. Clin Transpl 1991;5:322-326.
39. Blumstein J: Federal organ transplantation policy: A time for reassessment. Univ Calif Davis Law Rev 1989; 22:451-472.
40. Program Committee, First International Congress on Ethics, Justice and Commerce in Transplantation: A Global View: Ethics, justice, and commerce in transplantation: The epilogue. Transplant Proc 1990;22: 1054.
41. Committee for the Study of Medicare End-Stage Renal Disease Program, Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine. Medicare ESRD payment policy. In: Rettig RA, Levinsky NG, Eds. Kidney Failure and the Federal Government. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991:191-211.
42. Peters TG: Living kidney donation: Overcoming the financial disincentives. Contemp Dial Nephrol 1996; 22-24.
43. Spital A: Life insurance for kidney donors: An update. Transplantation 1988;45:819-820.
44. Simmons RG, Klein SD, Simmons RL. Living related donors: Costs and gains. In: Gift of Life: The Social and Psychological Impact of Organ Transplantation. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1977:153-197.
45. Gouge F, Moore J Jr, Bremer BA, McCauly CR, Johnson JP: The quality of life of donors, potential donors, and recipients of living-related donor renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1990;22:2409-2413.
46. Weizer N, Weizman A, Shapira Z, Yussim A, Munitz H: Suicide by related kidney donors following the recipients' death. Psychother Psychosom 1989;51:216-219.
47. Westlie L, Fauchald P, Talseth T, Jakobsen A, Flatmark A: Quality of life in Norwegian kidney donors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8:1146-1150.
48. Simmons RG. Long-term reactions of renal recipients and donors. In: Levy NB, Ed. Psychonephrology. New York: Plenum; 1983:275-287.
49. The Council of The Transplantation Society: Commercialisation in transplantation: The problems and some guidelines for practice. Lancet 1985;2:715-716.
50. Penn I: Donor transmitted disease. Transplant Proc 1991;23:2629-2631.
51. Cohen EL: Familial bilateral renal cell carcinoma in a prospective living related donor. Mt Sinai J Med 1994; 61:70-71.
52. Pereira BJG, Milford EL, Kirkman RL, Levey AS: Transmission of hepatitis C virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 1991;325:454-460.
53. Pereira BJG, Milford EL, Kirkman RL, et al.: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in organ donors positive for hepatitis C antibody and in the recipients of their organs. N Engl J Med 1992;327:910-915.
54. Kumar P, Pearson JE, Martin DH, et al.: Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by transplantation of a renal allograft, with development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:244-245.
55. Fryd DS, Peterson PK, Ferguson RM, Simmons RL, Balfour HH, Najarian JS: Cytomegalovirus as a risk factor in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1980; 30:436-439.
56. Lewis RM, Johnson PC, Golden D, Van Buren CT, Kerman RH, Kahan BD: The adverse impact of cytomegalovirus infection on clinical outcome in cyclosporine-prednisone treated renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 1988;45:353-359.
57. Smiley ML, Wlodaver CG, Grossman RA, et al.: The role of pretransplant immunity in protection from cytomegalovirus disease following renal transplantation. Transplantation 1985;40:157-161.
58. Peters TG, Reiter CG, Boswell RL: Transmission of tuberculosis by kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1984;38:514-516.
59. Lichtenstein IH, MacGreger RR: Mycobacterial infections in renal transplant recipients: Report of five cases and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5:216-226.
60. Darmady EM: Transplantation and the ageing kidney. Lancet 1974;2:1046-1047.
61. Sumrani N, Delaney V, Ding ZK, et al.: Renal transplantation from elderly living donors. Transplantation 1991;51:305-309.
62. Haberal M, Sert S, Altunkan S, Gulay H, Hamaloglu E, Bulut O: Kidney transplantation from elderly living donors. Int J Artif Organs 1991;14:335-337.
63. Fauchald P, Sodal G, Albrechtsen D, Leivestad T, Berg KJ, Flatmark A: The use of elderly living donors in renal transplantation. Transpl Int 1991;4:51-53.
64. Sumrani N, Daskalakis P, Miles AM, Hong JH, Sommer BG: The influence of donor age on function of renal allografts from live related donors. Clin Nephrol 1993; 39:260-264.
65. Kim YS, Kim SI, Suh JS, Park K: Use of elderly living related donors in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1325-1326.
66. Sakellariou G, Danillidis M, Alexopoulos E, Karagiannis A, Papadimitriou M: Does the donor age influence graft survival in renal transplantation? Transplant Proc 1987;19:2071-2073.
67. Shmueli D, Nakache R, Lustig S, et al.: Renal transplant from live donors over 65 years old. Transplant Proc 1994;26:2139-2140.
68. Langle F, Sautner T, Grunberger T, et al.: Impact of donor age on graft function in living-related kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 1992;24:2725-2727.
69. Ivanovski N, Cakalaroski K, Masin G, Polenakvic M, Popov Z, Kolevski P: Medical risk and benefit in elderly living renal donors: Our experience. Transplant Proc 1991;23:2626.
70. Nyberg G, Hedman L, Blohmé I, Svalander C: Morphologic findings in baseline kidney biopsies from living related donors. Transplant Proc 1992;24:355-356.
71. Brenner BM, Cohen RA, Milford EL: In renal transplantation, one size may not fit all [Published erratum appears in J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3:1038]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3:162-169.
72. Gaston RS, Hudson SL, Julian BA, et al.: Impact of donor/recipient size matching on outcomes in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1996;61:383-388.
73. Gonwa TA, Atkins C, Zhang YA, Parker TF, Hunt JM, Lu CY, White MG: Glomerular filtration rates in persons evaluated as living-related donors: Are our standards too high? Transplantation 1993;55:983-985.
74. Pullman TN, Alving AS, Dern RJ, Landowne M: The influence of dietary protein intake on specific renal function in man. J Lab Clin Med 1954;44:320-322.
75. Owens WD, Felts JA, Spitznagel EL Jr: ASA physical status classifications: A study of consistency of ratings. Anesthesiology 1978;49:239-243.
76. Cohen MM, Duncan PG, Tate RB: Does anesthesia contribute to operative mortality? JAMA 1988;260: 2859-2863.
77. Vacanti CJ, VanHouten RJ, Hill RC: A statistical analysis of the relationship of physical status to postoperative mortality in 68,388 cases. Anesth Analg 1970;49: 564-566.
78. Marx GF, Mateo CV, Orkin LR: Computer analysis of postanesthetic deaths. Anesthesiology 1973;39:54-58.
79. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al.: Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 1977;297:845-850.
80. Goldman L: Assessment of the patient with known or suspected ischaemic heart disease for non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1988;61:38-43.
81. Goldman L: Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in non-cardiac surgery: Ten-year status report. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1987;1:237-244.
82. Jeffrey CC, Kunsman J, Cullen DJ, Brewster DC: A prospective evaluation of cardiac risk index. Anesthesiology 1983;58:462-464.
83. Carliner NH, Fisher ML, Plotnick GD, et al.: Routine preoperative exercise testing in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1985;56:51-58.
84. Gerson MC, Hurst JM, Hertzberg VS, et al.: Cardiac prognosis in noncardiac geriatric surgery. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:832-837.
85. Meguid MM, Mughal MM, Meguid V, Terz JJ: Risk-benefit analysis of malnutrition and perioperative nutritional support: A review. Nutr Int 1987;3:25-34.
86. Hensle TW, Askanazi J: Metabolism and nutrition in the perioperative period. J Urol 1988;139:229-239.
87. Goldman L, Caldera DL: Risks of general anesthesia and elective operation in the hypertensive patient. Anesthesiology 1979;50:285-292.
88. Charlson ME, MacKenzie CR, Gold JP, Ales KL, Topkins M, Shires GT: Preoperative characteristics predicting intraoperative hypotension and hypertension among hypertensives and diabetics undergoing noncardiac surgery. Ann Surg 1990;212:66-81.
89. Beekman GM, van Dorp WT, Van Es LA, et al.: Analysis of donor selection procedure in 139 living-related kidney donors and follow-up results for donors and recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:163-168.
90. Bennett AH, Harrison JH: Experience with living familial renal donors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1974;139:894-898.
91. Blohmé I, Gäbel H, Brynger H: The living donor in renal transplantation. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1981;64[Suppl]: 143-151.
92. Connor WT, Van Buren CT, Floyd M, Kahan BD: Anterior extraperitoneal donor nephrectomy. J Urol 1981; 126:443-447.
93. Dean S, Rudge CJ, Joyce M, Packham D, Bewick M: Live related renal transplantation: An analysis of 141 donors. Transplant Proc 1982;14:65-67.
94. DeMarco T, Amin M, Harty JI: Living donor nephrectomy: Factors influencing morbidity. J Urol 1982;127: 1082-1083.
95. Diethelm AG, Sterling WA, Aldrete JS, Shaw JF, Morgan JM: Retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive patients undergoing related living donor renal transplantation. Ann Surg 1976;183:502-510.
96. Dunn JF, Richie RE, MacDonell RC Jr, Nylander WA Jr, Johnson HK, Sawyers JL: Living related kidney donors: A 14-year experience. Ann Surg 1986;203:637-643.
97. Eklund B, Eklund P, Lindfors O, Lindström BL: Living donor nephrectomy: Surgical aspects. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1981;64[Suppl]:157-161.
98. Farrell RM, Stubenbord WT, Riggio RR, Muecke EC: Living renal donor nephrectomy: Evaluation of 135 cases. J Urol 1973;110:639-642.
99. Hoitsma AJ, Paul LC, Van Es LA, Koene RAP: Long-term follow-up of living kidney donors. Neth J Med 1985;28:226-230.
100. Jacobs SC, McLaughlin AP III, Halasz NH, Gittes RF: Live donor nephrectomy. Urology 1975;5:175-177.
101. Leary FJ, DeWeerd JH: Living donor nephrectomy. J Urol 1973;109:947-948.
102. Lowell JA, Taylor RJ: The evaluation of the living renal donor, surgical techniques and results. Semin Urol 1994;12:102-107.
103. McLoughlin MG: Related living donor nephrectomy. J Urol 1976;116:304.
104. Penn I, Halgrimson CG, Ogden D, Starzl TE: Use of living donors in kidney transplantation in man. Arch Surg 1970;101:226-231.
105. Ringdén O, Friman L, Lundgren G, Magnusson G: Living related kidney donors: Complications and long-term renal function. Transplantation 1978;25:221-223.
106. Ruiz R, Novick AC, Braun WE, Montague DK, Stewart BH: Transperitoneal live donor nephrectomy. J Urol 1980;123:819-821.
107. Schwarz A, Offermann G: Vorteile und Risiken der Nierentransplantation von verwandten Spendern. Klin Wochenschr 1989;67:929-935.
108. Smith RB III, Walton K, Lewis EL, Perdue GD Jr, Herndon G Jr: Operative morbidity among 40 living kidney donors. J Surg Res 1972;3:199-203.
109. Smith MJV: Living kidney donors. J Urol 1973;110: 158-161.
110. Streem SB, Novick AC, Steinmuller DR, Graneto D: Flank donor nephrectomy: Efficacy in the donor and recipient. J Urol 1989;141:1099-1101.
111. Thomson NM, Scott DF, Marshall VC, Atkins RC: Living related renal transplantation: Experience in 22 cases. Aust NZ J Surg 1979;49:608-612.
112. Uehling DT, Malek GH, Wear JB: Complications of donor nephrectomy. J Urol 1974;111:745-746.
113. Weiland D, Sutherland DER, Chavers B, et al.: Information on 628 living-related kidney donors at a single institution, with long-term follow-up in 472 cases. Transplant Proc 1984;16:5-7.
114. Weinstein SH, Navarre RJ Jr, Loening SA, Corry RJ: Experience with live donor nephrectomy. J Urol 1980; 124:321-323.
115. Yasumura T, Nakai I, Oka T, et al.: Experience with 247 living related donor nephrectomy cases at a single institution in Japan. Jpn J Surg 1988;18:252-258.
116. US Department of Transportation. Traffic safety facts 1993: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatal accident reporting system and the general estimates system. In: 1993 Motor Vehicle Crash Data from FARS and GES. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation; 1994:142-145.
117. Fotino S: The solitary kidney: A model of chronic hyperfiltration in humans. Am J Kidney Dis 1989;13: 88-98.
118. Williams SL, Oler J, Jorkasky DK: Long-term renal function in kidney donors: A comparison of donors and their siblings. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:1-8.
119. Vincenti F, Amend WJC Jr, Kaysen G, et al.: Long-term renal function in kidney donors. Transplantation 1983; 36:626-629.
120. Mathillas Ö, Attman P-O, Aurell M, et al.: Proteinuria and renal function in kidney transplant donors 10-18 years after donor uninephrectomy. Ups J Med Sci 1985;90:37-42.
121. Watnick TJ, Jenkins RR, Rackoff P, Baumgarten A, Bia MJ: Microalbuminuria and hypertension in long-term renal donors. Transplantation 1988;45:59-65.
122. Chavers BM, Michael AF, Weiland D, Najarian JS, Mauer SM: Urinary albumin excretion in renal donors. Am J Surg 1985;149:343-346.
123. Fehrman I, Widstam U, Lundgren G: Long term consequences of renal donation in humans. Transplant Proc 1986;18:102-105.
124. Talseth T, Fauchald P, Skrede S, et al.: Long-term blood pressure and renal function in kidney donors. Kidney Int 1986;29:1072-1076.
125. Torres VE, Offord KP, Anderson CF, et al.: Blood pressure determinants in living-related renal allograft donors and their recipients. Kidney Int 1987;31:1383-1390.
126. Tapson JS, Marshall SM, Tisdall SR, Wilkinson R, Ward MK, Kerr DNS: Renal function and blood pressure after donor nephrectomy. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 1984;21:580-587.
127. Baudoin P, Provoost AP, Molenaar JC: Renal function up to 50 years after unilateral nephrectomy in childhood. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;21:603-611.
128. Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Swan SK: Long-term effects of reduced renal mass in humans. Kidney Int 1995;48:814-819.
129. Tapson JS: End-stage renal failure after donor nephrectomy. Nephron 1986;42:262-264.
130. Parfrey PS, Hollomby DJ, Gilmore NJ, Knaack J, Schur PH, Guttmann RD: Glomerular sclerosis in a renal isograft and identical twin donor: A family study. Transplantation 1984;38:343-346.
131. Ramos EL, Tisher CC: Recurrent diseases in the kidney transplant. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24:142-154.
132. First MR: Living-related donor transplant should be performed with caution in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9:S40-S42.
133. Zimmerman SW: Increased urinary protein excretion in the rat produced by serum from a patient with recurrent focal glomerular sclerosis after renal transplantation. Clin Nephrol 1984;22:32-38.
134. Dantal J, Bigot E, Bogers W, et al.: Effect of plasma protein absorption on protein excretion in kidney transplant recipients with recurrent nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1994;330:7-14.
135. Artero M, Biava C, Amend W, Tomlanovich S, Vincenti F: Recurrent focal glomerulosclerosis: Natural history and response to therapy. Am J Med 1992;92:375-383.
136. Striegel JE, Sibley RK, Fryd DS, Mauer M: Recurrence of focal segmental sclerosis in children following renal transplantation. Kidney Int 1986;30:S44-S50.
137. Stephanian E, Matas AJ, Mauer M, et al.: Recurrence of disease in patients retransplanted for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Transplantation 1992;53:755-757.
138. Scheinman JI: Primary hyperoxaluria: Therapeutic strategies for the 90's. Kidney Int 1991;40:389-399.
139. Watts RWE, Morgan SH, Danpure CJ, et al.: Combined hepatic and renal transplantation in primary hyperoxaluria type I: Clinical report of nine cases. Am J Med 1995;90:179-188.
140. Milliner DS, Eickholt JT, Bergstralh EJ, Wilson DM, Smith LH: Results of long-term treatment with orthophosphate and pyridoxine in patients with primary hyperoxaluria. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1553-1558.
141. Bachman U, Biava C, Amend W, et al.: The clinical course of IgA-nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura following renal transplantation. Transplantation 1986;42:511-515.
142. Obermiller LE, Hoy WE, Eversole M, Sterling WA: Recurrent membranous glomerulonephritis in two renal transplants. Transplantation 1985;40:100-102.
143. First MR, Mendoza N, Maryniak RK, Weiss MA: Membranous glomerulopathy following kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1984;38:603-607.
144. Berger BE, Vincenti F, Biava C, Amend WJ, Feduska N, Salvatierra O: De novo and recurrent membranous glomerulopathy following kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1983;35:315-319.
145. Rosenberg HG, Martínez PS, Vaccarezza AS, Martínez LV: Morphological findings in 70 kidneys of living donors for renal transplant. Pathol Res Pract 1990;186: 619-624.
146. Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cosimi AB, Fuller T, Rubin RH, Colvin RB: IGA nephropathy in HLA-identical siblings. Transplantation 1978;26:430-433.
147. Brensilver JM, Mallat S, Scholes J, McCabe R: Recurrent IgA nephropathy in living-related donor transplantation: Recurrence or transmission of familial disease? Am J Kidney Dis 1988;12:147-151.
148. Silva FG, Chander P, Pirani CL, Hardy MA: Disappearance of glomerular mesangial IgA deposits after renal allograft transplantation. Transplantation 1982;33: 214-216.
149. Suganuma T, Morozumi K, Satoh K, et al.: Studies of IgA nephropathy in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1989;21:2123-2127.
150. Remuzzi G, Marchesi D, Misiani R, Mecca G, de Gaetano G, Donati MB: Familial deficiency of a plasma factor stimulating vascular prostacyclin activity. Thromb Res 1979;16:517-525.
151. Lahita RG, Chiorazzi N, Gibofsky A, Winchester RJ, Kunkel HG: Familial systemic lupus erythematosus in males. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:39-44.
152. Steffes MW, Brown DM, Mauer SM: Diabetic glomerulopathy following unilateral nephrectomy in the rat. Diabetes 1978;27:35-41.
153. O'Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Daniels FX, Keane WF: Effects of nephron loss on glomerular hemodynamics and morphology in diabetic rats. Diabetes 1986;35: 1011-1015.
154. Borch-Johnsen K, Norgaard K, Hommel E, et al.: Is diabetic nephropathy an inherited complication? Kidney Int 1992;41:719-722.
155. Seaquist ER, Goetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J: Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease: Evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1161-1165.
156. Earle K, Biverti GC: Familial, hemodynamic and metabolic factors in the predisposition to diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int 1994;45:434-437.
157. Cook JT, Hattersley AT, Levy JC, et al.: Distribution of type II diabetes in nuclear families. Diabetes 1993;42: 106-112.
158. The American Diabetes Association: Position statement of the American Diabetes Association: Screening for diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989;12:588-590.
159. National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1029-1057.
160. Froguel P, Velho G, Passa P, Cohen D: Genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Lessons learned from family studies. Diabete & Metab 1993;19:1-10.
161. Faustman D, Li XP, Lin HY, et al.: Linkage of faulty major histocompatibility complex class I to autoimmune diabetes. Science 1991;254:1756-1761.
162. Thomson G, Robinson WP, Kuhner MK: Genetic heterogeneity, modes of inheritance, and risk estimates for a joint study of Caucasians with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hum Genet 1988;43:799-816.
163. Baisch JM, Weeks T, Giles R, Hoover M, Stastny P, Capra JD: Analysis of HLA-DQ genotypes and susceptibility in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1836-1841.
164. Faustman D, Eisenbarth G, Daley J, Breitmeyer J: Abnormal T-lymphocyte subsets in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 1989;38:1462-1468.
165. Palmer JP, Asplin CM, Clemons P, et al.: Insulin antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics before insulin treatment. Science 1983;222:1337-1339.
166. Eisenbarth GS: Type 1 diabetes mellitus: A chronic autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1360-1368.
167. Palmer JP, McCulloch DK: Prediction and prevention of IDDM-1991. Diabetes 1991;40:943-947.
168. Jarrett RJ, McCartney P, Keen H: The Bedford Survey: Ten-year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics and normoglycemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 1982;22:79-84.
169. Kobberling J, Berninger D: Natural history of glucose tolerance in relatives of diabetic patients: Low prognostic value of the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Care 1980;3:21-26.
170. Sayegh HA, Jarrett RJ: Oral glucose tolerance tests and the diagnosis of diabetes: Results of a prospective study based on the Whitehall Survey. Lancet 1979;2:431-433.
171. Ziegler AG, Herskowitz RD, Jackson RA, Soeldner JS, Eisenbarth GS: Predicting type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1990;13:762-765.
172. Singer DE, Samet JH, Coley CM, Nathan DM: Screening for diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1988;109: 639-649.
173. Andres R: Aging and diabetes. Med Clin North Am 1971;55:835-846.
174. Davidson MB: The effect of aging on carbohydrate metabolism: A review of the English literature and a practical approach to a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Metabolism 1979;28:688-705.
175. Zimmet P, Whitehouse S: The effect of age on glucose tolerance: Studies in a Micronesian population with a high prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes 1979;28:617-623.
176. Oats JN, Beischer NA, Grant PT: The emergence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in women who had gestational diabetes. In: Weiss PA, Coustan DR, Eds. Gestational Diabetes. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988:199.
177. Shaikewitz ST, Chapman A: Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: Issues regarding the variability of clinical presentation. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993;3:1858-1862.
178. Zerres K, Mucher G, Bachner L, et al.: Mapping of the gene for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease to chromosome 6p21-cen. Nat Genet 1994;7:429-432.
179. Davies F, Coles GA, Harper PS, Williams AJ, Evans C, Cochlin D: Polycystic kidney disease re-evaluated: A population-based study. Q J Med 1991;79:477-485.
180. Parfrey PS, Bear JC, Morgan J, et al.: The diagnosis and prognosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1085-1090.
181. Peters DJ, Spruit L, Saris JJ, et al.: Chromosome 4 localization of a second gene for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nat Genet 1993;5:359-362.
182. Waldherr R, Zerres K, All A, Enders H: Polycystic kidney disease in the fetus [Letter]. Lancet 1989;2:274-275.
183. Ravine D, Gibson RN, Walker RG, Sheffield LJ, Kincaid-Smith P, Danks DM: Evaluation of ultrasonographic diagnostic criteria for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 1. Lancet 1994;343:824-827.
184. Sedman A, Bell P, Manco-Johnson M, et al.: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in childhood: A longitudinal study. Kidney Int 1987;31:1000-1005.
185. Breuning MH, Reeders ST, Brunner H, et al.: Improved early diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease with flanking DNA markers. Lancet 1987;2:1359-1361.
186. The European Polycystic Kidney Disease Consortium: The PKD1 gene encodes a 14 kb transcript and lies within a duplicated region on chromosome 16. Cell 1994;77:881-894.
187. Flinter FA, Cameron JS, Chantier C, Houston I, Bobrow M: Genetics of classic Alport's syndrome. Lancet 1988;2:1005-1007.
188. Kashtan CE, Michael A: Alport syndrome: From bedside to genome to bedside. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22: 627-640.
189. Tryggvason K, Zhou J, Hostikka SL, Shows TB: Molecular genetics of Alport syndrome. Kidney Int 1993; 43:38-44.
190. Mochizuki T, Lemmink HH, Mariyama M, et al.: Identification of mutations in the alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) collagen genes in autosomal recessive Alport syndrome. Nat Genet 1994;8:77-81.
191. Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N, Iijima K, et al.: Immunohistochemical study of alpha 1-5 chains of type IV collagen in hereditary nephritis. Kidney Int 1994;46: 1413-1421.
192. Grunfeld JP: The clinical spectrum of hereditary nephritis. Kidney Int 1985;27:83-92.
193. Rumpelt HJ: Hereditary nephropathy (Alport's syndrome): Correlation of clinical data with glomerular basement membrane alterations. Clin Nephrol 1980; 13:203-207.
194. Yoshioka K, Hino S, Takemura T, et al.: Type IV collagen alpha-5 chain: Normal distribution and abnormalities in X-linked Alport syndrome revealed by monoclonal antibody. Am J Pathol 1994;144:986-996.
195. Cheong HI, Kashtan CE, Kim Y, Kleppel MM, Michall AF: Immunohistologic studies of type IV collagen in anterior lens capsule of patients with Alport syndrome. Lab Invest 1994;70:553-557.
196. Barker DF, Hostikka SL, Zhou J, et al.: Identification of mutations in the COL4A5 collagen gene in Alport syndrome. Science 1990;248:1224-1227.
197. Antignac C, Knebelmann B, Drouot L, et al.: Deletions in the COL4A5 collagen gene in X-linked Alport syndrome: Characterization of the pathological transcripts in nonrenal cells; Correlation with disease expression. J Clin Invest 1994;93:1195-1207.
198. Tiebosch AT, Frederik PM, van Breda Vriesman PJ, et al.: Thin-basement-membrane nephropathy in adults with persistent hematuria. N Engl J Med 1989;320:14-18.
199. Shah B, First MR, Mendoza NC, Clyne DH, Alexander JW, Weiss MA: Alport's Syndrome: Risk of glomerulo-nephritis induced by anti-glomerular-basement-membrane antibody after renal transplantation. Nephron 1988;50:34-38.
200. Kashtan CE, Butkowski RJ, Kleppel MM, First MR, Michael AF: Posttransplant anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis is related males with Alport syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 1990;116:508-515.
201. Mariani AJ, Mariani MC, Macchioni C, Stams UK, Hariharan A, Moriera A: The significance of adult hematuria: 1000 hematuria evaluations including risk-benefit and cost-effective analysis. J Urol 1989;141: 350-355.
202. Schroder FH: Microscopic hematuria requires investigation. Br Med J 1994;309:70-72.
203. Topham PS, Harper SJ, Furness PN, Harris KP, Walls J, Feehally J: Glomerular disease as a cause of isolated microscopic haematuria. Q J Med 1994;87:329-335.
204. Culclasure TG, Bray VJ, Hasbargen JA: The significance of hematuria in the anticoagulated patient. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:649-652.
205. Froom P, Ribak J, Benbassat J: Significance of microhaematuria in young adults. Br Med J 1984;288:20-22.
206. Mohr DN, Offord KP, Melton J III: Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease: A population-based study. JAMA 1986;256:224-229.
207. Murakami S, Igarashi T, Hara S, Shimazake J: Strategies for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria: A prospective study of 1,034 patients. J Urol 1990;144:99-101.
208. Sutton JM: Evaluation of hematuria in adults. JAMA 1988;148:2629.
209. Sobh MA, Moustafa FE, el-Din Saleh MA, Tawfik A, Ghoneim MA: Study of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in potential living related kidney donors. Nephron 1993;65:190-195.
210. Kasiske BL, Keane WF. Laboratory assessment of renal disease: Clearance, urinalysis, and renal biopsy. In: Brenner BM, Ed. The Kidney. 5th Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1995.
211. Springberg PD, Garrett LE Jr, Thompson AL Jr, Collins NF, Lordon RE, Robinson RR: Fixed and reproducible orthostatic proteinuria: Results of a 20-year follow-up. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:516-519.
212. The Joint Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National High Blood Pressure Education Program: The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1993.
213. Pickering TG, James GD, Boddie C, Harshfield GA, Bland S, Laragh JH: How common is white coat hypertension? JAMA 1988;259:225-228.
214. Parati G, Pomidossi G, Casadei R, Mancia G: Lack of alerting reactions to intermittent cuff inflations during noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 1985;7:597-601.
215. Staessen JA, Fagard RH, Lijnen PJ, Thijs L, Van Hoof R, Amery AK: Mean and range of the ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive subjects from a meta-analysis of 23 studies. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:723-727.
216. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Boldrini F, et al. Variability between current definitions of "normal" ambulatory blood pressure: Implications in the assessment of white coat hypertension. Hypertension 1992;20:555-562.
217. White WB, Dey HM, Schulman P: Assessment of the daily blood pressure load as a determinant of cardiac function in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am Heart J 1989;118:782-795.
218. Riehle RA Jr, Steckler R, Naslund EB, Riggio R, Cheigh J, Stubenbord W: Selection criteria for the evaluation of living related renal donors. J Urol 1990; 144:845-848.
219. Kar PM, Popili S, Hatch D: Renal transplantation: Donor with renal stone disease. Clin Nephrol 1994;42: 347-348.
220. van Gansbeke D, Zalcman M, Matos C, Simon J, Kinnaert P, Struyven J: Lithiasic complications of renal transplantation: The donor graft lithiasis concept. Urol Radiol 1985;7:157-160.
221. Lerut J, Lerut T, Gruwez JA, Michielsen P: Donor graft lithiasis-unusual complication of renal transplantation. Urology 1979;14:627-628.
222. Coe FL, Favus MJ. Nephrolithiasis. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC Jr, Eds. The Kidney. Boston: WB Saunders; 1991:1728-1767.
223. Uribarri J, Oh MS, Carroll HJ: The first kidney stone. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:1006-1009.
224. Sutherland JW, Parks JH, Coe FL: Recurrence after a single renal stone in a community practice. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1985;11:267-269.
225. Glowacki LS, Beecroft ML, Cook RJ, et al.: The natural history of asymptomatic urolithiasis. J Urol 1992;147: 319-321.
226. Riese RJ, Sakhaee K: Uric acid nephrolithiasis: Pathogenesis and treatment. J Urol 1992;148:765-771.
227. Adams PS, Roub WL: Outpatient angiography and intervention radiology: Safety and cost benefits. Radiology 1984;151:81-82.
228. Sherwood T, Ruutu M, Chisholm GD: Renal angiography problems in live kidney donors. Br J Radiol 1978; 51:99-105.
229. Barrett BJ: Contrast nephrotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;5:125-137.
230. Spencer W, Streem SB, Geisinger MA, et al.: Outpatient angtiographic evaluation of living renal donors. J Urol 1988;140:1364-1366.
231. Wolfel DA, Lovett BP, Ortenburger AI, Johnson LS, Sommerville DL: Outpatient arteriography: Its safety and cost effectiveness. Radiology 1984;153:363-364.
232. Strauser GD, Stables DP, Weil R III: Optimal technique of renal arteriography in living renal transplant donors. Am J Roentgenology 1978;131:813-816.
233. Rabe FE, Smith EJ, Yune HY, Klatte EC, Leapman SB, Filo RS: Limitations of digital subtraction angiography in evaluating potential renal donors. Am J Roentgenol 1983;141:91-93.
234. Flechner SM, Sandler CM, Ben-Menachem Y, Van Buren CT, Kahan BD: Evaluation of living related kidney donors using digital subtraction angiography. Clevel Clin Q 1984;51:339-343.
235. McElroy J, Novick AC, Streem SB, et al.: A prospective analysis of the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of digital subtraction angiography for living-related renal donor evaluation. Transplantation 1986;42:23-27.
236. Clark RA, Alexander ES: Digital subtraction angiography of the renal arteries: Prospective comparison with conventional arteriography. Invest Radiol 1983;18:6-10.
237. Hiraga S, Tanaka K, Watanabe J, et al.: Living unrelated donor renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1320-1322.
238. Meyers SP, Talagala SL, Totterman S, et al.: Evaluation of the renal arteries in kidney donors: Value of three-dimensional phase-contrast MR angiography with maximum-intensity-projection or surface rendering. Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:117-121.
239. Debatin JF, Sostman HD, Knelson M, Argabright M, Spritzer CE: Renal magnetic resonance angiography in the preoperative detection of supernumerary renal arteries in potential kidney donors. Invest Radiol 1993; 28:882-889.
240. Derauf B, Goldberg ME: Angiographic assessment of potential renal transplant donors. Radiol Clin North Am 1987;25:261-265.
241. Rubin GD, Alfrey EJ, Dake MD, et al.: Assessment of living renal donors with spiral CT. Radiology 1995; 1995.457-462.
242. Alfrey EJ, Rubin GD, Kuo PC, et al.: The use of spiral computed tomography in the evaluation of living donors for kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 59:643-645.
243. Lindgren BW, Demos T, Marsan R, et al.: Renal computed tomography with 3-dimensional angiography and simultaneous measurement of plasma contrast clearance reduce the invasiveness and cost of evaluating living renal donor candidates. Transplantation 1996;61:219-223.
244. Hricko GM, Birtch AG, Bennett AH, Wilson RE: Factors responsible for urinary fistula in the renal transplant recipient. Ann Surg 1973;178:609-615.
245. Roza AM, Perloff LJ, Naji A, Grossman RA, Barker CF: Living-related donors with bilateral multiple renal arteries: A twenty-year experience. Transplantation 1989;47:397-399.
246. Rossi M, Alfani D, Berloco P, et al.: Bench surgery for multiple renal arteries in kidney transplantation from living donor. Transplant Proc 1991;23:2328-2329.
247. Pourmand G, Mehraban D, Ameli PJ, Ayati M, Naderi G: Donor polar kidney arteries: Experience with 10 cases among 140 living-related kidney transplants. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1867.
248. Linder R, Billing H, Tibell A, Tyden G, Groth C-G: Fibromuscular dysplasia in donor kidneys- experience with three cases. Transpl Int 1989;2:228-231.
249. Nghiem DD, Schulak JA, Bonsib SM, Ercolani L, Corry RJ: Fibromuscular dysplasia: An unusual cause of hypertension in the transplant recipient. Transplant Proc 1984;16:555-558.
250. Lüscher TF, Lie JT, Stanson AW, Houser OW, Hollier LH, Sheps SG: Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;62:931-952.
251. Pohl MA, Novick AC: Natural history of atherosclerotic and fibrous renal artery disease: Clinical implications. Am J Kidney Dis 1985;5:A120-A130.
252. Goncharenko V, Gerlock AJ Jr, Shaff MI, Hollifield JW: Progression of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia in 42 patients as seen on angiography. Radiology 1981;139:45-51.
253. Spanos PK, Simmons RL, Rattazzi LC, Goldberg ME, Najarian JS: The fate of kidney transplants from donors with minor renal abnormalities. Surgery 1974;76:252-258.
254. Garcia VD, Keitel E, Garcia CD, et al.: Successful transplants using living donor kidneys with impaired function. Transplant Proc 1992;24:2750-2751.
255. Dandavino R, Beaudry C, Girard R, Bastien E, Pison C, Houde M: Growth response of an adult hypoplastic kidney transplanted in a living-related recipient. Transplantation 1985;40:723-724.
256. Gradus D, Ettenger RB, Fine RN: Successful renal transplantation of a poorly functioning HLA-identical kidney with reflux nephropathy. Transplantation 1987; 44:578-579.
257. Waltzer WC, Engen DE, Stanson AW, Sterioff S, Zincke H: Use of radiographically abnormal kidneys in living-related donor renal transplantation. Nephron 1985;39:302-305.
258. Spanos PK, Weil R, Simmons RL, Najarian JS: Successful transplantation of ectopic kidneys from living related donors. Am J Surg 1976;131:360-362.
259. Brandina L, Fraga AMA, Bergonse MRR, et al.: Kidney transplantation: The use of abnormal kidneys. Nephron 1983;35:78-81.