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See, for example, D. W. Adams, D. H. Graham and J. D. Von Pischke, eds., Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); D. W. Adams and J. D. Von Pischke, "Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja Vu," World Development, 20 (1992), pp. 1463-70; A. Braverman and T. L. Guasch, "Rural Credit Markets and Institutions in Developing Countries: Lessons for Policy Analysis from Practice and Modem Theory, World Development, 14 (1986), pp. 1253-67; M. Lipton and R. Longhurst, New Seeds and Poor People (London: Unwin Human, 1990).
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Adams, D.W.1
Graham, D.H.2
Von Pischke, J.D.3
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2
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0027071365
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Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja Vu
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See, for example, D. W. Adams, D. H. Graham and J. D. Von Pischke, eds., Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); D. W. Adams and J. D. Von Pischke, "Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja Vu," World Development, 20 (1992), pp. 1463-70; A. Braverman and T. L. Guasch, "Rural Credit Markets and Institutions in Developing Countries: Lessons for Policy Analysis from Practice and Modem Theory, World Development, 14 (1986), pp. 1253-67; M. Lipton and R. Longhurst, New Seeds and Poor People (London: Unwin Human, 1990).
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Von Pischke, J.D.2
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See, for example, D. W. Adams, D. H. Graham and J. D. Von Pischke, eds., Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); D. W. Adams and J. D. Von Pischke, "Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja Vu," World Development, 20 (1992), pp. 1463-70; A. Braverman and T. L. Guasch, "Rural Credit Markets and Institutions in Developing Countries: Lessons for Policy Analysis from Practice and Modem Theory, World Development, 14 (1986), pp. 1253-67; M. Lipton and R. Longhurst, New Seeds and Poor People (London: Unwin Human, 1990).
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Braverman, A.1
Guasch, T.L.2
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London: Unwin Human
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See, for example, D. W. Adams, D. H. Graham and J. D. Von Pischke, eds., Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); D. W. Adams and J. D. Von Pischke, "Microenterprise Credit Programs: Deja Vu," World Development, 20 (1992), pp. 1463-70; A. Braverman and T. L. Guasch, "Rural Credit Markets and Institutions in Developing Countries: Lessons for Policy Analysis from Practice and Modem Theory, World Development, 14 (1986), pp. 1253-67; M. Lipton and R. Longhurst, New Seeds and Poor People (London: Unwin Human, 1990).
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New Seeds and Poor People
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Lipton, M.1
Longhurst, R.2
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5
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5544318041
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note
-
Note that our discussion is not concerned with all subsidized credit programs but only those aimed at facilitating early adoption of new technology.
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7
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0026084520
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Economic Efficiency of Small Farmers in a Changing World: A Survey of Recent Evidence
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Not surprisingly, there was wide variation in the levels of modern inputs used; the coefficient of variation of modern input use, compared to that for traditional varieties, was typically much higher. This remains so even at present in many locations. For example, in Pakistan cross-section data reveal that over a 20-year period the CV has fallen from 100% but is still quite high at about 50%. See M. Ali and D. Byerlee, "Economic Efficiency of Small Farmers in a Changing World: A Survey of Recent Evidence," Journal of International Development, no. 31 (1991), pp. 1-27.
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J. L. Dillon, "An Expository Review of Bernoullian Decision Theory," Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics, no. 39 (1971), pp. 3-80; J. R. Anderson, J. L. Dillon and J. B. Hardaker, Agricultural Decision Analysis (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977).
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J. L. Dillon, "An Expository Review of Bernoullian Decision Theory," Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics, no. 39 (1971), pp. 3-80; J. R. Anderson, J. L. Dillon and J. B. Hardaker, Agricultural Decision Analysis (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1977).
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Attitudes Towards Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India
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See, for example, H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62 (1980), pp. 395-407: H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Theoretical Implications of an Experiment in Rural India," Economics Journal, 91 (1981), pp. 867-91; H. P. Binswanger, "Empirical Estimation and Use of Risk Preferences: Discussion," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64 (1982), pp. 391-93; W. Grisly and E. Kellogg, "Risk Taking Preferences of Farmers in Northern Thailand: Measurements and Implications," Agricultural Economics, 1 (1987), pp. 127-41.
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Binswanger, H.P.1
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57849099977
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See, for example, H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62 (1980), pp. 395-407: H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Theoretical Implications of an Experiment in Rural India," Economics Journal, 91 (1981), pp. 867-91; H. P. Binswanger, "Empirical Estimation and Use of Risk Preferences: Discussion," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64 (1982), pp. 391-93; W. Grisly and E. Kellogg, "Risk Taking Preferences of Farmers in Northern Thailand: Measurements and Implications," Agricultural Economics, 1 (1987), pp. 127-41.
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0007568953
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See, for example, H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62 (1980), pp. 395-407: H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Theoretical Implications of an Experiment in Rural India," Economics Journal, 91 (1981), pp. 867-91; H. P. Binswanger, "Empirical Estimation and Use of Risk Preferences: Discussion," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64 (1982), pp. 391-93; W. Grisly and E. Kellogg, "Risk Taking Preferences of Farmers in Northern Thailand: Measurements and Implications," Agricultural Economics, 1 (1987), pp. 127-41.
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, pp. 391-393
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Binswanger, H.P.1
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13
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38249036105
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See, for example, H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Experimental Measurement in Rural India," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62 (1980), pp. 395-407: H. P. Binswanger, "Attitudes Towards Risk: Theoretical Implications of an Experiment in Rural India," Economics Journal, 91 (1981), pp. 867-91; H. P. Binswanger, "Empirical Estimation and Use of Risk Preferences: Discussion," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64 (1982), pp. 391-93; W. Grisly and E. Kellogg, "Risk Taking Preferences of Farmers in Northern Thailand: Measurements and Implications," Agricultural Economics, 1 (1987), pp. 127-41.
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C. M. Rokaya, "Impact of a Small Farmer's Credit Programme on Farm Output, Net Income and the Adoption of New Methods: A Nepalese Case Study," M.Ec. thesis, University of New England, 1979; K. B. Hamal, "Risk Aversion and Perception and Adoption of New Technology and Associated Credit in Nepalese Paddy Production," M.Ec. thesis, University of New England, 1981.
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Hamal, K.B.1
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5544285231
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note
-
In addition to concerns about food security, there was a growing recognition that poverty in the countryside was politically explosive. Subsidies to the food production sector, including credit subsidies, were directly linked to diffusion of new technologies in most major programs in developing Asia. The longer term roots of depressed food production (and agriculture in general) were to be found in the implicit anti-agricultural bias of macroeconomic and trade policies associated with Import Substitution Industrialisation which was the dominant development strategy of the time. But this link was not well understood at the time even by most development economists. It was only in the 1980s that this link has been recognized and emphasized by lending agencies such as the World Bank and has come to influence policy making in developing countries. Now it is not uncommon to find proponents of subsidies to agriculture justifying them on the basis that they compensate agriculture for the disprotection emanating from the general equilibrium effects of manufacturing sector protection; but in that period, such rationalizations were not needed, given the almost universal support for policies to expand food production. Other considerations, such as equity among farmers, became important (in practice) in policy circles only after major output increases were already achieved and the imminent danger of food shortages was considered to have been staved off.
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Rapid Food Production Growth in Selected Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Underlying Trends, 1961-76
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Washington, D.C.
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K. L. Bachman and L. A. Paulino, "Rapid Food Production Growth in Selected Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Underlying Trends, 1961-76," International Food Policy Research Institute Report, no. 11 (Washington, D.C., 1979).
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Price Support Versus Input Subsidy for Food Self-Sufficiency in Developing Countries
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R. Barker and Y. Hayami, "Price Support Versus Input Subsidy for Food Self-Sufficiency in Developing Countries," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, no. 58, pp. 617-28.
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P. Streiten and R. Jolly, Oxford: Pergamon Press
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M. Lipton, "Agricultural Finance and Rural Credit in Poor Countries," in P. Streiten and R. Jolly, Recent Issues in World Development: A Collection of Survey Articles (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981); T. Y. Lee, "Savings Deposits and Credit Activities in South Korean Agricultural Credit Co-operatives," Asian Survey, 17 (1977), pp. 1182-94.
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Lipton, M.1
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Savings Deposits and Credit Activities in South Korean Agricultural Credit Co-operatives
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M. Lipton, "Agricultural Finance and Rural Credit in Poor Countries," in P. Streiten and R. Jolly, Recent Issues in World Development: A Collection of Survey Articles (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981); T. Y. Lee, "Savings Deposits and Credit Activities in South Korean Agricultural Credit Co-operatives," Asian Survey, 17 (1977), pp. 1182-94.
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Upadhyaya, H.K.1
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5544316089
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note
-
For example, in Sri Lanka there were 28,000 cases pending with the Agrarian commissioner in 1989 which were not being adjudicated, and loans have been written off several times on the eve of an election.
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27
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Risk Aversion and Credit Constraints in Farmers' Decision Making: A Reinterpretation
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H. P. Binswanger and D. A. Sillers, "Risk Aversion and Credit Constraints in Farmers' Decision Making: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Development Studies, 20 (1983), pp. 5-21.
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A. Bhaduri, "On the Formation of Usurious Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1 (1977), pp. 341-52; K. Basu, "The Emergence of Isolation and Interlinkage in Rural Markets," Oxford Economic Papers, 35 (1983), pp. 262-80; J. M. Rao, "Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 4 (1980), pp. 159-67.
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Bhaduri, A.1
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The Emergence of Isolation and Interlinkage in Rural Markets
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A. Bhaduri, "On the Formation of Usurious Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1 (1977), pp. 341-52; K. Basu, "The Emergence of Isolation and Interlinkage in Rural Markets," Oxford Economic Papers, 35 (1983), pp. 262-80; J. M. Rao, "Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 4 (1980), pp. 159-67.
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Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture
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A. Bhaduri, "On the Formation of Usurious Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1 (1977), pp. 341-52; K. Basu, "The Emergence of Isolation and Interlinkage in Rural Markets," Oxford Economic Papers, 35 (1983), pp. 262-80; J. M. Rao, "Interest Rates in Backward Agriculture," Cambridge Journal of Economics, 4 (1980), pp. 159-67.
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Occasional Paper no. 1351, Ohio University
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C. Gonsalez Vega, "On the Iron Law of Interest Rate Restrictions: Agricultural Credit Policies in Costa Rica and in other Less Developed Countries," (Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 1976); E. Esquerra, "On the Use of Informal Lenders as Conduits for Formal Credit: The Case of the National Agricultural Productivity Programs in the Philippines," Economics and Sociology," Occasional Paper no. 1351, Ohio University, 1981; and V. de Guia Abiad, "Borrower Transactions Costs and Credit Rationing in Rural Financial Markets: The Philippine Case," Developing Economies, 31 (1993), pp. 208-19.
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M. Akino and Y. Hayami, "Efficiency and Equity in Public Research: Rice Breeding in Japan's Economic Development," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57 (1975), pp. 1-10; P. Flores-Moya, R. E. Evenson, and Y. Hayami, "Social Returns to Rice Research in the Philippines: Domestic Benefits and Foreign Spillovers," Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26 (1978), pp. 591-607: A. S. Kahlon, H. K. Bal, P. N. Saxena and D. Jha, "Returns to Investment in Research in India," in T. M. Arndt, D. G. Dalrymple and V. W. Ruttan, Resource Allocation and Productivity in National and International Agricultural Research (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977); D. Byerlee, "Technical Change and Returns to Wheat Breeding Research in Pakistan's Punjab in the Post-Green Revolution Period," The Pakistan Development Review, 32 (1993), pp. 69-86.
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Resource Allocation and Productivity in National and International Agricultural Research
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Kahlon, A.S.1
Bal, H.K.2
Saxena, P.N.3
Jha, D.4
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48
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0027759187
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Technical Change and Returns to Wheat Breeding Research in Pakistan's Punjab in the Post-Green Revolution Period
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M. Akino and Y. Hayami, "Efficiency and Equity in Public Research: Rice Breeding in Japan's Economic Development," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57 (1975), pp. 1-10; P. Flores-Moya, R. E. Evenson, and Y. Hayami, "Social Returns to Rice Research in the Philippines: Domestic Benefits and Foreign Spillovers," Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26 (1978), pp. 591-607: A. S. Kahlon, H. K. Bal, P. N. Saxena and D. Jha, "Returns to Investment in Research in India," in T. M. Arndt, D. G. Dalrymple and V. W. Ruttan, Resource Allocation and Productivity in National and International Agricultural Research (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977); D. Byerlee, "Technical Change and Returns to Wheat Breeding Research in Pakistan's Punjab in the Post-Green Revolution Period," The Pakistan Development Review, 32 (1993), pp. 69-86.
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(1993)
The Pakistan Development Review
, vol.32
, pp. 69-86
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Byerlee, D.1
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